Number Of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Cases Research Articles

SPATIAL AUTOCORRELATION ANALYSIS OF PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS CASES IN CENTRAL JAVA PROVINCE

Tuberculosis is a disease that is easily transmitted and causes worry across the world. Central Java Province became one of the regions contributing the most tuberculosis cases in Indonesia in 2022, which amounted to 22,249 cases. This study aims to examine the local and global spatial autocorrelation of pulmonary tuberculosis cases in the Central Java Province in 2022. This research is an analytic observational research with an ecological study design. The unit of analysis used was 35 districts/cities. This study used secondary data from the Health Profile of Central Java Province in 2022. Data analysis used Moran's Index and Local Indicators of Spatial Associaton (LISA) methods with queen contiguity weighting in Geoda software. The results showed that Moran's index value of the global autocorrelation test on the number of pulmonary tuberculosis cases was 0.505. The results of the bivariate LISA test obtained the p value of tuberculosis cases with population, population density, and number of health facilities of 0.002, 0.449, and 0.007, respectively, with the Moran index value of 0.3111, 0.0075, and 0.2384 respectively. There are 9 spatially significant areas between population, population density, and number of health facilities with tuberculosis cases. This study concludes that there is a positive spatial autocorrelation (clustering pattern) of pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Central Java Province in 2022. In addition, there is positive spatial autocorrelation between population and number of health facilities with TB cases (clustering pattern) and there is no spatial autocorrelation between population density and TB cases.

Tuberculosis Information System: Evaluation Approach with HOT-FIT Framework

Background: The increase in the number of pulmonary TB cases increases the risk of illness and death, which indicates the need for TB prevention and control efforts through online recording and reporting of cases using the Tuberculosis Information System (SITB). However, there are several challenges in implementing the use of SITB, which results in delays in reporting TB cases and disrupts TB prevention and treatment efforts. Purpose: The purpose of this study was to describe the use of SITB with the HOT-FIT Framework in the UPT Puskesmas Lemo area, North Barito District, Central Kalimantan. Methods: This research applies qualitative research methods with a phenomenological approach. The study population consisted of five informants who were selected deliberately (purposive sampling), including the Head of Puskesmas, TB Program Manager, TB Program Management Assistant, General Practitioner, and Laboratory Officer. Results: The results highlight that the use of Tuberculosis Information System (SITB) applications faces a number of supporting and inhibiting factors, which eventually lead to delays in reporting. Although the availability of adequate human resources (HR) is one of the supporting factors for reporting tuberculosis (TB) cases through the SITB application, the unstable internet network and lack of facilities and infrastructure such as inadequate software are also inhibiting factors. Conclusion: Puskesmas Lemo has participated in the successful implementation of TB case recording and reporting activities using SITB, but there are several aspects that still need to be improved and followed up. Thus, the Lemo Health Center still needs regular guidance and monitoring by the Health Office in carrying out its functions.

Analysis of Nutritional Status and The Incidence of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in The Puskesmas Martapura 1

Tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease caused by bacteria and transmitted through the air. Indonesia, especially South Kalimantan, records a high number of TB cases. Martapura 1 Community Health Center, which is known for its significant number of pulmonary TB cases, requires special strategies in handling and prevention. This descriptive research uses a cross-sectional design. The research was carried out from February to June 2024, at Martapura 1 Health Center, Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan. The sample size was 50 people, with the sampling method being Accidental Sampling. Data collection techniques include BTA examination and BMI (Body Mass Index) assessment. Analysis of the relationship between nutritional status and the incidence of pulmonary TB in the working area of Martapura 1 Community Health Center, Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan based on statistical tests with chi-square obtained a p-value of 0.006 (p-value <0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that there is a relationship between nutritional status and the incidence of pulmonary TB in the working area of Martapura 1 Health Center, Banjar Regency, South Kalimantan in 2024. The incidence of pulmonary TB can affect a person's nutritional status.

