Number Of Privileges Research Articles

Comparative characteristics of the social status and standard of living of teachers of the Gluhiv male high school and the Gluhiv teaching institute in the 1870s – 1900s.

Comparative characteristics of the social status and standard of living of teachers of the Gluhiv male high school and the Gluhiv teaching institute in the 1870s – 1900s.

Stosowanie wzorca operatora publicznego do operatora niepublicznego a ochrona interesów konsumentów

The legal status of the public operator, which is the Polish Post, as well as non-public operators, and the ability to conduct business activities by them should be considered in the context of the principles of the economic freedom and equality entrepreneurs, as expressed in the Constitution. It would suggest that all of these subjects should be treated by the legislator in the same way. However, provisions of the law postal allow conclude that the legal status of the public operator and non-public operators is different, because additional obligations were imposed on the public operator, but it also uses a number of privileges that are not available to other operators. This concerns in particular the principlesm of accountability and redress in the event of non-performance or improper performance of a contract of postal service. Therefore, the question arises, how this affects the protection of consumers’ interests, which is one of the tasks facing the state bodies, as determined by maintaining the integrity and security of business trading, while protecting the weaker party in legal relations, which undoubtedly is the consumer. This issue is important for the investigation of consumer claims for damages for harm caused by the operator in carrying out a contract of postal service. In particular, it is important to determine whether the rules on liability provided for the public operator must apply to the non-public operator, and if so, whether directly or into other way. It is necessary to take into account here, that led legislator in recognition of the public postal operator and the common postal service. On the one hand, the Polish legislator was obliged to liberalize the postal market, on the other hand, the solutions accepted by him were supposed to provide the Polish Post leadership on the market of common services, which in practice leads to monopoly. Therefore, the legal position of the consumer determines from services of which will use operators. Liability rules of the public operator and non-public operator are different for the existing damage and manners of pursuing claims. These principles are autonomous, regulated with different provisions of the law which are standardizing these issues in the different and comprehensive way.

Обществено-политическо влияние на бранителите в Хърватия

This article examines the social and political influence of veterans of the Croatian War of Independence in present-day Croatia. In 1997, the unique Ministry of Veterans was established in the young country. The Law on Croatian Veterans was passed which provides ex-militaries with a number of privileges, but causes dissatisfaction among a large part of society. The veterans founded a number of associations, and their ever-increasing number made them an indispensable factor in Croatian political life

The Immunity of the Cinque Ports: Territorial or Personal Law?

The article analyses the applicable scope of the right of the Cinque Ports, the Confederation of the ports of southeast England. This right is based on a number of privileges granted to the Confederation and was also recorded in the custumals of its towns-members. Moreover, there was a procedural practice of appeal to this right, and the legal cases were transferred to a special judicial institution — the court of Shepway. However, with time some changes occurred, as the towns-members developed their own courts and increasingly preferred to settle their matters there. In addition, new institutions appeared within the Confederation, such as the general meeting at Brodhall, the court at the Dover castle, and others. An essential role in maintaining and asserting the Cinque Ports’ rights and functioning if its joint administration belonged to the warden of the Cinque Ports, the chief official of the Confederation. At the same time, the right of the Cinque Ports coexisted with other legal systems — royal and seigneurial — on the same territory. The article also raises the question of the legal status of the inhabitants of the towns-members of the Confederation and the right they applied in their daily life.

Changing the mining industry in the heart of Silesia

The development of coal mining in the Upper Silesian region began in the seventeenth century. Along with the development of this branch of industry, they began to form the new villages, towns and entire agglomerations in the surroundings. Even before the First World War the Polish mining industry employed over 150 thousand miners. This sector is characterized by a high degree of mechanization of work and technical progress. Miner profession from its inception was set on a pedestal by giving it a number of privileges. Mining industry introduced earliest pension and health insurance, and normalized length of the working day. Expansion of class consciousness, trade unions and political parties, resulted that the Silesia from the start was ahead of other mining and industrial regions at least by one generation. There have passed many generations from bloom years of mining to its current form of activity. At present, the global reorganization and restructuring of the industry hit also Polish mining industry.

