Number Of Radio Stations Research Articles

Visualisation of Radio: Audiovisual Content Strategies of Moscow Radio Stations in Social Media During the Turbulence

This paper presents the results of a study of the content strategies related to visualisation of Moscow's top-rated radio stations in social media. The objectives were to determine the activity of Moscow radio stations and audience response in social media during the turbulent late 2022. First, the official accounts of forty three Moscow radio stations on the platforms VKontakte, Odnoklassniki, in the messenger Telegram* and on the video hosting YouTube, as well as Yandex Zen, Twitter*, TikTok*, Yappy, RuTube and so on were analyzed. For a more detailed analysis of content strategies, ten radio stations leading the Mediascope ranking were selected. The analysis was carried out according to the following criteria: the presence of official representation in social media, the number of subscribers, forms, formats and genres of activity of the radio station, the audience response to the content of the radio station in social networks and messengers. Particular attention in the study was paid to the ways in which the selected radio stations were visualized. The results of the analysis show that VKontakte remains the most popular platform for radio stations during the turbulence, followed by YouTube, Odnoklassniki, Telegram* and Zen. Social media pages are used by stations as a specific method of expansion or as a means of strategic interaction with the audience. The predominance of video content is observed on two platforms — Vkontakte and YouTube; music stations are the most active in posting it. Radio stations are not particularly active in publishing video content on the site, and almost all of them post videos from their YouTube channels. A number of radio stations do not publish video content at all. The most popular are short vertical videos and 'long' horizontal recordings created from both on-air and unique off-air content. There are practically no broadcasts (except for the news content of "Moscow Talks"). The channels' audience is rather passive. With regular video broadcasts and publication of content, radio stations achieve high audience engagement.

The Beatles in Spain: The Contribution of Beat Music and Ye-yés to the (Subtle) Musical, Cultural and Political Openness of General Franco’s Regime in the 1960s

From the late 1950s and throughout the 1960s, the impact of American twist and rock’n’roll and British beat music, the Eurovision Song Contest, the considerable growth of the national record industry, the number of radio stations and the (still timid) deployment of nationwide TV gave rise in Spain to the development of the ye-yé fashion amongst the young Spanish population. This was accompanied by the development of a mild feeling of rebellion and critical spirit against the traditional conservative/Catholic status quo and the conventional mores of the previous generation. Indeed, from 1964-65 onwards dozens of Beatle-like bands imitated the Beatles’ rhythms, language, image, poses, fashion and song lyrics. The two live performances of the Beatles in Madrid and Barcelona in 1965 disseminated their popularity even further in Franco’s Spain. English became the lingua franca of modernity, of international tourism and of the new musical genres. In this Anglophile context, Beatlemania was to exert a relatively gentle influence on the social and political Spanish scenario of the decade and contributed to preparing the path to the country’s democratization in the late 1970s.

The Functions and Features of Verbalics on a Radio Station Format Easy Listening

Today music formats occupy a predominant number of frequencies in the Russian FM-range. Despite digital television and radio broadcasting conversion and the related internal and external modernization of the industry, radio stations continue to actively compete for the listener by offering new approaches to broadcasting and winning an audience. The number of radio stations in the modern world remains at a consistently high level, although, it is understandable that the dynamics of its growth does not have the speed it used to have a hundred years ago: for example, the number of radio stations in the United States during “the golden era” of broadcasting from 1927 to 1940 years had grown 116 times (Sterling and Kittross, 2001). Today, one of the rarest music formats in Russia is the Easy Listening format, which is partly represented by the Relax FM radio station. In addition to music programs, the Relax FM radio broadcastings include thematic rubrics and short speech programs that make a significant contribution to the overall concept of this radio station. The article discusses the verbal components at the radio station of the Easy Listening format, their functions and features. In order to analyze the speech elements of the studied radio, the methods of observation and content analysis, as well as some other empirical and general scientific methods were used. The results were interpreted on the basis of the percentage of music and speech on the airwaves, as well as the ratio of the average timing of the commercial break, built using verbalics, and the average timing of the thematic category. In addition, the speech analysis of verbal components showed how the difference in the essential approach to speech in the advertising unit and in the thematic rubric affects the general speech discourse of the radio. Thus, the main functions of verbal components on the radio station of the Easy Listening format can definitely be considered to be informational, advertising, recreational and educational functions. The features of speech components are in the field of message semantics, as well as in terms of vocabulary and intonation, aimed at supporting the general concept of broadcasting. A separate speech group consists of advertising messages that are significantly different from the specific mood of the radio, but which, in doing so, are designed to support the very existence of the radio station. These provisions ultimately entail the possibility of new research in the field of linguistics of radio programs, psycholinguistics, and the management of the broadcasting industry.