Description of The Eosinophil Lymphocite Ratio (ELR) With Pulmonary Tuberculosis at Several Health Center in Jambi City

Background: Pulmonary Tuberculosis is an infectious disease caused by the bacteria Mycobacterium Tuberculosis. To reduce the number of pulmonary tuberculosis cases, treatment is carried out using OAT or what is commonly called anti-tuberculosis drugs. The length of treatment can affect the hematological system, including eosinophil cells and lymphocyte cells. An increase or decrease in the ratio of these two cells can describe the healing process of Pulmonary Tuberculosis disease.
 Method: This study was conducted to determine the description of the eosinophil lymphocyte ratio (ELR) in pulmonary tuberculosis patients based on the duration of treatment. The research method was descriptive with a cross sectional approach. The research was conducted in February-June 2023 with a total sample of 40 respondents with Pulmonary Tuberculosis in several Puskesmas in Jambi City. The research was conducted in the hematology laboratory of the Technology Laboratory Medicine, Poltekkes Kemenkes Jambi.
 Result: From the research conducted, it was found that the average ELR in patients with pulmonary tuberculosis undergoing treatment for <2 months was 0.08; the average ELR at the treatment stage >2 months was 0.12;
 Conclusion: the conclusion of the ELR independent T test based on the length of treatment with a sig value of 0.230 (p>0, 05).

Analysis of spatial–temporal dynamic distribution and related factors of tuberculosis in China from 2008 to 2018

Through spatial–temporal scanning statistics, the spatial–temporal dynamic distribution of pulmonary tuberculosis incidence in 31 provinces and autonomous regions of China from 2008 to 2018 is obtained, and the related factors of spatial–temporal aggregation of tuberculosis in China are analyzed to provide strong scientific basis and data support for the prevention and control of pulmonary tuberculosis. This is a retrospective study, using spatial epidemiological methods to reveal the spatial–temporal clustering distribution characteristics of China's tuberculosis epidemic from 2008 to 2018, in which cases data comes from the China Center for Disease Control and prevention. Office Excel is used for general statistical description, and the single factor correlation analysis adopts χ2 Test (or trend χ2 Inspection). Retrospective discrete Poisson distribution space time scanning statistics of SaTScan 9.6 software are used to analyze the space time dynamic distribution of tuberculosis incidence in 31 provinces, cities and autonomous regions in China from 2008 to 2018. ArcGIS 10.2 software is used to visualize the results. The global spatial autocorrelation analysis adopts Moran's I of ArcGIS Map(Monte Carlo randomization simulation times of 999) is used to analyze high-risk areas, low-risk areas and high-low risk areas. From 2008 to 2018, 10,295,212 cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were reported in China, with an average annual incidence rate of 69.29/100,000 (95% CI: (69.29 ± 9.16)/100,000). The annual GDP (gross domestic product) of each province and city showed an upward trend year by year, and the number of annual medical institutions in each province and city showed a sharp increase in 2009, and then tended to be stable; From 2008 to 2018, the national spatiotemporal scanning statistics scanned a total of 6 clusters, including 23 provinces and cities. The national high-low spatiotemporal scanning statistics of the number of pulmonary tuberculosis cases scanned a total of 2 high-risk and low-risk clusters. The high-risk cluster included 8 provinces and cities, and the low-risk cluster included 12 provinces and cities. The global autocorrelation Moran's I index of the incidence rate of pulmonary tuberculosis in all provinces and cities was greater than the expected value (E (I) = −0.0333); The correlation analysis between the average annual GDP and the number of pulmonary tuberculosis cases in each province and city from 2008 to 2018 was statistically significant. From 2008 to 2018, the spatial and temporal scanning and statistical scanning areas of tuberculosis incidence in China were mainly concentrated in the northwest and southern regions of China. There is an obvious positive spatial correlation between the annual GDP distribution of each province and city, and the aggregation degree of the development level of each province and city is increasing year by year. There is a correlation between the average annual GDP of each province and the number of tuberculosis cases in the cluster area. There is no correlation between the number of medical institutions set up in each province and city and the number of pulmonary tuberculosis cases.

