Number Of Patent Applications Research Articles

Intellectual property information services and the impacts on academic libraries’ transformation from the perspective of Chinese university libraries

Approximately 100 Intellectual Property Information Services Centres have been established in Chinese university libraries, more than 80% of them since 2017. The context of this boom in Intellectual Property Information Services Centres is the rapidly increasing number of patent applications in China, as well as an unacceptably low transfer ratio. Do Intellectual Property Information Services Centres represent a promising direction for university library transformation? This is the central issue addressed in this article. The characteristics of the Chinese evolutionary path and driving forces are discussed, and distinctive intellectual property information service practices are studied and summarized. Comparisons are made with the USA, the UK, Europe and India. With Intellectual Property Information Services Centres, university libraries can evolve from information providers to innovation catalysts, and establish closer connections between universities, communities and industries. The impacts of Intellectual Property Information Services Centres on university librarianship are multifaceted. The trends and challenges of intellectual property information services are also discussed in the article.

How Does Education Influence Individual Innovation Behavior? A Mediation Model

Although individual innovation and education economics are analyzed in many publications separately, the mechanism of how education influences individual innovation is missing. We analyze individual innovation for 2,078 employees in 3,976 value engineering projects (VEPs) over 6.5 years and build multilevel models to explain how education measured by earned degrees of employees improves innovation performance. Activeness, creativity and teamwork act as mediators and then contribute to enhance individual innovation performance, measured by three indicators: 1) the total number of VEPs which the employee proposed as an applicant, 2) the total numbers of VEPs which the employee joined as either an applicant or a follower, 3) the total number of patent applications from the VEPs which the employee joined. This mediation effect is statistically significant in two models whose dependent variables (DVs) are the first and second indicator respectively and there is direct association in the third model whose DV is the third indicator. This triangulation shows how education has a positive relationship with individual innovation performance with reliability and validity. We show that employees in science or engineering are more innovative, which contributes to explain the “engineer dividend” in China and how managers can improve innovative practices.

The influence of intellectual capital and innovations on the economic development of the world and national economy

We consider in the study that the existing economic model will inevitably be replaced by a new effective model of creative and competitive economic development. Technological innovations have caused the rapid growth of the world economy. As the result, production costs have been reduced and the profits of corporations in many sectors of the world economy have increased. Innovation is a factor of rise in Kondratiev cycles. Innovations give an impetus to increase the value added of a country’s economy. The article asserts that intellectual capital is the basis and is becoming an increasingly important component of national and world development. The article has investigated in which way innovation activities affect real GDP and has suggested the answer to the question on what stage of the Kondratiev cycles the world economy is. Innovation as an object of intellectual capital is introduced in the form of patents and other intellectual property. We have analyzed the relevant trends for 2004-2020. The research has determined that by 2030, a significant increase in the number of patent applications is expected. The article has examined the dependence of the world real GDP on the number of filed patent applications in the world by constructing trend lines. It has been found that the largest approximation with a coefficient of determination greater than 0.92 is a polynomial trend line, in which the dynamic growth with a small number of patent applications is inhibited by a sharp increase in their number. The research has defined that the phases of the cyber revolution correlate with Kondratiev waves. The modern phase is characterized by the rapid generation and dissemination of innovations. The article has examined the filing of patent applications in the top 20 countries around the world, among which the leading positions are occupied by China, the USA, and Japan. By constructing trend lines, the research has analyzed the dependence of Ukraine’s real GDP on the number of innovations and has shown that there is no such clear dependence. This indicates the raw material orientation of the Ukrainian economy. The article states that it is extremely important for Ukraine to make the transition from the triad model (with state-monopoly capitalism) to the national economic model, which corresponds to the approaches of the people’s capitalism.

