Number Of Residential Buildings Research Articles

Combining Google Earth historical imagery and UAV photogrammetry for urban development analysis

Rural-urban migration often triggers additional demand for housing and infrastructural development to cater for the growing population in urban areas. Consequently, town planners and urban development authorities need to understand the urban development trend to make sustainable urban planning decisions. Yet, methods to analyse changes and trends in urban spatial development are often complex and require costly data collection. This article thus presents a simplified method to analyse the urban development trend in an area. The method integrates Google Earth (GE) historical imagery (baseline data) and unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) photogrammetry (recent data) to quantify the changes over time. This approach can be applied to study the urban development trends in low-income countries with budget constraints. The method is discussed under four main headings: (1) background, (2) method details, (3) limitations, and (4) conclusion.•Google Earth historical image can be extracted with its associated world file.•The population of an area can be estimated by using average household size data and the number of residential buildings in the area.•The building height ratio can be used to ascertain if the land is being used parsimoniously.

Landslide risk for the territory of Bulgaria by administrative districts

An assessment of the landslide risk (Rls) for the territory of Bulgaria by administrative districts has been made by combining the vulnerability (V) and landslide hazard (Hls) maps. Landslides are a significant part of geological hazards and are widespread throughout the country. In order to assess the landslide risk for the territory of Bulgaria, it is necessary to take into account not only all landslides for a given region, but also its vulnerability, and thus to assess the level of landslide risk for this region, Rls = f (V, Hls). Landslide risk is determined by a risk matrix, using selected indicators and weighting coefficient of vulnerability and landslide hazard. Assessing the vulnerability of a region subjected to geological hazards is a key component of risk assessment. These include the exposure of infrastructure, industrial facilities and production capacity, residential buildings, regional GDP per capita and potential for human disability (defined by population density in the district). The data used is combined to create a map showing the vulnerability of each administrative district. Indicators of population density, GDP, length of road and railway networks and number of residential buildings were used to assess the vulnerability. The landslide hazard in each administrative district is determined by the intensity of landslide processes in the district, depending on the level of their activity and the affected area. The normalized (distributed) hazard of landslides for an administrative region is given depending on the area of the given administrative region. Landslides are categorized as active, potential and stabilized. The results express the weighted average hazard. Landslide hazard is rated from 1 to 5, where 1 means no landslide hazard and 5 means that landslide hazard has a very high intensity (very high hazard). The high degree of landslide hazard in turn leads to possible economic losses, social and environmental consequences (landslide risk). The intensity (level) of landslide vulnerability, hazard and risk is assessed as very low, low, medium, high and very high, and is shown on the relevant maps.

QUICK-ASSEMBLED BUILDINGS – A NEW WAY OF ORGANIZING ENERGY EFFICIENT ECOLOGICAL SETTLEMENTS FOR REFUGEES

On the 24th of February, 2022, a hostile invasion of the Russian army began on the territory of our country, along the entire length of the common border, from Luhansk to Chernihiv, as well as from the territory of Belarus and the occupied Crimea. The Russian occupiers are destroying our cities terribly and heartlessly. The occupiers continue their attacks, but they are unable to overcome the strong-minded Ukrainians, courageous soldiers - the Armed Forces, who are defending their land. The city of Kharkiv, which was the first capital of Ukraine, was awarded the honorary title of the city of Heroes, due to persistent resistance to the predatory bombing of military and industrial facilities, educational institutions, health care facilities, as well as civilian and residential facilities. As a result, the rapid evacuation of the city's population to more remote cities in Ukraine or abroad began. Peaceful people were forced to leave and leave their homes for safety, taking only essentials. But, unfortunately, the territories of most Ukrainian cities to which people were evacuated are overcrowded and do not have the necessary number of residential buildings that would provide comfortable conditions for temporary shelter for internally displaced persons. Therefore, this article aims to solve the global problem of today, namely, the creation of comfortable living conditions through new urban planning entities - energy-efficient ecological settlements for refugees. This settlement should provide the most rational organization of space, be compact, energy efficient, adapted to the selected area and fast in implementation, thanks to innovative technologies - prefabricated buildings. The aim of this study is to identify optimal ways to organize energy-efficient ecological settlements for refugees by building compact types of buildings that are energy efficient and quick to implement. Based on this goal, various types of compact buildings that are energy efficient and fast to implement, features of design solutions for residential buildings that are environmentally friendly and energy efficient and three-dimensional solutions for the organization of energy efficient environmental settlements for refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs).