Effectivnes Active Cycle of Breathing Technique Therapy on Dyspnea in Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients at Tangerang Hospital

Background: Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Indonesia ranks 2nd (14%) in the highest number of Pulmonary TB cases in the world. Banten Province (64%) ranks first with the highest number in Indonesia. Problems caused by Pulmonary TB will interfere with the respiratory tract, such as chronic coughing and shortness of breath. 85% of people with Pulmonary TB were successfully treated within 6 months by routinely conducting pharmacological therapy and non-pharmacological therapy to treat the side effects of infections that occurred. Purpose this study was conducted to determine the effect of the active cycle of breathing technique therapy on the shortness of breath in pulmonary TB patients in Tangerang regency hospital. Method: This study is a quasy experiment with a one-group pretest-posttest design approach. The samples in this study were Pulmonary TB patients who experienced shortness of breath due to sputum retention, which totaled 16 respondents. Purposive sampling technique with 1 intervention group. This group will be given ACBT therapy as much as 2x / day for 5 days. Results: The results showed differences in the scale of shortness of breath before and after the administration of Active Cycle Of Breathing Technique (ACBT) therapy against shortness of breath of Pulmonary Tuberculosis sufferers with a P-Value of 0.000<0.05. The statistical results showed a decrease in the tightness scale by 2.44 points. conclusion: the active cycle of breathing technique therapy reduces shortness of breath in pulmonary TB patients.

A comparative study of three models to analyze the impact of air pollutants on the number of pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Urumqi, Xinjiang.

In this paper, we separately constructed ARIMA, ARIMAX, and RNN models to determine whether there exists an impact of the air pollutants (such as PM2.5, PM10, CO, O3, NO2, and SO2) on the number of pulmonary tuberculosis cases from January 2014 to December 2018 in Urumqi, Xinjiang. In addition, by using a new comprehensive evaluation index DISO to compare the performance of three models, it was demonstrated that ARIMAX (1,1,2) × (0,1,1)12 + PM2.5 (lag = 12) model was the optimal one, which was applied to predict the number of pulmonary tuberculosis cases in Urumqi from January 2019 to December 2019. The predicting results were in good agreement with the actual pulmonary tuberculosis cases and shown that pulmonary tuberculosis cases obviously declined, which indicated that the policies of environmental protection and universal health checkups in Urumqi have been very effective in recent years.

COMPARISON OF GLM, GLMM AND GEE POISSON MATHEMATICAL MODELING PERFORMANCE (Case Study: Number of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patients in Indonesia in 2019-2021)

This study aims to compare the performance of data modeling with Poisson regression with Generalized Linear Model (GLM), Generalized Linear Mixed Model (GLMM), and Generalized Estimating Equation (GEE) modeling. The case study used is a factor that affects the number of Pulmonary Tuberculosis cases in Indonesia with panel data. Based on the AIC criteria, the smallest BIC and RMSE GLMM models perform better than GLM and GEE. In addition, GLMM modeling also has a coefficient of determination value. The results showed that the percentage of the population smoking and the percentage of Unmet Kesehatan had a significant positive influence on the number of Pulmonary Tuberculosis cases. In contrast, the percentage of households who had access to handwashing with soap and proper drinking water significantly negatively influenced the number of Pulmonary Tuberculosis cases. Therefore, the public needs awareness to reduce cigarette consumption and increase environmental access, such as adequate and clean drinking water sources and handwashing.

Unbalanced Risk of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in China at the Subnational Scale: Spatiotemporal Analysis.

BackgroundChina has one of the highest tuberculosis (TB) burdens in the world. However, the unbalanced spatial and temporal trends of TB risk at a fine level remain unclear.ObjectiveWe aimed to investigate the unbalanced risks of pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB) at different levels and how they evolved from both temporal and spatial aspects using PTB notification data from 2851 counties over a decade in China.MethodsCounty-level notified PTB case data were collected from 2009 to 2018 in mainland China. A Bayesian hierarchical model was constructed to analyze the unbalanced spatiotemporal patterns of PTB notification rates during this period at subnational scales. The Gini coefficient was calculated to assess the inequality of the relative risk (RR) of PTB across counties.ResultsFrom 2009 to 2018, the number of notified PTB cases in mainland China decreased from 946,086 to 747,700. The average number of PTB cases in counties was 301 (SD 26) and the overall average notification rate was 60 (SD 6) per 100,000 people. There were obvious regional differences in the RRs for PTB (Gini coefficient 0.32, 95% CI 0.31-0.33). Xinjiang had the highest PTB notification rate, with a multiyear average of 155/100,000 (RR 2.3, 95% CI 1.6-2.8; P<.001), followed by Guizhou (117/100,000; RR 1.8, 95% CI 1.3-1.9; P<.001) and Tibet (108/100,000; RR 1.7, 95% CI 1.3-2.1; P<.001). The RR for PTB showed a steady downward trend. Gansu (local trend [LT] 0.95, 95% CI 0.93-0.96; P<.001) and Shanxi (LT 0.94, 95% CI 0.92-0.96; P<.001) experienced the fastest declines. However, the RRs for PTB in the western region (such as counties in Xinjiang, Guizhou, and Tibet) were significantly higher than those in the eastern and central regions (P<.001), and the decline rate of the RR for PTB was lower than the overall level (P<.001).ConclusionsPTB risk showed significant regional inequality among counties in China, and western China presented a high plateau of disease burden. Improvements in economic and medical service levels are required to boost PTB case detection and eventually reduce PTB risk in the whole country.