Nanoparticle Liposomes: a New Strategy in Bacterial Infections

Objective: In our study, a nanoparticle liposome molecule with patent application number TR201804452A2 was used, and the Minimum Inhibitor Concentration (MIC) was found to be 1562 ppm. According to the ASTM F 1980 standard, it has been determined that the nanoparticle liposome solution kept at 37 days and 55 oC in return for one-year stability preserves its effectiveness. Our study aimed to show that the newly developed solution maintains its effectiveness for a long time. Methods: CLSI M07-A10 (Methods for Dilution Antimicrobial Susceptibility Tests for Bacteria That Grow Aerobically. Tenth ed. Approved Standard) standard test method of the nanoparticle liposome solution developed with a technique different from the standard ozonation mechanisms, and antibacterial tests were performed by modifying the contact time and the MIC value of the solution, and its effect on time has been determined. For the stability test of the nanoparticle liposome solution, it was kept at 55 oC for 37 days in return for one-year stability according to the ASTM F 1980 standard. Results: MIC of nanoparticular ozone solution CLSI M07-A10 standard test method for S. aureus (ATCC 25923) and E. coli (ATCC 25922) strains by modifying contact time It was determined as 1.562 ppm. For S. aureus (ATCC 25923), at the end of the first hour, it was determined that the activity started at 2000 and 1750 ppm nanoparticle liposome solution concentration. For E. coli (ATCC 25922) it was determined that the activity started at the 10th minute at 2000 ppm nanoparticular ozone solution concentration. The solution was still effective at the end of one year according to the ASTM F 1980 standard in terms of effectiveness. Conclusions: As a result, the nanoparticle liposome solution, a new product, does not lose its stability and effectiveness for a long time, contrary to what is known. Although the half-life of gaseous ozone is as short as 20 minutes, the stability in the nanoparticle liposome solution has been determined as at least one year. Since nanoparticle liposome solution is a natural and slow-release product, it is thought that it can create a barrier in mucosal membranes in regions such as the nose, throat, eye and ear with solutions to be prepared in appropriate doses thus preventing bacteria from settling. Keywords: Nanoparticle liposomes, ozone, antibacterial efficiency, Staphylococcus aureus (ATCC 25923), Escherichia coli (ATCC 25922)

Analysis of invalid patents associated with schistosomiasis control filed by Chinese applicants

The invalid patents associated with schistosomiasis control were retrieved in the Chinese Patent Database of China National Intellectual Property Administration, the Baiten database and the incoPat database, and the overall trends, legal status, types, patent indexing and technical fields of all retrieved invalid patents were analyzed. As of December 30, 2020, there were totally 859 patents relating to schistosomiasis control, and 512 were invalid patents, with an invalid rate of 59.6%. The number of patent applications and invalid patents peaked in 2018, including 71 patent applications and 53 invalid patents. Among the 511 schistosomiasis control-related invalid patents with complete records, there were 425 invention patents, 81 utility model patents and 5 design patents, and 219 patents (42.9%) were invalid due to the termination of the patented right and 292 (57.1%) due to loss of the right for patent applications. The major technical points included medicines (chemicals), basic research, devices and detections, and the specialized fields were mainly concentrated in A61P33, G01N33, C12N15, C07K14 and A01N65. Our data demonstrate a high invalid rate of patents relating to schistosomiasis control in China. Secondary development and mining of the invalid patents in relation to schistosomiasis are recommended to make use of their values in the national schistosomiasis elimination program of China.

Global knowledge flow and Japanese multinational firms’ offshore R&D allocation and innovation

This paper examines whether allocating more research and development (R&D) activities to a country-industry pair with a higher intensity of knowledge flows improves the innovation performance of multinational enterprises (MNEs). We use firm-patent-matched data for Japanese manufacturing MNEs, including data on MNEs’ offshore R&D expenditure and information on patents filed by both parent firms and overseas affiliates. Moreover, as a proxy for the intensity of knowledge flows, we use the eigenvector centrality of each country-industry pair in the global knowledge flow network, utilizing patent citation information.We find that the quality-adjusted number of patent applications tends to be higher for MNEs that allocate more R&D activities to country-industry pairs that are more central in the network of global knowledge flows. However, we did not find any significant relationship between the country and industry distribution of offshore R&D and the number of patent applications.

Chinese-style incentives: The intraindustry ripple effects of CEO awards.

Considering the background of traditional Chinese culture, which emphasizes that "when we see outstanding people, we should think of emulating them", and social comparison theory, this study explores how CEO awards impact the R&D investment of award-winning CEOs' competitors. The results show that award-winning CEOs' competitors increase R&D investment in the postaward period relative to the preaward period. We further find that CEO awards' "gold content", the social attention of award-winning CEOs' competitors, the similarity between award-winning CEOs and their competitors, and industry competitive pressure are important factors affecting the size of ripple effects. Empirical evidence also shows that the intraindustry ripple effects of CEO awards significantly improve the firm performance and value of competitors. In a robustness test, we confirm CEO awards' intraindustry ripple effects from the perspective of the number of patent applications. The ripple effects of CEO awards are still valid after using PSM-DID to alleviate endogeneity problems and considering the right-side distribution of R&D investment.