Определение эквивалентной равновесной объемной активности радона в жилых зданиях (на примере пос. Качуг, Иркутская область)

The aim of the work is to determine the equivalent equilibrium volumetric activity of radon (EEVA) in a number of residential buildings in the village of Kachug (Irkutsk region) in order to identify objects with violation of hygienic requirements. The survey of buildings was carried out taking into account the guidelines MU 2.6.1.037-2015 “Determination of the average annual values of EEVA of radon isotopes in indoor air based on the results of measurements of different durations” and using two measuring complexes: a SIRAD MR-106N radon detector-indicator and a com - complex CAMERA- 01. The study was carried out in 2 stages. At the first one, measurements were carried out using a detector- indicator, at the second, the results were refined taking into account the excesses identified earlier. As a result of surveys conducted in 10 residential buildings, radon EEVA values were registered at two sites that exceeded the regulatory requirements. Regarding the functional purpose, the highest values of radon concentrations are observed in bathrooms and bedrooms. However, the absolute maximum of radon EEVA is observed in the basement (11,950 Bq/m3). The results of the work are presented in the form of graphic material. In conclusion, recommendations are given that will make it possible to reduce radon concentrations until the true cause of the excess of radon EEVA is established.

Evaluating solid waste storage and collection practices in Traditional Residential Area of Abeokuta Metropolis, Ogun State, Nigeria

This study evaluated solid waste storage and collection practices in traditional residential area of Abeokuta Metropolis, Ogun State, Nigeria. This is with a view to providing information for policy intervention. The study area consists of seven political wards, stratified into three residential zones, namely; core, transition and sub-urban zones. Each of the zones comprises of neighbourhoods with a number of residential buildings. The three zones consist of 408 houses. Using systematic sampling technique, one of every five building was surveyed, thus, a total of 81 (20%) houses were sampled. Data collected were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study established a significance difference in income, occupation and tenancy status, while no significant difference exist in residents’ education, family size and type of house occupied (p < 0.05). The study found that storage receptacles used in the three residential zones were similar and majority (70.4%) was not ecofriendly. Substantial proportion (49.4%) of the residents had no access to waste collection truck. Results of ANOVA computed (F = 6.721 and p < 0.05) established that significant difference exist in the frequency of waste collection. It is recommended that public awareness on environment-friendly waste storage receptacle should be given priority; and provision of adequate equipment and personnel for sustainable waste collection through public-private partnership.

Heating and cooling energy consumption prediction model for high-rise apartment buildings considering design parameters

As lots of the total energy was used by buildings, the number of residential buildings has dramatically increased in South Korea. Thus, it is imperative to pay more attention to energy consumption by residential buildings. In addition, it is important to predict energy consumption in residential buildings accurately. While several studies have currently focused on the data-driven method to predict energy consumption, it requires much information for multivariate data. The present study developed a predictive model for energy consumption for residential buildings by using the statistical method. Using the response surface methodology, the relationships between design factors, and heating and cooling energy use in residential buildings were outlined. The response values were calculated by using the simplified geometries in the energy simulation tool. The relationship has confirmed the dependencies of the energy consumption on various design variables of envelope systems in residential buildings in that the predictive model for the heating and cooling energy consumption was developed. The developed model was compared with the data obtained in the apartment buildings in two cities in South Korea. As a result, a coefficient of variation of the root mean squared error (Cv (RMSE)) was ranged from - 0.3% to 15% and all the comparisons were within the acceptable range. Moreover, heating and cooling energy consumption was predicted by varying the values of design variables such as thermal transmittance, solar heat gain coefficient (SHGC), and air infiltration rates. Among the variables, the largest heating energy was required as with the increase in the air infiltration rates, while the largest cooling energy was consumed as the SHGC was increased for both apartment buildings. Moreover, the increase in thermal transmittance values resulted in about 27% - 29% of the increase in the heating energy consumption. For cooling, 8% to 26% of the energy consumption was decreased when the thermal transmittance was increased. As can be shown, the developed model can offer a rapid energy prediction for apartment buildings with simple information on design variables. Furthermore, it can easily figure out the most important design factor to make a more energy-efficient residential building design.