Hesitations in Speech Production in the Media

Nowadays we are witnessing a substantial growth in the number of radio stations, as well as a simultaneous decline in the quality of hosts’ speech, particularly its fluency. Whereas people may be quite tolerant of various hesitations in everyday conversations, listeners often find dysfluencies in the speech of radio hosts distracting and irritating, expecting the hosts to be skilled in controlling their output. This research paper therefore offers a contrastive analysis of hesitations in the speech production of English and Croatian radio hosts, with the aim of determining whether the frequency of hesitation markers can be related to the formal training of hosts. If so, we can suppose that greater fluency of speech may be achieved through practice. To this purpose we have analyzed eight minutes (480 seconds) of speech of 32 radio hosts, 16 American and 16 Croatian, with an equal number of males and females in each group. Also, half of the hosts work on public radio stations, and the other half on commercial ones. In order to obtain as objective results as possible, the analyzed samples were taken from different episodes of talk-shows on various subjects, as well as from different parts of the episodes (beginning, middle part and ending). The results indicate that there is no correlation between gender and fluency since there was no relevant difference in the frequency of hesitations produced by male and female hosts, in spite of the generally accepted popular view that women are more fluent and verbal than men. More importantly, the results indicate that fluency is an aspect of speech that can be improved through practice and formal training. A surprisingly similar number of hesitations in the speech of American and Croatian hosts confirms the fact that speech fluency is a cognitive aspect of language, independent of language specific features.

Individual Preference for Radio Stations in The Eastern Region of Ghana

The number of radio stations in Ghana has increased tremendously over the past few years. Residents in the Eastern region in the country do have access to radio stations in the region plus those from the Greater Accra region Thus stations in the Eastern region have to compete for listenership with other radio stations from the Greater Accra. The study aimed at finding out among others, which of the region’s stations do respondents prefer to listen and what factors may influence such a decision? Using respondents conveniently sampled from a semi-rural town, Akropong-Akuapem, the district capital of the Akuapem North district, it was realized that respondents preferred radio stations in Greater Accra region to those in Eastern region. Moreover, frequency distributions and chi square test showed that factors like overall image of the station, clear reception, station heritage, news coverage, kind of programme, presenters and the status of the individual influenced the choice of radio station. Again, it was found that awareness of the programme, language used, timing of the programme and number of commercial breaks helped in the choice of radio programme one listened to.

Different Periods of Post-Revolutionary Radio in Iran: Audience Evolution

Iranian society after the Islamic revolution in 1979 entered a new era. Almost all public domains and social institutions underwent drastic changes, and this caused many subsequent changes in the media in terms of both form and content. The number of radio stations increased and they are paying more attention to content quality in order to absorb new groups of people and to establish a more permanent position in Iranian society. The present study analyzes the changes to Iranian radio by dividing the post-revolution time into three periods, with a fourth period that has just started. It also deals with the challenges radio faces in the future in Iran.

A Sales Floor in the Sky: Philadelphia Department Stores and the Radio Boom of the 1920s

Between 1920 and 1922, the number of radio stations in the United States mushroomed from a handful to almost 600. Department stores operated 30 of these stations, using the airwaves to stimulate the sale of receivers, to advertise the store, and to promote merchandise. This research analyzes the phenomenon of department store radio stations, with a particular focus on Philadelphia. In contrast to historical accounts of radio that stress the dramatic commercialization of the industry in the late 20s, this research argues that advertising has always been a defining element of the American approach to broadcasting.

Christian Radio in a New Millennium

There is no segment of the broadcasting industry growing as rapidly as Christian Radio has since 1990. The number of radio stations with Christian formats has nearly tripled in this time frame, surpassing all other formats. This remarkable growth is due to a combination of factors, including changes in FCC channel allocation and licensing policies, innovations in software to identify available frequencies and plot coverage areas, the popularity of Contemporary Christian Music, the growth of Evangelical Christianity and conservative political organizations, and the dedicated efforts of many broadcasters who want Christian Radio to happen now.

