Number Of Refugees Research Articles

FOR A NEW MIGRATION POLICY TOWARDS THE HISTORICAL BULGARIAN COMMUNITIES AFTER THE COVID-19 CRISIS AND THE WAR IN UKRAINE

This article examines the migrations to Bulgaria of representatives of the historical Bulgarian diaspora before and after the Covid-19 crisis and during the military conflict in Ukraine in 2022. For the group as a whole, it is found that at this time, due to the short distances, the preference is for seasonal, weekly and, among the population residing along border areas, for daily job commutes. Although Ukrainian Bulgarians account for 9.25 % of the total number of Ukrainian refugees in Bulgaria, the majority of the community remains at home. However, the planned land reform in Ukraine could alter the migration model and increase the number of those who wish to settle in Bulgaria for a longer period of time and remain permanently. For this reason, Bulgaria should develop a special program to aid the returning Bulgarian migrations from Ukraine.

The Application of the Non-Refoulement Principle as a Form of Protection for Refugees in Semarang City

This research aims to identify and analyze the handling of refugees from abroad or stateless who enter the jurisdiction of Semarang City. The 1951 Refugee Convention has set minimum standards for the treatment of refugees, including their basic rights. Besides, the 1951 Convention also prohibits expulsion and forced repatriation of people with refugee status, which is referred to as the principle of non-refoulement. This research used the socio-legal research method. The primary data used was based on observation, attendance in the field, and interviews; as well as secondary data through the study of documents, laws, and regulations, and existing concepts. The results of the research showed that even though Indonesia has so far not ratified and become a party to the 1951 Refugee Convention. On the other hand, national legislation and policies that support the implementation of the non-refoulement principle are needed, because the Indonesian State is factually faced with a large number of Foreign refugees entering Indonesia's sovereign territory have shown an increase. Policy implementation and application of the principle of non-refoulment in the context of protecting foreign refugees in Indonesia has become a serious concern of the government of the Republic of Indonesia, including the government of Semarang City.

The Visegrad Group (V4) and the migration crisis in Europe

Mass immigration is one of the biggest challenge currently facing the European Union (EU). In retrospect, it can also be seen that it caused dissonance between the member states not only of the EU, but also of the V4 and revealed their lack of solidarity. The changes taking place in Central and Eastern Europe, which began in 1989, mainly included the internal and foreign policy of the four countries that make up the V4, i.e. the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia and Hungary. 2015 is considered to be the beginning of the crisis, but the number of immigrants and refugees arriving in Europe has already increased. The aim of the article is to indicate the multifaceted activity of the V4 and the position towards migration. The key issue that needs to be answered will be the prospect of further activities of the V4 in the face of new threats such as the migration crisis. The article uses a comparative and systemic method.

Refugee Entrepreneurship: A Systematic Review of Prior Research and Agenda for Future Research

Over the last two decades, ever-increasing numbers of refugees have left their home countries. As of 2022, around 27 million people were registered as refugees with the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR). While some consider refugees to be a burden on their host countries, there is growing evidence that they make significant contributions to host countries’ economies, with rates of entrepreneurship higher than other migrant groups and host country nationals. To take stock of what is known about refugee entrepreneurship, this article undertakes a systematic review of the refugee entrepreneurship empirical literature. The systematic review provides insights into the factors which shape refugees’ initiation of, engagement in, and performance of entrepreneurial endeavors and identifies gaps and inconsistencies in the current refugee entrepreneurship literature. Based on these gaps and inconsistencies, a future research agenda is proposed. By taking stock of what is known and proposing a future research agenda, this review has scholarly implications for the academic advancement of refugee entrepreneurship. Additionally, this review has policy implications. By better understanding the field of refugee entrepreneurship and its social and economic benefits, government policy-makers will be better positioned to design responsive policies to support refugee entrepreneurs in establishing their entrepreneurial endeavors. Finally, the findings of this review have practical implications for refugee entrepreneurs themselves, for example, by highlighting the resources that will assist entrepreneurs in pursuing entrepreneurship.