Spatial structure and development of settlements in the Saint Petersburg agglomeration

This article explores the spatial structure and development of settlements comprising the Saint Petersburg agglomeration. Previous studies and database sources, which were never used before (the Federal Tax Service [FTS] database and SPARK-Interfax), are analysed to reveal factors in the economic development of metropolitan areas as well as to understand how settlements develop in Russia’s second-largest city agglomeration. The borders and composition of the Saint Petersburg agglomeration are brought up to date. Examining the population size of the settlements helps locate the ‘growth belt’ of the agglomeration. Lists of major enterprises of the city and the region make it possible to identify patterns in the economic development of the study area. The SPARK-Interfax database aids in clarifying relationships between spatial elements of the agglomeration (its core and satellites) in the distribution of revenues of economic agents. Data on the location of the largest retail stores — shopping malls and hypermarkets — are used to identify the main centres of commerce in the Saint Petersburg agglomeration. A map chart has been drawn using 2GIS and Yandex Maps geoinformation services. An important step in agglomeration analysis is the identification of residential development hotspots. FTS data on property tax base are the main source of relevant information. FTS reports contain data on the number of residential buildings and units covered by the database. Further, FTS statistics is employed to trace income and job distribution across the study area. The current functions of settlement in the Saint Petersburg agglomeration have been determined. According to the findings, the spatial structure of the agglomeration has three groups of ‘backbone centres’. The agglomeration includes a core, a population growth area (‘growth belt’), commuting sources and recipients, and ‘backbone centres’.

Точечная застройка объектов жилого назначения как способ решения территориальных проблем (на примере города Казань)

An increase in the number of inhabitants in cities, urbanization processes and congestion in infrastructure lead to a shortage of territories in urban systems. One of the most common ways to search for internal urban reserves is the implementation of infill (compaction) development. The purpose of this work is to analyze the infill development of residential facilities as a way to solve territorial problems (using the example of the city of Kazan). In the article, infill development is understood as a deviation from the general urban planning plan, when the construction of objects occurs on sites adjacent to the existing development. The authors created a register of residential buildings in Kazan, built over the period 1860–2019, deciphered and compared satellite images of 2004 and 2020, determined the functional use of land plots that preceded modern development. Spot buildings are found throughout the entire city of Kazan. However, the process of compaction of the urban fabric is uneven—it is most intense in the central, historical part of the city, which is valuable from the point of view of investors, in which a significant number of various cultural, educational, scientific institutions and other socially significant objects are concentrated. The largest number of episodes of sealing development was recorded in the Vakhitovsky district. In the period 2001–2019. 33.9 % of the total number of residential buildings in the Vakhitovsky district were built, and a significant part of them is “included” in the existing planning structure and refers to the sealing building. Closer to the periphery and borders of the city, the need for sealing construction decreases—less intensive processes of housing construction are typical for the outskirts of Kazan—Aviastroitelny, Kirovsky, Sovetsky and Privolzhsky.

Pitting corrosion of galvanized pipes in hot water supply systems

The mechanism of pitting corrosion of galvanized pipes in hot water supply systems is considered. The analysis of the literature to determine the conditions and mechanism that cause abnormally rapid corrosion of steel galvanized water pipes in water supply systems is carried out. The results of a laboratory study of the initial stage of corrosion of galvanized pipes are presented. The results of a survey of hot water supply systems of a number of residential buildings are presented. Recommendations and measures to reduce the impact of corrosion in hot water supply systems are presented.

О РЕАЛИЗАЦИИ ПРОГРАММ ПЕРЕСЕЛЕНИЯ ГРАЖДАН ИЗ АВАРИЙНОГО ЖИЛИЩНОГО ФОНДА ГОРОДОВ ПОВОЛЖЬЯ

It is noted that the housing stock of the cities of the central regions of Russia has a large number of residential apartment buildings built more than 50 years ago and are in operation. The load-bearing capacity of the structures of these houses has significantly decreased, which has caused the need for surveys of their technical condition. The analysis of data on the technical condition of residential apartment buildings in the largest cities of the Volga region is carried out. It is shown that in the cities of Kazan, Samara and Volgograd, the physical deterioration of residential buildings is 25-28 %, which is less than the average value in Russia, and in Nizhny Novgorod-significantly higher than the average and is 38 %. It is concluded that in the near future in Nizhny Novgorod, we should expect the transition of a large number of residential buildings to an emergency state. The analysis of indicators of the emergency condition of residential buildings in the cities under consideration showed that in the city of Samara, the percentage of operated residential buildings classified as emergency in 2013 is the largest and amounts to 10.1 %, which is significantly higher than the average value in Russia. As one of the main reasons for the incomplete settlement of dilapidated houses under the program of the period 2013-2018, the "unknown location of the owner"is indicated. The conclusion is formulated about the possibility of increasing the efficiency of the resettlement program by activating operational work with the owners of residential premises of the liquidated houses.