Weighted broadcast in linear radio networks

The weighted version of the broadcast range assignment problem in ad hoc wireless network is studied. Efficient algorithms are presented for the unbounded and bounded-hop broadcast problems for the linear radio network, where radio stations are placed on a straight line. For the unbounded case of the problem, the proposed algorithm runs in O ( n 2 ) time and using O ( n ) space, where n is the number of radio stations in the network. For the h-hop broadcast problem, the time and space complexities of our algorithm are O ( h n 2 log n ) and O ( h n ) , respectively. This improves time complexity of the existing results for the same two problems by a factor of n and n 2 log n , respectively [C. Ambuhl, A.E.F. Clementi, M.D. Ianni, G. Rossi, A. Monti, R. Silvestri, The range assignment problem in non-homogeneous static ad hoc networks, in: Proc. 18th Int. Parallel and Distributed Precessing Symposium, 2004].

The Factors Affecting Radio Format Diversity After the Telecommunications Act of 1996: Ownership Concentration, Stations and Audience

The passage of the Telecommunication Act of 1996 eliminated national radio station ownership limits and considerably relaxed local station ownership caps compared to previous ownership restrictions. Media policymakers have been concerned that increases in media ownership concentration not decrease market format diversity. However, recent format diversity research on the radio industry has not directly considered other factors beyond ownership concentration that may affect format diversity. This study replicates Rogers and Woodbury's (1996) and found the number of programming formats broadcasting in a market (format diversity) is positively related to the number of radio stations serving the market. The percentage of market population listening to radio is positively related to the number of market stations and is not statistically related to the number of formats. This study also found increases in radio ownership concentration do not affect the number of market formats; however increases in ownership concentration may negatively affect the size of a market's radio audience.

Sacred entertainments

Ever since the cultural watershed of the 1960s, predictions of the imminent demise of classical music, especially in America, have been rife. Its audience, undermined by the precipitate decline in public music education and decimated by defections to pop (respectable for aspiring intellectuals from the moment rock became British), was assumed to be aging, indeed dying off. Whether as a symptom of this process or as one of its causes, media coverage for classical music steadily and drastically diminished over the 1970s and 1980s (coinciding with the rise of serious pop coverage), as did the number of radio stations that offered it.

Not Getting on the Policy Agenda: Radio Station Ownership Changes Following the Telecommunications Act of 1996

When the Telecommunications Act of 1996 revised the rules on the number of radio stations an owner could hold nationally and in a local market, it unleashed a tidal wave of mergers and acquisitions. Despite the fundamental changes this brought to the structure of the radio industry in the United States, there was a long period before those changes attracted much attention from policy makers. This study uses a model proposed by the political scientist John Kingdon to show why the issue of growing levels of concentration in the radio industry took so long to make it onto the national policy agenda. The application of Kingdon's model reveals that those who had the power to place this issue on the policy agenda were virtually silent until the appointment of William Kennard as FCC Chairman. The paper concludes by using Kingdon's model to account for this lacuna and reviews the model's value to media scholars interested in analyzing the early stages of the policy formation process.

Advertising Clearance Practices of Radio Stations: A Model of Advertising Self-Regulation

Abstract Since advertising media can reject any advertising submission, the clearance process is one of the most potentially effective and powerful advertising self-regulatory tools. Previous descriptive studies have found that clearance procedures vary greatly among television stations, and between the networks and individual stations (Rotfeld, Abernethy and Parsons 1990; Wicks 1991). Based on variables identified in the television literature, an overall model of influences on radio clearance practice is built. To test the model and to assess how well it can be extended from television to radio, clearance activities of a large number of radio stations are tested. Stations more closely following the 1982 NAB Code have stricter substantiation procedures. Stations with more audience complaints, greater market power and stricter substantiation processes are more likely to reject a higher percentage of advertising submissions.

The Unknown Audience: Typologies of Radio Listeners in Germany

The dramatic increase in the number of radio stations in Germany over the past few years and the coincidental growth of competition have confronted German radio researchers with new challenges concerning contents and methodology. Increased competition has demanded a more precise measurement of the audience's needs and wishes. At the same time the growing complexity must be matched by a corresponding multivariate approach to data analysis. This study compares two methods of identification and delimitation of target audiences. The traditional approach utilizes sociodemographic characteristics—age, sex and education—to attain such a typology. This study proposes an alternative: an explorative segmentation of the audience using cluster analysis. The cluster analysis produces four types of listeners who are compared with regard to their listening behaviour, their loyalty to two popular Bavarian radio stations and sociodemographic attributes. The typology produced by this explorative approach appears to be superior for a sharp delimitation of specific target audiences. A series of path analyses is conducted to determine how perception of the quality of various aspects of radio programme content influences the evaluation of radio stations, and how these patterns vary among different listener types. The analyses show that quite diverse motivational structures seem to determine how different listener groups arrive at their evaluation of radio stations.