Cooperation between the state authorities of the Ukraine and Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees: legal principles and directions for improvement

This article discloses the main legal principles of cooperation between the authorized state bodies of Ukraine and the Office of United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees, whose activities in the conditions of full-scale armed aggression against our country are not just extremely important for a person, but vitally necessary. It is worth noting that until the aggressor invaded the territory of our country, the activities of High Commissioner were limited to the issues of persons who were and are refugees from other countries. Today, unfortunately, the Office of High Commissioner exercises its powers also in foreign countries in relation to refugees - our citizens. The United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees was founded in 1950 as an international institution whose main task is to help and protect refugees. The need for this body is also explained by the fact that from the moment of its creation, its powers were limited in time, then extended for five years for dozens of years.In December 2003, the UN General Assembly adopted a resolution according to which UN High Commissioner for Refugees shall act indefinitely until the refugee problem is resolved. Throughout its history, this international institution has helped more than 50 million people. Through its missions, which UN High Commissioner for Refugees has the right to establish on the territory of Ukraine, the latter provides assistance and provides protection to refugees on the territory of Ukraine.According to the Statute, High Commissioner ensures the protection of refugees, the care of which falls within the competence of his Office also by facilitating, with the help of special agreements with governments, the implementation of any measures aimed at alleviating the situation of refugees and reducing the number of refugees in need of protection; promoting governmental and private efforts aimed at encouraging the voluntary repatriation of refugees or their assimilation in new countries. However, it should be noted on the issue of the return to Ukraine of forcibly deported children - citizens of Ukraine and children who lived on the territory of Ukraine. In order to solve this problem, on February 24, 2023, the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine adopted Resolution No. 2947-IX, which approved an appeal to international institutions, including UN High Commissioner for Refugees, with the demand to urgently take decisive measures to protect children — citizens of Ukraine and children, who lived on the territory of Ukraine, with the aim of: stopping the genocide of the Ukrainian people in terms of the forced deportation to the territory of the aggressor state or within the temporarily occupied territories of Ukraine of children who are citizens of Ukraine. It is worth adopting a law to regulate the issue of repatriation of forcibly deported citizens of Ukraine, including children, from the territory of the aggressor.The activity of the UN High Commissioner for Refugees in preventing cases of statelessness is also important

From Restricted to Permissive: Egypt Migration Policy Since 1952

Over the last decade, Egypt has gained strategic significance in migration with the start of the Arab Spring. The situation in the region has led to a tripling in the number of refugees and asylum seekers registered in Egypt. Migration policy making in Egypt has focused on the emigration of workers and diaspora engagement. Egypt has increasingly become a country of destination and transit which necessitates a fundamental shift in Egyptian migration policies. This paper examines Egypt's migration policy development over time, along with the main strategic goals and potential policy partnerships. Accordingly, the article explains how the successive Governments of Egypt have modeled the country's migration policies to pursue other policy goals.

РЕАЛІЗАЦІЯ ТЕХНОЛОГІЧНОГО АСПЕКТУ СОЦІАЛЬНОЇ ПІДТРИМКИ ШУКАЧІВ ТИМЧАСОВОГО ЗАХИСТУ ВІД ВІЙНИ В УКРАЇНІ: ДОСВІД НІМЕЧЧИНИ

The article analyzes the experience of Germany regarding the implementation of the technological aspect of social support for those seeking temporary protection from the war in Ukraine. It was found that the current military and political situation in the world leads to an increase in the number of migrants and refugees, the expansion of categories of the population that need the provision of social services, which makes it necessary to expand the list of their types, improve the quality of the provision of such services and ensure targeting. Analysis of statistical data showed that Germany is in second place in terms of the number of Ukrainian refugees who have found temporary shelter in this country. It was found that Germany's practice of implementing the technological aspect of social work with those seeking temporary protection from the war in Ukraine needs to be reformed. One of the components of such a reform is the improvement of the system of providing social services. The search for additional resources for social services, in particular from the non-state sector of the economy, becomes important. The results of a study of the level of satisfaction of the requests of refugees from Ukraine with the existing system of social support for temporary protection seekers in Germany are presented. As a result of the study, some problematic issues in the process of implementing social policy regarding asylum seekers that complicate this process were clarified (bureaucratic obstacles, difficulties of integration, emphasis on the great role of language policy in the integration of migrants into the life of the country, mandatory law courses, history and culture of Germany), and in need of improvement (multidisciplinary and coordinated actions between different social institutions, institutions and civil society organizations; identifying the needs of individuals, groups and families; developing an information booklet for new arrivals, which would indicate a clear algorithm for their actions; availability of a sufficient number of aid subjects; unification and reduction of the number of filling out various questionnaires, forms; digitalization of the document flow process; Organization of psychological support). Key words: social support, refugees, migrants, temporary protection seekers, migration, social work.