The application of production planning approach on a large number of residential building construction project post natural disaster

After a large-scale natural disaster struck an urban area a large number of residential buildings construction is often needed. Such residential buildings are often built with more or less similar size and model therefore the construction is repetitive. The project management approach is normally employed in managing a large-scale residential building project. This study argues that due to its repetitive nature the construction of a large number of similar houses can also be viewed as a production system in addition to a project view. This study investigates the utilization of the production planning approach with the aid of a discrete event simulation method in managing the construction of a large number of residential buildings. This study simulates the construction of 500 similar houses. The study results show that the production management approach has the potential in managing a large-scale residential building project in addition to the project management approach.

Proposed Design Philosophy for Seismic-Resistant Buildings

Modern seismic design and technologies have undergone tremendous developments. In modern design codes, building structures subjected to high earthquake loads are allowed to experience plastic deformations without collapsing, and the design is permitted up to the ultimate strength. According to comparative results in Japan, the number of humans injured due to earthquakes is higher than the number of deaths/missing. Likewise, the number of residential buildings that collapsed are less than the partially damaged buildings. This outcome implies that residential buildings designed based on the revised seismic standards have good earthquake resistances. It also infers that the human deaths/injury casualties were not a result of the collapsed the structure, but due to the strong vibrations originated from the earthquake, yielding in the collapse of non-structural elements such as ceilings and bookshelves. This paper presents a proposed design philosophy that attempts to implement the effect of earthquakes to non-fatal human casualties

Interrelation the life cycle of an object and the concept of sustainable development

The urban population of developing countries is growing rapidly. This leads to an inevitable increase in the area of cities, an increase in the number of residential buildings, social, cultural, sports and transport facilities. To create comfortable conditions for urban residents and protect the environment, it is necessary to realize the three main components of the concept of sustainable development. The economic component is based on the aspiration to minimize financial costs. The environmental component of sustainable development includes a set of actions aimed at minimizing environmental pollution, conservation of a biological variety and natural resources. Also in the article special attention is paid to waste management of construction. The social component is based on creation of comfortable conditions of human life. Within each of the components, the article describes the necessary actions that will make it possible to realize the concept of sustainable development for city facilities. Enlarged can be identified three basic periods of the life cycle of a building object: the creation of an object, the maintenance of an object and the elimination of an object. The listed periods can be divided into certain phases, each of which should strive for sustainable functioning. The article proposes a table of indicators and interrelations between the phases of the life cycle of buildings and the elements that make up the concept of sustainable development. The implementation of these indicators should be the main reference and goal in the design, construction, maintenance and elimination of buildings, which in the end should lead to an improvement in the quality of life of the population and protection of the environment from negative influences.

Developing a Model for Assessment of Traffic Distraction

The soundscape of an expressway in Zagreb was recorded and reproduced to two groups of listeners while they were performing a concentration demanding task – a simplified variation of the memory game. This expressway was chosen due to the high traffic frequency and on the other hand, due to the large number of residential buildings that are near the expressway. The focus of the research is whether the residents of a large city, in their daily life have adapted to this noise and how. We also wanted to investigate what is the main reason of their annoyance and distraction. Furthermore, we wanted to quantify human distraction with this typical urban soundscape by developing and then using the acoustic model for total distraction level.

Adaptation Optimization of Residential Buildings under Hurricane Threat Considering Climate Change in a Lifecycle Context

Due to urbanization, the number of residential buildings in coastal areas has increased significantly. Additionally, due to the increase in sea surface temperature associated with climate change, the intensity and frequency of hurricanes has also increased substantially. This paper presents a systematic framework for the optimal adaptation of residential buildings at a large scale under various scenarios of impending climate change during a long-term interval. Different adaptation strategies are investigated to ensure adequate structural performance and to mitigate the damage loss and adverse consequences to society. A genetic algorithm–based optimization process is adopted to determine the optimal adaptation types associated with buildings within an investigated region. The framework considers the probabilistic occurrence models of hurricanes, structural vulnerability of typical residential buildings, possible climate change scenarios, and optimization of various climate adaptation strategies in a lifecycle context. The proposed approach is illustrated on residential buildings located in Miami-Dade County, Florida.