EFEKTIVITAS PEMBERIAN KESEHATAN THE HEALTH BELIEF MODEL TERHADAP PENGETAHUAN KELUARGA TENTANG TB PARU DI RS TNI AL Dr. KOMANG MAKES BELAWAN

Pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) is an infectious disease in the lungs caused by bacteria, namely Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The number of pulmonary TB cases in Dr. Komang Makes Belawan as many as 23 patients. The high number of morbid cases is thought to have a lack of family understanding of TB sufferers regarding the concept of prevention and treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis accompanied by ineffective implementation of education by nurses. The research objective was to determine the effectiveness of health provision by applying The Health Belief Model to the knowledge of families with pulmonary tuberculosis. This research was conducted at the TNI AL Dr. Komang Makes Belawan was conducted starting July 2020. This type of research was a quasi-experimental design with a pre-test-post-test without a control group design. The population was 23 people with pulmonary tuberculosis patients and all of them were used as research samples. The results showed that the average score of knowledge before being given health education by implementing the Health Belief Model with leafelt (intervention) counseling was 11.47 and increased to 15.00 after the intervention with an average of 3.53. The results of the paired t test analysis showed that health education with the application of The Health Belief Model was effective in increasing the knowledge of families with pulmonary tuberculosis with a p value of 0.000 &lt;0.05. The conclusion is that there are differences in family knowledge about pulmonary TB before and after getting health education The Health Belief Model.

PEMETAAN PENYAKIT TUBERKULOSIS PARU DI WILAYAH KERJA PUSKESMAS KARANGAYU TAHUN 2016-2018

Based on a preliminary survey at the Karangayu Primary Health Center, the number of pulmonary tuberculosis cases is increasing every year. This study aims to map and describe pulmonary tuberculosis by kelurahan, gender, and age group This study is a descriptive research, data collection by reviewing documents and records the data needed. The research object is all data of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Karangayu Primary Health Center in 2016-2018. Based on research, the majority of patients with pulmonary tuberculosis located in Karangayu village, men and women have the same potential to get pulmonary TB, most patients included in the adolescent and adult age groups. Whereas based on the region, Based on the kelurahan, The number of TB sufferers in Kelurahan Bojong Salaman was more evenly distributed, in Kelurahan Salaman Mloyo TB cases incidence were found in 2017 and the number of TB sufferers in Kelurahan Cabean was lower than the other kelurahan. Areas with high population density are at risk of transmission. All age groups have the possibility of exposure to diseases, especially the adult age groups who have high mobility. Pulmonary tuberculosis disease control and prevention programs should continue

Penyakit Tuberkulosis di Puskesmas Dosay Sentani Barat Kabupaten Jayapura Tahun 2017-2019

Papua Province is one of the regions with the highest tuberculosis cases in Indonesia. Especially in the Dosay Health Center's working area, in 2017 found 34 cases, 24 cases in 2018, and 32 cases in 2019. This study aimed to determine the number of cases of TB at the Dosay Public Health Center in 2017-2019, based on gender, age, location of TB anatomy, and place of residence. This study is a quantitative descriptive study. The data source was collected from the Tb case examination's medical record and then analyzed with a descriptive statistic. The results showed that in 2017 and 2018, TB patients tended to be more dominated by women, namely (59.3%) and (70.8%), respectively. While in 2019, the number of men with TB was (61.7%). The highest number of TB sufferers in 2017 was in the age group 25-34 years, namely (37.5%). Meanwhile, the 0-14-year age group was the highest in 2018 and 2019, namely (33.3%) and (47%). The number of pulmonary tuberculosis cases in 2017-2019 was higher than extrapulmonary tuberculosis. TB cases in 2017 were found mostly in Waibron Village and Maribu Village, namely (31.2%) and (28.8%). In 2018 Maribu Village had the highest, followed by Waibron Village, respectively (41.6%) and (29.1%). As for 2019, the most TB patients were found in Sabron Yaru Village with (32.3%). In conclusion, in 2017 and 2018, there were more female TB cases. While in 2019, the highest TB cases were in men. TB cases in 2017-2019 are mostly found in the age group &lt;15 years. The anatomical location most commonly attacked by TB is the lungs. The areas with relatively high TB cases were Waibron, Maribu, and Sabron Yaru Village.