Unknown risk: assessing refugee camp flood risk in Ethiopia

The number of global refugees has been rising annually for the last decade. Many of these refugees are housed within camps, in temporary structures, vulnerable to the impacts of flooding. The flood risk of refugees is not well understood. Flood risk guidance available for camp planners and managers is vague, and existing flood risk data is often lacking in the remote areas where camps are typically located. We show how global data should, and should not, be used to assess refugee flood risk in Ethiopia; a country hosting 725 000 refugees, primarily from four neighboring countries, in 24 camps. We find that global population (GP) datasets, typically used in national flood risk assessments, do not accurately capture camp populations (CPs). Even the most accurate GP datasets are missing three fifths of camp flood exposure. We propose, and test, alternative approaches for representing exposure that combine reported estimates of CP with data on camp area, building footprints, and population density. Applying these approaches in our national flood risk assessment, we find that 95.8% of camps in Ethiopia are exposed to flooding of some degree and between 143 208 (19.8%) and 182 125 refugees (25.2%) are exposed to a 1% annual exceedance probability flood (100 year return period). South Sudanese refugees are the nationality most exposed to flooding, but Eritrean refugees are the nationality most exposed to flooding with a high risk to life. Promisingly, we find that many camps may be set up in such a way that reduces the exposure of refugees to flooding. Our study demonstrates that global data, augmented with local data, can be useful for understanding the flood risk of refugee camps. The consistent scalable approach can be used as a first-order analysis of risk, identifying risk hotspots, and help to prioritize further detailed analyses to inform within-camp adaptation.

An Exploratory Study on the Adjustment Experiences of Refugees Living in South Korea: Focusing on a positive perspective

Although there has been a global rise in the number of refugees forcibly displaced from their homes, much of what we know about the refugee adjustment are based on those who resettle in neighboring nations or in the West. Little is known about how refugees and asylum seekers fare as they seek safety and new opportunities in an ethnically homogeneous East Asian context. In 2012, South Korea became one of the first Asian nations to pass a legislation to provide legal basis for protecting refugee rights and protocols for resettlement assistance. The purpose of this study was to investigate the narratives of adjustment of international refugees living in Korea and to draw meaningful insights from their experiences. We conducted in-depth interviews with five international refugees with at least five years of residency in Korea and had obtained legal recognition as a refugee. The interviews were analyzed using the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (Smith, Flowers, & Larkin, 2009). The results showed four primary themes underlying the adjustment experiences narrated by international refugees: 1) Warriors fighting for survival and faith, 2) Wounds of loss and difference, 3) Unfolding new life and opportunities, and 4) Life beyond the refugee status. The international refugees’ narratives reflected their determination to resist political persecution in their homeland, their willingness to undertake an arduous process to gain recognition as refugees in South Korea, their sense of cultural dislocation, and their appreciation for new opportunities in Korea beyond basic survival.

Global Refugee Crisis as a Threat to Peace: Insights and Outlook

The world has been witnessing a rising number of forcibly displaced persons in the backdrop of the Ukraine War and several intrastate and inter-state conflicts. Widespread and large-scale displacements have created a new global catastrophe that threatens peace everywhere in the world. It is true that peace, whether perceived as a means or an end, is the greatest pursuit of human society. Although the world has seen remarkable progress of human civilization and enormous economic and technological changes in the past decades, it is marked by enduring conflicts, disputes, war and violence. Ironically, the world remains a place where people have been pursuing self-seeking goals in highly individualistic cultures. States remain hostage to power politics with an abiding focus on geopolitical and economic interests. The refugee crisis in the world demonstrates limitations of the global order based on distribution of power and capitalism. Refugee crisis is a trend not a blip. Precisely, it is the outcome of conflicts and persecution at intrastate, inter-state, regional and global levels. The United Nations through its manifold activities – security, development, cultural and environmental- has been contributing to peace, but the crisis persists. In this context, the paper is an attempt to understand the relations between the refugee crisis and peace in order to find ways of mitigating the sufferings and traumas of refugees worldwide. The paper argues that the ongoing global refugee crisis has assumed a formidable challenge to peace in the world that needs an urgent attention from the global community before it gets too late. It strives to remind the global community about the need for repatriation of growing number of refugees in the world.