‘The Jenner genes definitely helped her’: Kardashians, Jenners and the intersectional politics of thinness

Abstract Pro-anorexia online spaces have received widespread criticism for their endorsement of anorexia nervosa via the posting of advice on self-starvation and images of thin models and celebrities known as ‘thinspiration’. They are considered marginal spaces for individuals who wish to maintain anorexia, and they are consequently subject to deletion and censorship by Internet moderators, and vilification by the Press. In spite of this, I suggest that their conception of thinness overlaps with that which is perpetuated by the mainstream media. Analysis of the representation of model and celebrity Kendall Jenner, who appears regularly in the mainstream media and pro-anorexia spaces alike, reveals this. Therefore, in this article, I interrogate the construction of the thin ideal in a celebrity gossip site’s discussion thread on Kendall. She is initially presented as the embodiment of ideal thinness through the castigation and othering of her Kardashian sisters who are cruelly derided. As the thread progresses however and Kendall grows up, she is gradually denied her thinspirational status. I argue that the veneration and denigration of Kendall Jenner exposes the transience of the thin ideal and its attendant anxieties. Using intersectionality as my critical paradigm, I explore the way in which a number of privileges are required to fulfil the thin ideal. As a result, I propose that it is young, middle-class, white femininity which is considered ‘thinspirational’.

Migrant melodrama and the political economy of suffering

This article deploys the term “migrant melodrama” to describe contemporary cultural production that trains a melodramatic imagination on migrants. It argues that migrant melodrama often reconfigures suffering as a necessary step in the progress toward inclusion and belonging. To interrogate this assumption, the article analyzes three prominent examples of migrant melodramas that feature children traveling north across national borders without adult caretakers: the 2006 journalistic narrative Enrique’s Journey: The Story of a Boy’s Dangerous Odyssey to Reunite with His Mother, by Sonia Nazario; a 2009 HBO documentary film inspired by Nazario’s book, Which Way Home, directed by Rebecca Cammisa; and the 2007 fictional film Under the Same Moon, directed by Patricia Riggen. The article proposes that migrant melodrama plays a role in the commodification and circulation of undocumented migrant suffering in a global market, a phenomenon that the author terms “the political economy of suffering.” Performances of suffering can be exchanged in the political economy of suffering for any number of privileges, from a handout to a visa, and are linked to major international economic and political decisions, such as migration policies that regulate human mobility across nation-state borders. The political economy of suffering is a web of transactions in which performances of undocumented migrant suffering are exchanged in attempts to promote empathy, tolerance of mobility, and respect for migrant human rights. In different ways, all three of the works analyzed accept the underlying logic of the political economy of suffering.

Privileged policies versus lack of care and engagement: the lives of retired veteran cadres in a residential community of Jinan Municipal Party Committee, China

The Retirement System for Veteran Cadres (Lixiu) is one part of China’s dual-track retirement system. According to some official policies, retired veteran cadres should enjoy a number of privileges in terms of pension, health care, use of government vehicle, housing and peculiar political rights. Based on participant observation and semi-structured interview, the study looks into the life of the population in a residential community of Jinan Municipal Party Committee, Shandong Province. By incorporating Maslow’s hierarchy of needs theory, the study finds that in China, services for retired cadres still fall short of the expectations of policy. Establishment of ‘big communities’ with the idea of ageing-in-place is suggested.

Revealing the role of privilege in free markets, equality‐under‐law and sustainability

PurposeThe purpose of this article is to provide techniques for distinguishing and analyzing privileges. With privileges revealed and categorized, the article provides an analysis of the impact different kinds of privileges have on free markets, equality‐under‐the‐law, and environmental sustainability. From this analysis arise recommendations for public policy aimed at improving efficiency and equality‐of‐opportunity in markets while encouraging more environmentally sustainable corporate behavior.Design/methodology/approachThe article calls upon a technique from sociology (“unpacking a knapsack”) to begin this exploration of privilege. It then uses the Harris‐Twomey typology to categorize various kinds of privilege and analyze their impact on free markets, equality‐under‐the‐law, and sustainability. The article uses examples to illustrate the importance of understanding the impact of privileges in developing effective public policy.FindingsIt is difficult to distinguish otherwise “invisible” privileges; having methods for identifying and categorizing privileges make them more visible. Second, the illustrative examples and accompanying analysis suggest that reducing the number of privileges granted by the state, especially those that are economically inefficient, will improve performance and equity across an economy. Where privileges are necessary for efficient resource use or market development, the state would improve efficiency and equality by charging fees equal to the opportunity costs borne by others or the cost imposed on others by the privilege‐holder.Practical implicationsUsing the techniques of analysis and following guidelines for public policies consistent with the principles explored here would be likely to improve access to and efficiency of free markets (making them more “free”), create a more level playing field (greater equality under the law) and diminish the negative environmental impacts of corporate activity by changing the incentive systems that currently encourage monopolistic tendencies in markets, concentration of power, and transference of environmental costs from corporations to the public.Originality/valueThis paper combines analytic techniques from Sociology, Economics, and Management to gain a fresh perspective on the existence and impact of privileges on markets, society, and the environment. This fresh perspective reconciles tensions between equality and efficiency and provides guidelines for effective public policies.