Use of airborne infection isolation in potential cases of pulmonary tuberculosis.

To identify risk factors of patients placed in airborne infection isolation (AII) for possible pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) to better predict TB diagnosis and allow more judicious use of AII. Case-control, retrospective study at a single tertiary-care academic medical center. The study included all adult patients admitted from October 1, 2014, through October 31, 2017, who were placed in AII for possible pulmonary TB. Cases were defined as those ultimately diagnosed with pulmonary TB. Controls were defined as those not diagnosed with pulmonary TB. Those with TB diagnosed prior to admission were excluded. In total, 662 admissions (558 patients) were included. Overall, 15 cases of pulmonary TB were identified (2.7%); of these, 2 were people living with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV; PLWH). Statistical analysis was limited by low case number. Those diagnosed with pulmonary TB were more likely to have been born outside the United States (53% vs 13%; P < .001) and to have had prior positive TB testing, regardless of prior treatment (50% vs 19%; P = .015). A multivariate analysis using non-US birth and prior positive TB testing predicted an 18.2% probability of pulmonary TB diagnosis when present, compared with 1.0% if both factors were not present. The low number of pulmonary TB cases indicated AII overuse, especially in PLWH, and more judicious use of AII is warranted. High-risk groups, including those born outside the United States and those with prior positive TB testing, should be considered for AII in the appropriate clinical setting.

Analysis on Factors Related with Treatment Behavior of Pulmonary Tuberculosis Patient

The total number of pulmonary tuberculosis cases found in Wonogiri district up to Trimester III in 2017 was 602 new cases. Adherence to patient treatment is one of the decisive factors in the success of therapy, but adherence to treatment by pulmonary TB patients is often low. This study aims to evaluate the compliance of treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Selogiri District Health Center Wonogiri regency. The design of this study used cross-sectional descriptive analysis with data collector in the form of questionnaire as primary data and patient treatment card (Form TB 01) as secondary data. Population of all pulmonary TB patients treated at Selogiri Public Health Center, registered from January 2016 to December 2017. Sampling by total sampling technique. Result of research from 23 total respondents during treatment showed that the number of respondents who adhere to TB treatment was smaller than the non-compliant respondent, that is 10 respondents (43,47%) obedient while respondent did not obey 13 (56,52%). The conclusion of this study there is no relationship between sociodemographic factors, knowledge, drug side effects, history of other diseases, availability of transportation and the role of families and officers with compliance to treatment of pulmonary tuberculosis patients in Selogiri Health Center. This study shows the high rate of non-adherence treatment of lung TB patients.

Incidence of tuberculosis among nurses and healthcare assistants in France.

Health care workers (HCWs) are considered to be at higher risk of tuberculosis (TB) than the general population. However, a decreasing incidence in the general population as well as improvement in preventive measures in hospitals has reduced the risk for HCWs. To quantify the actual incidence of TB in nurses and health care assistants in a low-incidence country. We performed a retrospective study of 80 hospitals throughout France, employing 233389 health care staff (physicians excluded). We calculated the number of pulmonary TB cases over 3 years (700166 person-years) and the total number of staff members in each job category (nurses, health care assistants, administrative staff) in each hospital, to calculate the incidence. Overall, the incidence rate varied between 1.27 and 6/100000 for administrative staff and nurses, respectively (non-significant difference). The incidence varied according to the geographical area. However, the incidence in nurses and health care assistants was not different from the general population (7.5/100000). In a low-incidence country, such as France, the implementation of measures to prevent occupational TB among HCWs has been effective. These preventive measures should be maintained but medical follow-up could be revised.