Refugeehood Reconsidered: The Central American Migration Crisis

The number of refugees in the world amounts to more than one percent of the entire world population. This essay is an attempt to think about this question and assess the literature that addresses it, especially from the standpoint of ethics and political theory, and a grounding in real-world problems. The paper is intended as an introductory discussion for those interested in the debates about who should qualify for refugee status, especially in light of the predicament of Central Americans fleeing from the disorder. It pays special attention to the claim that the US has reparative obligations to Central American countries owing to US interventionist policies.

Feminized forced migration: Ukrainian war refugees

This paper looks at war-induced migration flows from Ukraine to Poland and Germany in 2022 to understand who is migrating and the challenges they face. Data were collected in the spring and summer of 2022 through survey questionnaires and interviews. The results of the research reveal that a) this wave of migration from Ukraine is overwhelmingly female; b) women are often migrating with children, which makes arranging appropriate childcare and school placement essential to their entry into the destination workforce; c) Ukrainian labor migration patterns before the war have had a significant impact on current flows; d) Ukrainian refugees to Poland and Germany often want to be able to travel regularly back to Ukraine; this affects their willingness to apply for temporary protection schemes that oblige them to remain in destination countries, which in turn makes it difficult to precisely quantify the number of refugees in a given country.

LEGAL AND ECONOMIC ISSUES OF NATIONAL SECURITY MANAGEMENT IN UKRAINE: OBJECTIVE VALUES AND NATIONAL INTERESTS IN THE CONTEXT OF WAR

The war in Ukraine has created an unprecedented global humanitarian crisis, with the highest number of refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs) in the world, civil infrastructure in ruins, uncontrolled food and water supplies in deserted regions, etc. The war has also led to a radical change in national security governance in Ukraine. The main purpose of the article is to analyse current legal and economic issues of national security governance in Ukraine at war. The subject of the study is the importance of national security governance in defining national values and interests and in assessing damage in Ukraine. The methodology of the research includes the method of descriptive and explanatory study of legal issues of national security governance in Ukraine. The study is based on an analysis of legal documents and academic articles. For the purposes of the paper, the analysis of the literature on the subject and the method of document research were used. Originally, the regulations regulating the legal issues of national security governance in Ukraine were included in the Law of Ukraine "On National Security". The paper modifies the current situation regarding the normative provisions that should be updated. The hypothesis of the paper is that the concept of objective values is constantly evolving and that there is no unified approach to its definition. The practical implications are as follows: the number of refugees from Ukraine is still growing, so Ukraine should pursue its national interests in the receiving countries in order to protect universal values. As a result, during martial law Ukraine civil society set up objective values within its national interests, locking up counter-terrorism and human trafficking. The value/originality of the paper is that it expands the knowledge about the interconnection of objective values and national interests of the state with a special focus on Ukraine at war.

Refugee Policy in Romania

Romania is currently facing a high influx in the number of Asylum seekers and refugees, but significantly minimized Knowledge available on the policy framework and care arrangements for the Refugees in Romania over the integration policy confined the people displayed the need for international protection. This particular scientific paper addresses the Romanian Refugee policy while illustrating the gaps and cores of this policy in the political dimension utilizing scholarly literature

‘The Great and Miserable Flight’: The Experiences of Refugees in Newsprint during the Thirty Years’ War

Abstract As the Thirty Years’ War was the greatest demographic crisis in Europe between the Black Death and the two World Wars, it is unsurprising that the conflict created the greatest number of refugees in the continent’s history prior to the twentieth century. However, the limited scholarship on displaced persons between 1618 and 1648 has been exclusively based on micro-level eyewitness accounts, diaries, and memoirs. This article broadens the scope of studies on refugees during the Thirty Years’ War beyond such individualistic sources through an examination of their treatment in newsprint, a source base which has hitherto been entirely overlooked. A case study based on over 200 newspaper reports allows this article to examine how the frequency of appearances of refugees in newsprint, as well as the language and vocabulary used to describe them, can provide a valuable insight into the experiences of displaced persons and the attitudes of contemporaries in mid-seventeenth century Europe.