The economic security of the Russian Federation: An innovative aspect

Subject. The article focuses on the articulation of the innovative policy in maintaining the national security of the Russian Federation. Objectives. We evaluate the current situation in the Russian Federation in terms of innovative development and compare it with other countries. The study also determines what impedes the deployment of innovation across regions. Methods. The methodological framework is based on the comparative analysis of innovative development indicators of Russia and countries all around the world. Results. We examined key economic security imperatives of the Russian Federation. The development of innovation is proved to be the only vector that will help Russia remain competitive worldwide. The national economic security is found to mainly depend on the efficiency of innovative activities in the real economy. We provide the comparative description of innovation indicators of China, Germany and the Russian Federation. The article also analyzes changes in the innovative development of the Russian regions, illustrating the case of the Bryansk Oblast. Conclusions and Relevance. China is an undeniable leader by the number of patent applications for inventions, utility models, industrial specimens. As the analysis shows, there is a close and direct relationship in China between resident’s patent applications and GDP. The fact signifies that the economic growth of the country does not draw upon innovation. Notwithstanding efforts, Russia’s Global Innovation Index has remained almost the same for the recent years, with Innovation Output sub-index even falling.

Evaluating blockchain technology and related policies in China and the USA

Abstract Blockchain has been regarded as an emerging global technological phenomenon. This study uses the patent analysis method to compare the development of blockchain technology in China and the USA. An overview of blockchain policies in China and the USA is presented. Our analyses suggest that policies related to the blockchain stimulate the number of blockchain patent applications and create regional innovation in China. The innovation capability of Chinese enterprises has been more affected by these policies than that of the USA, which is reflected in the fact that Chinese enterprises have become key players in China and actively carry out patent layout in the USA. Although the developmental trend of blockchain technology in China and the USA is almost identical, the USA attaches more importance to safety technology, whereas China pays more attention to the application technology based on the differences in policies.

Innovation on the choice of debt financing source: evidence from innovative firms

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate how the innovative firm’s proprietary information has an impact on its debt financing preference. This study also examines the impact of industry-level competition on the debt financing orders and investigates how two exogenous shocks impacted on innovative firms’ financing policies.Design/methodology/approachThis paper uses the three types of debt data, including bonds, private debt placements and bank loans and patent application data, in the USA from 1987–2008. The number of patents applications and industry-level competition are used as proxies for a firm’s innovation and industry-level sensitivity. In addition, to minimize endogenous concern, this study uses the propensity score matching analysis and difference-in-differences.FindingsThe patents are the primary determinants for innovative firms to choose the debt types. The paper shows that innovative firms have the debt preference order – public debt, private placement and bank loans. However, as competition increases, innovative firms devise the order reverse. Finally, the paper provides evidence that the American Inventor’s Protection Act (AIPA) and the tech bubble crash made investors depend more on firms with more patents.Originality/valueThis paper is the first to study the impact of the AIPA on innovative firms’ financial policies using the propensity score matching analysis. The findings imply that both patents and industry-level competition are important factors to understand the capital structures for innovative firms.

Open Data Based Urban For-Profit Music Venues Spatial Layout Pattern Discovery

The spatial pattern of music venues is one of the key decision-making factors for urban planning and development strategies. Understanding the current configurations and future demands of music venues is fundamental to scholars, planners, and designers. There is an urgent need to discover the spatial pattern of music venues nationwide with high precision. This paper aims at an open data solution to discover the hidden hierarchical structure of the for-profit music venues and their dynamic relationship with urban economies. Data collected from the largest two public ticketing websites are used for clustering-based ranking modeling and spatial pattern discovery of music venues in 28 cities as recorded. The model is based on a multi-stage hierarchical clustering algorithm to level those cities into four groups according to the website records which can be used to describe the total music industry scale and activity vitality of cities. Data collected from the 2018 China City Statistical Year Book, including the GDP per capita, disposable income per capita, the permanent population, and the number of patent applications, are used as socio-economic indicators for the city-level potential capability of music industry development ranking. The Spearman’s rank correlation coefficient and the Kendall rank correlation coefficient are applied to test the consistency of the above city-level rankings. The results are 0.782 and 0.744 respectively, which means there is a relatively significant correlation between the scale level of current music venue configuration and the potential to develop the music industry. Average nearest neighbor index (ANNI), quadrate analysis, and Moran’s I are used to identify the spatial patterns of music venues of individual cities. The results indicate that music venues in urban centers show more spatial aggregation, where the spatial accessibility of music activity services takes the lead significantly, while a certain amount of venues with high service capacity distribute in suburban areas. The findings can provide decision support for urban planners to formulate effective policies and rational site-selection schemes on urban cultural facilities, leading to smart city rational construction and sustainable economic benefit.