Effect of Active Case Finding on Prevalence and Transmission of Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Dhaka Central Jail, Bangladesh

BackgroundUnderstanding tuberculosis (TB) transmission dynamics is essential for establishing effective TB control strategies in settings where the burden and risk of transmission are high. The objectives of this study were to evaluate the effect of active screening on controlling TB transmission and also to characterize Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains for investigating transmission dynamics in a correctional setting.MethodsThe study was carried out in Dhaka Central Jail (DCJ), from October 2005 to February 2010. An active case finding strategy for pulmonary TB was established both at the entry point to the prison and inside the prison. Three sputum specimens were collected from all pulmonary TB suspects and subjected to smear microscopy, culture, and drug susceptibility testing as well as genotyping which included deletion analysis, spoligotyping and analysis of mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units (MIRU).ResultsA total of 60,585 inmates were screened during the study period. We found 466 inmates with pulmonary TB of whom 357 (77%) had positive smear microscopy results and 109 (23%) had negative smear microscopy results but had positive results on culture. The number of pulmonary TB cases declined significantly, from 49 cases during the first quarter to 8 cases in the final quarter of the study period (p=0.001). Deletion analysis identified all isolates as M. tuberculosis and further identified 229 (70%) strains as ‘modern’ and 100 (30%) strains as ‘ancestral’. Analysis of MIRU showed that 347 strains (85%) exhibited unique patterns, whereas 61 strains (15%) clustered into 22 groups. The largest cluster comprised eight strains of the Beijing M. tuberculosis type. The rate of recent transmission was estimated to be 9.6%.ConclusionsImplementation of active screening for TB was associated with a decline in TB cases in DCJ. Implementation of active screening in prison settings might substantially reduce the national burden of TB in Bangladesh.

Epidemiology of pulmonary tuberculosis in France. Can the hospital discharge database be a reliable source of information?

ObjectiveIn France, tuberculosis surveillance is based on mandatory notification (MN) of cases. However, the MN does not allow the full description of cases, and underreporting limits data interpretation. Aiming at better describing the cases of tuberculosis, the hospital record database (PMSI) was analyzed. Patients and methodIncident cases of active pulmonary tuberculosis identified in 2010 in France in the PMSI were included and their characteristics were compared with those of the cases identified through the MN. ResultsIn 2010, 5158 incident cases of pulmonary tuberculosis were identified in the PMSI. The mean duration of hospitalization was higher for cases considered contagious — at least one positive test result on pulmonary sample — (22 vs 13 days, P<0.001). Among all cases, 5% were infected by HIV. Death was reported for 4% of cases. The number of pulmonary TB cases reported in the MN was 3781 in 2010. PMSI data by sex, region of residence and month of diagnosis were similar with those of the MN but patients were older in the PMSI (52 vs 47 years, P<0.001). Considering the PMSI as exhaustive, sensitivity of the MN was estimated at 73.3% in 2010. ConclusionPMSI data were compatible with those of the MN and the estimation of the sensitivity was close to other French studies. PMSI can be considered as an interesting tool aiming at improving our knowledge about tuberculosis (TB) cases and strengthening awareness where the sensitivity of the MN is low.

Estimation of the incidence of pulmonary tuberculosis in Northwestern Libya

Aim: To estimate the burden of pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in Libya. Methods: This is a retrospective and descriptive study of pulmonary TB cases gathered from the TB National Center in Tripoli. Results: Pulmonary TB cases represented (50.9%) of total TB cases. The majority of pulmonary TB cases (86.8%) were from five out of twenty one TB Subcenters distributed all over the country, namely (Tripoli, Benghazi, Sebha, Misurata, and Zawia Sub-centers). Estimated incidence &amp; prevalence of total (Libyans and non-Libyans) pulmonary TB cases per 100,000 of total population were (0.08) &amp; (0.09) respectively. Estimated incidence &amp; prevalence of pulmonary TB among Libyans were (0.06 Libyan pulmonary TB cases/ 100,000 of Libyan population), and (0.08 Libyan Pulmonary TB cases/ 100,000 of Libyan population) respectively. Libyans represented (66.6%) of the total number of pulmonary TB cases. Among Libyans the most frequent age group affected was between 25-34 years old (35%) followed by 15-24 years old (21%) and most gender affected was males 70.3% versus females 29.7% (P&lt;0.0001). Immigrant males represented (92%) of non-Libyan cases. The most frequent nationalities among immigrant cases were Sudanese (38%), Chadian (17.6%) and Nigerian (15.3%). Among immigrants; most age group affected was between 25-34 years old (45%) followed by 35-44 years old (32%). Total treatment success rate of pulmonary TB cases was (61.1%), with Libyans exhibiting a higher treatment success rate than their immigrant counterparts (68.1% and 48.6% respectively, P&lt;0.009).