KEBIJAKAN PENANGANAN AKSI UNJUK RASA YANG DILAKUKAN OLEH PENGUNGSI DARI LUAR NEGERI

Indonesia is not a country that is obliged to accept and take care of refugees from abroad because it did not participate in ratifying the 1951 Convention on the Status of Refugees and the 1967 Protocol on the Status of Refugees. Nevertheless, Indonesia continues to receive refugees every year. It was recorded that until August 2022, the number of refugees in Indonesia was 12,993 people, consisting of 9,713 refugees and 3,280 asylum seekers. Although Indonesia is not obliged to accept refugees, the Indonesian government still accommodates and cares for them because it is based on aspects of Human Rights (HAM). One of the most prominent problems in the handling of refugees from abroad is the rampant demonstrations carried out by the refugees to immediately be placed in third countries. In tackling the problems of the refugees, Presidential Regulation No. 125 of 2016 has been issued regarding the Handling of Refugees from Overseas. However, the Presidential Regulation does not clearly regulate the handling of demonstrations carried out by refugees because basically the refugees are not Indonesian citizens and there is no law that regulates the problem of demonstrations carried out by these refugees.Keywords : Policy, Demonstration, Refugee

Analysis of the Impact of International Migration on the Financial and Economic Cooperation of Countries

Purpose: The aim is to study the theoretical foundations and practical aspects of the analysis of international migration and identify its impact on the financial and economic cooperation of countries. Theoretical framework: The development of cryptocurrencies by banking institutions operating in the online environment provides for the purchase and sale of cryptocurrencies on stock exchanges, not on crypto exchanges, allowing the use of cryptocurrencies as a means of payment and investment. Design/methodology/approach: The methodological basis of the study is built on general and special methods of economic analysis and scientific cognition, namely: system analysis, synthesis, scientific abstraction, comparison, analogy, statistical analysis, functional-systemic approach, graphical and tabular methods, generalization, systematization, grouping, k-means clustering method. Findings: The obtained results of the study allowed us to establish that in today's conditions the processes of international migration have significantly aggravated and have a significant impact on the formation of the basic principles of financial and economic cooperation of countries. The largest migration flows from Ukraine to European countries have been identified, which is due to the intensification of the financial, economic, humanitarian, and socio-political crisis caused by Russia's full-scale invasion of Ukraine. It has been proven that the greatest destructive impact of international migration is experienced by such countries as Poland, the Czech Republic, Germany, and Hungary, where the largest number of refugees and socially vulnerable populations is concentrated. Research, Practical & Social implications: A significant level of financial support to Ukraine from highly developed countries has been established. This is manifested in the provision of significant amounts of credit and grant assistance. It has been suggested to strengthen interstate cooperation between countries in the field of migration to overcome the crisis. Originality/value: proposals have been made to form a set of measures to regulate migration flows and balance the international labor market.

Do refugee inflows contribute to the host countries’ entrepreneurial rates? A dynamic panel data analysis, 2000–2019