Probabilistic life-cycle cost-benefit analysis of portfolios of buildings under flood hazard

Nowadays, the number of residential buildings in flood prone zones is increasing significantly. Therefore, for these buildings, it is of vital importance to apply hazard risk mitigation strategies. In this paper, probabilistic cost-benefit analysis of flood risk mitigation strategies for portfolios of residential buildings is performed in a life-cycle context. Additionally, an efficient methodology is proposed to aid decision-makers on whether or not to retrofit portfolios of structures considering both expected and standard deviation of life-cycle cost. The vulnerability model of buildings under flood hazard is introduced considering serviceability and ultimate limit states. Probabilistic cost-benefit analysis is performed by comparing the effectiveness of different retrofit actions. Additionally, uncertainty and correlation effects are considered in the probabilistic loss and cost-benefit analysis procedures. The proposed approach is applied to a portfolio of residential buildings located in Florida to illustrate its capability and application. However, the proposed approach is general and can be applied to buildings located in other regions.

Effect of Slope Angle on Energy Performance of Ground-Integrated Buildings on Slope Terrain

The noticeable rise in urban development and topography factors across Europe has resulted in a visible increase in the number of residential buildings being constructed in hillside areas. Several studies about ground-integrated architecture have proved that buildings can benefit from ground thermal potential, in order to reduce or eliminate the heating and cooling needs. However, only a small number of published articles tackle the potential of ground-integrated buildings on sloped terrains. The purpose of this paper is to explore the ground thermal potential of sloped terrains in temperate climates, through parametric studies using EnergyPlus as the energy modelling software. This paper looks at two main questions: firstly, how buildings are affected by terrain inclination and, secondly, which types of slope building designs are more thermally efficient, particularly the case of spilt level, amended section and cascade or step-hill designs.

Diagnostic approach for quantifying the soiling level and the aging of limestone façade

This paper addresses a new approach for quantifying soiling and contamination of limestone façades based on contaminated surface hardness following multiple impacts of the Schmidt hammer plunger at a given point. The Schmidt rebound hammer test is a quick and inexpensive test for determining surface hardness. Accordingly, a number of residential buildings, in Amman, incorporating limestone façades of different ages and levels of soiling have been selected for testing. Finally, correlations between limestone hardness and Environmental impacts are drawn based on the soiling level or age of the façade. The results obtained demonstrate that it is possible to thoroughly characterize the level of contamination and cleaning requirements depending on the successive impact of Schmidt hammer on the same location to get a Transition Impact Number (TIN). Consequently, this could be significant in evaluating building cladding quality for cleaning or maintenance decision-making as it reflects the degree of contamination and age of the façade.

Performance-Based Comparison of Different Storm Mitigation Techniques for Residential Buildings

In recent years, severe hurricanes have caused enormous economic losses for society and placed tremendous burden on the insurance industry. As the number of residential buildings in hurricane prone regions continues to rise, hurricane hazard mitigation is of paramount importance for residential buildings. Although different retrofit measures are available to mitigate hurricane damage and to reduce the associated social and economic losses, choosing the most cost-effective ones is still an engineering challenge. This paper uses the performance-based hurricane engineering (PBHE) framework with multilayer Monte Carlo Simulation (MCS) for the loss analysis of residential buildings subject to hurricane hazard. A highly efficient modified version of the multilayer MCS technique based on copula is proposed for the faster re-evaluation of hurricane risk when different hurricane hazard mitigation strategies are considered for the same building. This technique is combined with cost-benefit analysis to provide effective decision making tools based on the performance comparison of different design and retrofit solutions. A realistic case study is presented to illustrate the proposed methodology by comparing the cost-effectiveness of several commonly used hurricane hazard mitigation techniques and design alternatives for a typical residential building.

Estimation of roughness length Z0for Kalpakkam site

The accurate knowledge of the surface topographic parameters, which represent terrain characteristics of a site, is required in atmospheric dispersion modeling. The rough surface retards the wind flow from a smooth surface, which results in sharp decrease in wind speed, change in vertical profile along with atmospheric stability. Dispersion models require extrapolation of wind speed U Ref at measured height Z Ref to the wind speed U Stack at stack height Z Stack , based on power law wind profile. Wind speed profile can be evaluated using site specific surface scaling parameters roughness length Z 0 and friction velocity U * . In this paper, sector dependent Z 0 and U * for Kalpakkam site is evaluated for neutral category and the sector values of Z 0 are explained according to the terrain features. The maximum and minimum Z 0 was observed in SSE (0.84 m) and N (0.26 m) upwind sectors due to the presence of more number of residential buildings, sand dunes, and high traffic, in contrast to N sector where mostly agricultural farming lands are present. The site specific wind speed profile index P is calculated based on Z 0 for different sectors leads to better estimation of annual dilution factor and gamma dose on the part of neutral category computation. The surface scaling parameter mean surface drag coefficient C D was estimated to be 0.16, which implies urban environment at Kalpakkam site.