Nonlinear pattern of pulmonary tuberculosis among migrants at entry in Kuwait: 1997–2006

BackgroundThere is a paucity of published data on the pattern of pulmonary tuberculosis among migrant workers entering Middle Eastern countries particularly Kuwait. The objectives of this study were to use routine health surveillance data i) to estimate the prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis among migrant workers at entry in Kuwait and ii) to determine the occurrence of any time trends in the proportions of pulmonary tuberculosis positive workers over the study period.MethodsThe monthly aggregates of daily number of migrants tested and the number of pulmonary tuberculosis cases detected during routine health examinations of migrant workers from tuberculosis high-prevalence countries were used to generate the monthly series of proportions (per 100,000) of pulmonary tuberculosis cases over 120 months between January 1, 1997 and December 31, 2006 and analysed using time series methods.ResultsThe overall prevalence (per 100,000) of documented pulmonary tuberculosis cases among screened migrants was 198 (4608/2328582). Year-specific prevalence (per 100,000) of tuberculosis cases consistently declined from 456 (95% CI: 424 – 490) in 1997 to 124 (95% CI: 110 – 140) in 2002 before showing a steady increase up to 183 (95% CI: 169–197) in 2006. The second-order polynomial regression model revealed significant (P < 0.001) initial decline, followed by a significant (P < 0.001) increasing trend thereafter in monthly proportions of tuberculosis cases among migrant workers.ConclusionThe proportions of documented tuberculosis cases among migrant workers showed a significant nonlinear pattern, with an initial decline followed by a significant increasing trend towards the end of the study period. These findings underscore the need to maintain the current policy of migrants' screening for tuberculosis at entry. The public health authorities in Kuwait and perhaps other countries in the region may consider complementing the current screening protocol with interferon-γ assays to detect migrants with latent Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection. An appropriate curative or preventive chemotherapy of detected tuberculosis cases may help in further minimizing the risk of local transmission of M. tuberculosis, while contributing in global efforts to control this public health menace.

Seasonality in pulmonary tuberculosis among migrant workers entering Kuwait.

BackgroundThere is paucity of data on seasonal variation in pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) in developing countries contrary to recognized seasonality in the TB notification in western societies. This study examined the seasonal pattern in TB diagnosis among migrant workers from developing countries entering Kuwait.MethodsMonthly aggregates of TB diagnosis results for consecutive migrants tested between January I, 1997 and December 31, 2006 were analyzed. We assessed the amplitude (α) of the sinusoidal oscillation and the time at which maximum (θ°) TB cases were detected using Edwards' test. The adequacy of the hypothesized sinusoidal curve was assessed by χ2 goodness-of-fit test.ResultsDuring the 10 year study period, the proportion (per 100,000) of pulmonary TB cases among the migrants was 198 (4608/2328582), (95% confidence interval: 192 – 204). The adjusted mean monthly number of pulmonary TB cases was 384. Based on the observed seasonal pattern in the data, the maximum number of TB cases was expected during the last week of April (θ° = 112°; P < 0.001). The amplitude (± se) (α = 0.204 ± 0.04) of simple harmonic curve showed 20.4% difference from the mean to maximum TB cases. The peak to low ratio of adjusted number of TB cases was 1.51 (95% CI: 1.39 – 1.65). The χ2 goodness-of-test revealed that there was no significant (P > 0.1) departure of observed frequencies from the fitted simple harmonic curve. Seasonal component explained 55% of the total variation in the proportions of TB cases (100,000) among the migrants.ConclusionThis regularity of peak seasonality in TB case detection may prove useful to institute measures that warrant a better attendance of migrants. Public health authorities may consider re-allocation of resources in the period of peak seasonality to minimize the risk of Mycobacterium tuberculosis infection to close contacts in this and comparable settings in the region having similar influx of immigrants from high TB burden countries. Epidemiological surveillance for the TB risk in the migrants in subsequent years and required chemotherapy of detected cases may contribute in global efforts to control this public health menace.