PurposeThis study aims to estimate the impact of refugee inflows on host countries’ entrepreneurial rates. The refugee crisis led to an increased scientific and public policy interest in the impact of refugee inflows on host countries. One important perspective of such an impact, which is still underexplored, is the impact of refugee inflows on host countries entrepreneurial rates. Given the high number of refugees that flow to some countries, it would be valuable to assess the extent to which such countries are likely to reap the benefits from increasing refugee inflows in terms of (native and non-native) entrepreneurial talent enhancement.Design/methodology/approachResorting to dynamic (two-step system generalized method of moments) panel data estimations, based on 186 countries over the period between 2000 and 2019, this study estimates the impact of refugee inflows on host countries’ entrepreneurial rates, measured by the total early-stage entrepreneurial activity (TEA) rate and the self-employment rate.FindingsIn general, higher refugee inflows are associated with lower host countries’ TEA rates. However, refugee inflows significantly foster self-employment rates of “medium-high” and “high” income host countries and host countries located in Africa. These results suggest that refugee inflows tend to enhance “necessity” related new ventures and/ or new ventures (from native and non-native population) operating in low value-added, low profit sectors.Originality/valueThis study constitutes a novel empirical contribution by providing a macroeconomic, quantitative assessment of the impact of refugee from distinct nationalities on a diverse set of host countries' entrepreneurship rates in the past two decades resorting to dynamic panel data models, which enable to address the heterogeneity of the countries and deal with the endogeneity of the variables of the model.

Participation in Everyday Occupations Among Rohingya Refugees in Bangladeshi Refugee Camps

Abstract Importance: Bangladesh hosts a large number of Rohingya refugees from Myanmar. Living in refugee camps, the Rohingya refugees face challenges in everyday occupations because of violence, limited opportunities, and corporal punishment by the community. Objective: To explore how Rohingya refugees experience participation in everyday occupations while living in temporary refugee camps in Bangladesh. Design: Phenomenological study to describe, understand, and interpret the meanings of life experiences in particularly adverse conditions. Setting: Rohingya refugee camps in Bangladesh. Participants: Fifteen purposively selected participants from the camps. Outcomes and Measures: In-depth semistructured interview, as well as participant and environmental observations. Researchers used line-by-line data analysis to capture quotations and patterns using interpretive phenomenological analysis, which included establishment of initial codes, interpretation, determining selected codes, and categorization. Results: The research identified four major themes—(1) mental stress, sleep disturbances, and daily occupations; (2) adjustment to inconsistent daily activities; (3) complex relationships and limited social roles that decreased occupational engagement; and (4) involvement in precarious occupations that exacerbated severe health risks—and four subthemes—(1) fragmented family relationships, (2) formation of new relationships to perform social roles, (3) inconvenient and inaccessible living conditions, and (4) continuation of unlawful work to survive. Conclusions and Relevance: Rohingya refugees should receive comprehensive health and rehabilitative care because of their perilous mental health conditions, precarious occupations, and lack of trustworthy relationships with family and neighbors. What This Article Adds: Rohingya refugees experience imbalanced, deprived, and maladapted occupations in refugee camps. Suggestions to improve their lived experience with further peer support programs may help them participate in occupation-based rehabilitation services to facilitate their social integration.

Survey Activities in the Field of Healthcare in the Republic of Moldova Under the Ukraine Crisis by Japan International Cooperation Agency (JICA) 2nd Team

Introduction:The Russian invasion of Ukraine began on February 24, 2022. UNHCR reported, as of April 6th, more than 4.3 million refugees have fled Ukraine, with 401,704 refugees arriving in the Republic of Moldova, around 100,000 of whom have remained in the country. JICA investigated whether Moldova's healthcare needs were burdened by accepting a large number of Ukrainian refugees, and examined the way to support them.Method:JICA dispatched the 3rd team as a survey team. The 2nd team consisted of two medical doctors, one nurse/midwife, one clinical engineer (CE), one Japan DMAT logistician, and two JICA staff. The dispatch period was three weeks when five major hospitals were visited in the capital, evaluating the current situation and the need for support for the future.Results:As of April 6, 2022, 3,853 people were staying in refugee accommodation centers, while the rest lived in ordinary Moldovan families. Evacuees, like Moldovan citizens, were covered by health insurance, and evacuees had access to medical care. Medical institutions were not overwhelmed by medical needs due to the Ukraine crisis. There was no epidemic of infectious diseases even at evacuation centers. However, since there was no system to share emergency information between hospitals, we held a disaster medical seminar to introduce the current situation of disaster support in Japan and supporting EMTCC.Conclusion:As a survey team, not only doctors but also nurses, midwives, and CEs surveyed, making it easier to understand the specific medical needs at medical facilities. Most of the evacuees stayed in ordinary Moldovan homes, and it is possible that avoiding a crowded environment at the evacuation shelters prevented the epidemic of infectious diseases.