Number Of Qualifications Research Articles

Domination and Containment: An Approach to Modernization

This paper is built upon the assumption that modernization consists of processes of structural transformation which tend to increase both the resource-producing or energy-producing capacity of a social configuration and the extent to which this capacity may be realized and coordinated by strategic elites. There are a number of qualifications. For example, modernization involves an increase in resources or energy producedand/oran increase in the extent to which such resources are channelled into the hands of groups such as capitalist entrepreneurs and state officials. In the short run, rapid increases may occur in either of these aspects while the other remains relatively stable. ‘Resources’ and ‘energies’ are terms broadly interpreted to include the enthusiasms and allegiances of a population experiencing profound alterations in the conditions of its existence, the fruits of colonial expansion and frontier exploration, and the outcomes of scientific research and technological innovation. A proportion of resources is likely to be drawn from outside the national polity (for example through colonial receipts or ‘development aid’); a proportion is also likely to beappliedoutside this polity (as in warfare and commercial activity).

Dynamic aspects of air quality control costs

This paper investigates aggregate cost differentials due to implementing environmental regulations over alternative time periods. These differentials may be related t o premature obsolescence of the capital stock, technical advances in abatement, and perhaps other factors. Our estimates, which are subject to a number of qualifications, indicate that these differentials may be substantial. We conduct our investigation within a simple but complete general equilibrium model and contrast our approach with more conventional techniques of forecasting and policy assessment. Our model consists of a description of preferences, technology, and the interaction of economic agents which generates forecasts of economic variables for alternative scenario,.

Computing the effectively computable bound in Baker's inequality for linear forms in logarithms, and: Multiplicative relations in number fields: Corrigenda and addenda

We indicate a number of qualifications and amendments that are necessary so as to correct the statements and proofs of the theorems in our papers “Computing the effectively computable bound in Baker's inequality for linear forms in logarithms”, 15 (1976), 33–57, and its sequel “Multiplicative relations in number fields”, 16 (1977), 83–98, and remark on recent observations that would yield yet sharper results.

Cultural barriers to interprofessional communication: A PSYCHOM '72 paper

Interprofessional communication depends largely on the specialist's ability to assess and make allowance for the cross-cultural distance between himself and his audience. This distance is composed mainly of differences in basic preoccupations, assumptions, purposes, methods, and terminologies. The most effective bridges consist of generalizations to which a minimum number of qualifications are applied, and in which jargon and clutter are near zero. The general equation of the first degree for the effectiveness of communication when the message is technical is as follows:

The Meaning of Bentham's Greatest Happiness Principle

Notes and Discussions THE MEANING OF BENTHAM'S GREATEST HAPPINESS PRINCIPLE The Greatest Happiness Principle has perplexed thinkers from the time it was proposed by Bentham as central to Utilitarianism. Bentham himself was unhappy with the wording of this principle toward the end of his life and considered various formulations of it. His main difficulty did not stem from a vagueness or confusion as to the ends to be achieved, although it has appeared so to some of his critics; but rather in giving an accurate and concise expression to that principle which is to serve as a guide to those ends. In point of fact, such expression is possible, as this article will demonstrate, only by the introduction of a considerable number of qualifications. Without these, no formulation of the Greatest Happiness Principle , including the one that is finally presented in this article, can be understood clearly. Since I will be investigating what Bentham intended to mean by his utilitarian norm, the validity of the grounds upon which the meaning is proffered will be ignored. The absence of an examination of such grounds is innocent in the light of the fact that interesting conclusions may be adduced from both good and bad arguments. II The Greatest Happiness Principle has had an interesting history. Although it did not originate with Bentham----cither in expression or in its ethical and political intent--it has come to be closely associated with Benthamism. At the same time, it cannot be ascribed to Bentham without some qualification. The principle may be traced to such authors as Paley, Priestly, Hutcheson, Helvetius, and Beccaria.1 Among these, the phrase "the greatest happiness of the greatest number" first occurs in Francis Hutcheson's writings.2 Beeearia uses the same phrase in his Dei deUiti e delle pene. 3 There is some conflict of opinion regarding from whom Bentham first learned the phrase. This is not surprising since as David Baumgardt aptly points out, "It See Elie Hal6vy, The Growth of Philosophical Radicalism, trans. Mary Morris (Boston: Beacon Press, 1955), pp. 19, 22; Robert Harry Inglis Palgrave, Palgrave's Dictionary oY Political Economy, ed. H. I-tigris(3 vols.; London: Macmillan, 1925), I, 181. 2 An Inquiry Into the Original of Our Ideas of Beauty and Virtue (4th ed.; London: J. Darby, 1738), p. 181. * Hal6vy, p. 21. [315] 316 HISTORY OF PHILOSOPHY was far more difficult for any moralist of Bentham's time to have overlooked the various formulations of the greatest happiness principle than to have become acquainted with it." ( Bentham, in later years, claimed to have first come across the phrase in Priestly. But this can probably be discounted--perhaps on grounds of poor memory--since Beccaria, whom Bentham considered his master, enunciated the principle before Priestly. In any case, the seeds of its conception and significance were already well planted when Bentham arrived on the scene. 5 Why then has the principle become so closely associated with Bentham? The answer is plain enough. No other individual has adhered to the principle so closely as Bentham, nor has any other individual made this principle such an important and central desideratum in all areas of analysis concerning the social relations of human beings. 6 Although Bentham usually characterized the principle in terms of the phrase, "the greatest happiness of the greatest number," he also referred to it in a somewhat different phrasing. As he remarks, "The right and proper end of government in every political community, is the greatest happiness of all individuals of which it is composed, say, in other words, the greatest happiness of the greatest number ." 7 It is difficult to know what to make of this passage since neither the phrase, "the greatest happiness of all," nor the phrase, "'the greatest happiness of the greatest number," is clear enough to permit us to say whether they are identical or not in meaning. This ditficulty, however, is alleviated by a consideration which appears to indicate that rather than treating the phrases in question as substitutes for one another, the latter phrase is to replace the former as the guiding principle for deciding policy. As Bentham observes: If such were the conditions of human...