Melodies or rhythms?: the competition for the Greater London FM radio licence

On 12 July 1989, the Independent Broadcasting Authority (IBA) announced that the Greater London FM licence would go to London Jazz Radio (LJR). This franchise was allocated as part of the expansion of commercial radio in Britain. As in most other countries, the British state owns the electromagnetic spectrum. This allows the government to choose who can broadcast over the airwaves. However, unlike most industrialised countries, the British state chooses not to use all the frequencies made available for broadcasting under international treaties. Instead, there has been a ‘duopoly’ between the radio stations of the state-owned British Broadcasting Corporation (BBC) and commercial stations authorised by the IBA. This limitation on the number of radio stations makes the British broadcasting system seem backward compared not only with the USA, but also the rest of the European Community. However, this oligopoly is now slowly collapsing. The licencing of LJR was a first stage of a period of rapid growth in commercial radio in Britain.

"Selling the Sight/Site of Sound: Broadcast Advertising and the Transition from Radio to Television"

The American home in 1935 probably had a radio set in at least one room of the house.' That set proved a continuous source of information, entertainment, and shared consciousness for families and individuals. Radio had in fifteen years moved from a curiosity to a luxury, and finally, to an indispensable apparatus of modern life. Nearly 600 stations broadcast within the United States, usually relaying one of the four major radio networks. NBC ran two networks-the flagship NBC-Red and its secondary Blue Network (later to become ABC)while CBS and Mutual also provided coast-to-coast coverage. In addition, one might listen to any of the powerful independent stations such as WLW Cincinnati or WGN Chicago; several million homes also occasionally tuned in to short-wave programming transmitted from a number of European nations. By 1955, the number of radio stations in the United States had increased nearly ninefold. Yet radio was no longer considered the center of the American family's attention. Television had arrived to replace the words of wisdom offered by radio with a series of consuming visions centered on a new shared American consciousness. Of course, television did not suddenly appear one day; radio audiences (indeed, the entire American public) had been hearing that television was coming soon since the mid-1930s. And in fact the structure and performance of commercial radio broadcasting in the United States was an indispensable foundation in the establishment of televison as a force in American industry and American culture. The radio networks all tried to launch television networks, and most succeeded (with Mutual failing2); along with the networks, major individual radio station owners often built and programmed television stations. Radio performers and stars now found themselves appearing not only before the mike, but also the cameras, lights, and larger production crews. Ad agencies and commercial sponsors explored the vagaries of commercialism in the new broadcast medium, and the various audience measurement services, such as A. C. Nielsen, were eager to try their hand at counting television viewers as effectively as they had radio listeners.

A Comparison of Influences on Fixed and Grid Radio Advertising Rates

Abstract This investigation (1) identifies the variables which influence radio rate structure and (2) determines the extent to which these variables influence spot prices differently for stations with fixed rate cards and stations with grid rate cards. Regression analysis was employed to investigate the relationship between the independent variables (average quarter hour audience, station format, consumer spendable income per household, market population, number of radio stations per market) and the dependent variable (station rates) for both fixed and grid rate stations. A Chow test and a series of univariate t-tests were then used to investigate the differences between the regression equations, revealing that stations with grid rates do not base spot prices on audience delivery as much as stations with fixed rates. The major implication is that advertisers should avoid buying time from the top of the grid whenever possible, as these rates are priced higher than fixed rates yet deliver fewer listeners pe...

A narrow-band experimental FM mobile telephone system

THE VALUE of radio communications in all classes of mobile applications has caused a phenomenal increase in the number of radio stations licensed in these vital services. This ever-increasing usage of frequencies continues to demonstrate the inadequacy of the available number of usable channels.

Radio and Television and Ethical Standards

SINCE the Radio Act of 1912 the Federal Government through its various agencies has been attempting, within the framework of the American economic system, to regulate the radio industry so that the air waves are used for the public good. Such regulations are predicated on the proposition that the air waves belong to the people, that their number is limited by the nature of the radio spectrum itself, and that the use of these air waves by an individual or group for commercial broadcasting should be looked upon as a public trust and should be continued only as long as the daily schedule of broadcasts can show that the welfare of the general public is being served. The Radio Act of 1912 merely denied the right of any person to operate a radio station without a license from the Secretary of Commerce. The tremendous increase in the number of radio stations, the overlapping of radio signals, and adverse court decisions denying the Secretary of Commerce the right to assign frequencies, to regulate hours of broadcasting, to restrict the number of licenses issued, or even to prevent one station from using a frequency assigned to another station caused such confusion that in 1926 President Coolidge appealed to Congress to enact a comprehensive radio law. The Radio Act of 1927