Les « nègres » juifs d'Anatoli Sourov, l'anti-cosmopolites

For historians of Soviet culture, Anatoly Surov is an extremely revealing phenomenon for at least two reasons, first of all, he played a key role in the persecutions, which were unleashed against "cosmopolitan" - that is to say, mainly, Jewish - theatre critics in 1948, during an explosion of State anti-Semitism. Second, he did not in fact write the six plays, that he signed between 1946 and 1953 and which earned him two Stalin Prizes, a considerable amount of money, a number of privileges and a prestigious position : he in fact used Jewish ghost writers, who were not fully consenting. As it turns out, there were many ghostwriters in the Soviet literature and dramaturgy. Surov's case helps to understand, what kind of processes went on, and also to better understand the protections used and enjoyed by some members of the Soviet elite.

Consular Jurisdiction in the Ottoman Legal System in the Eighteenth Century

eign merchants, the Ottoman authorities gave them a number of privileges, in cluding tax exemptions, and guarantees of personal safety. The foreigners were also allowed to reside in Ottoman territory without being considered Ottoman subjects. They had their own representatives ambassadors and consuls whose jurisdiction over the foreign merchants was confirmed by the Ottoman authorities. Several articles in the ahdnames addressed these legal arrangements in order to define the boundaries of foreign jurisdiction within the Ottoman legal system. The definition of jurisdiction in the 18th century does not seem to have been significantly different from today. Both the Ottomans and the Europeans generally understood jurisdiction as the power, right, or authority to apply the law. Jurisdiction denoted the limits within which authority might be exercised. Authority was commonly understood as the power to require and receive sub mission, and the right to expect obedience. But while there was consensus about the meaning of these notions, the question of who had jurisdiction over matters involving foreigners and their proteges was often controversial. This article examines the place of Europeans in the Ottoman legal system in an attempt to establish the boundaries between the Ottoman and the consu lar jurisdictions in the Levant. The central questions are: what did the capitula tions stipulate? How were the capitulatory privileges implemented in practice? And was the difference between theory and practice as pronounced as the au thors of the western sources generally claimed? In an attempt to answer these questions this article will discuss consular legal procedures in the Levant and present a brief case study from Aleppo in the 1730s, but first we must turn to the texts of the capitulations.

Balancing the Checks: Thailand's Paralyzed Politics Post-1997

Since 1997, following the twin transformations of economic meltdown and comprehensive constitutional changes, practically every area of Thailand's public sphere has undergone significant reordering. New checks and balances have been created, new institutions established, old institutions abolished and merged, and new rules of the electoral game put into place. A major new political party has emerged that currently dominates the parliament, civil society is flourishing, and dozens of mass protests are thriving all over the country. Yet beneath this veneer of change, the old Thailand is recognizably intact. Politicians of doubtful integrity still flourish; social cleavages are as evident as before; corruption is endemic and accountability weak; election results are contested and contentious; and the military, though lying low, retains an inordinate number of privileges. Despite the reform process, the Thai political system remains in a feeble state; new institutions designed to improve the functioning of the parliamentary and party political orders have thus far failed to change the rules of the game.

The Certification of Specialised Disposal Enterprises under German Waste Law

In 1996, German waste disposal law was completely redrafted. Mainly, the new KrW-jAbfG shifted the focus of waste management to the private sector. Among other changes, waste management enterprises now have the possibility to be certified as "Specialised Disposal Enterprises". A number of privileges are connected to the certificate, mostly with respect to relief from time-consuming bureaucratic monitoring and supervision requirements. For this reason it is expected that Specialised Disposal Enterprises will dominate the market in waste management in Germany. Many waste management enterprises are already certified. This article gives an overview of who can become a Specialised Disposal Enterprise, as well as the main requirements for certification with regard to the organisation and personnel of the enterprise\ For example, Specialised Disposal Enterprises must appoint "Responsible Persons" who must have certain educational qualifications. It is argued in the article that foreign enterprises as well as personnel may be certified under EC law. The article also highlights legal problems relating to certification and offers advice as to the way contractual obligations ought to be crafted.