Spatial heterogeneity and evolution trend of regional green innovation efficiency--an empirical study based on panel data of industrial enterprises in China's provinces*

Green innovation is of great significance to promote high-quality growth of the national economy and reduce the load on the ecological environment. This study constructs a two-stage SBM-DEA model including energy and undesirable output to measure green innovation efficiency. Tobit model is used to analyze the impact of input variables and influencing factors. The main results are as follows: achievement transformation, technology development and green innovation efficiency in each region all show a trend of fluctuating growth, and green innovation efficiency in the eastern region has always been in a leading position. The total current volumes of R&D personnel and government support strength have a positive relationship and the intensity of R&D funding and environmental protection investment has a negative relationship with the technology development. The number of patent applications and the openness degree to the outside world are positively related to the achievement transformation, and the investment of new products and energy is negatively related to the achievement transformation. Through the comparative analysis of the innovation efficiency differences among different regions, the paper analyzes the main influencing factors, and puts forward countermeasures and suggestions to provide certain theoretical reference for the sustainable and healthy development of China's various regions.

The role of political ties and political uncertainty in corporate innovation

We examine the relationship between firms' political connections and corporate innovation in a European context. We also consider the moderating effect of political connections on the relationship between political uncertainty and firms' innovation. We use two different metrics of innovation: R&D (an input measure), and patent counts (an output measure). We find that firms with former politicians on their board of directors invest less in R&D than their counterpart firms. However, the presence of this type of director on the board is positively associated with the number of a firm's patent applications. It seems that, although political ties reduce the amount of resources devoted to R&D activities, they increase the effectiveness of intellectual rights protection. Results also show that political uncertainty decreases R&D investment but exacerbates the need for legal protection of innovation through patents. According to our results, political connections attenuate the effect of political uncertainty on firm innovation such that the negative (positive) effect of uncertainty on R&D intensity (patents) weakens when the firm is politically connected.

The Patterns of Energy Innovation Convergence across European Countries

Energy innovation is critical for addressing climate change and the ecological transitions of both developed and emerging economies. The present paper aims at the identification and assessment of patterns in energy innovation convergence across a sample of 27 European countries over the period 2000–2018. The research is based on data covering a broad category of patents related to climate change mitigation technologies in the energy sector, including combustion inventions with mitigation potential (e.g., using biomass), extracted from the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD) Statistical Database. Using a nonlinear time-varying factor model, the paper demonstrates that energy innovation efforts in the examined sample follow a pattern of club convergence. The findings allow the identification of three convergence clubs characterised by distinct disparities in energy patent intensity, as measured by the number of patent applications per 10 million inhabitants. Moreover, the results of an ordered logit model demonstrate that the emergence of the identified convergence clubs might be attributable to initial differences in per capita environmental research and development (R&D) expenditure, human resources in science and technology (HRST), and environmental policy stringency. The findings have important policy implications as they suggest the need for more tailored policies based on smart development and specialization frameworks designed to boost the energy innovation performance of the laggard countries, more fully exploiting the potential of their less technologically advanced sectors, such as agriculture.

Decomposition Analysis of Green Technology Innovation from Green Patents in China

Green technology innovation is essential to promoting not only the construction of ecological civilization but also the fundamental means of achieving sustainable development. Taking research and development (R&D) investment, CO2 emissions, and other related factors into account, this study constructed an extended logarithmic mean Divisia index (LMDI) decomposition model for the change in the number of green technology patent applications to quantify the contribution of each driving factor based on green patent applications data in China from 2000 to 2017. The results indicated that economic scale, R&D efficiency, R&D reaction, and green patent share play positive roles in promoting green patent applications in China, among which R&D efficiency is the most significant contributor. By contrast, carbon intensity plays a dampening role. The conclusions of this study could provide a theoretical foundation for China to formulate targeted green technology innovation management policies, promotion measures, and related R&D strategies.

Patents, exports and technological specialization at the state level in Germany

Germany is a highly innovative country with large regional differences, both in economic performance and innovation potential. This paper focuses on the knowledge production and technological specialization at the state level in Germany and how it affects the exports of individual states. We measured the technological specialization based on average relatedness between patent classes. We demonstrated that technological specialization increased between 1988–1992 and 1998–2002 in most German states, whereas between 2008 and 2012 it slightly declined or remained stable in all states except Saarland and Bremen. Highly innovative states, such as Bayern, as well as the least innovative Sachsen-Anhalt, belong among the most specialized states. Therefore, there is no obvious trend indicating that large specialization is related to higher innovativeness or vice versa. In accordance with other studies, we found that having a higher number of patent applications increases exports. This is especially valid at the state level. However, within the seven examined industrial categories, the relationship is weaker. Apart from patenting, we also estimated other R&D indicators such as Gross Domestic Expenditure on Research and Development (GERD), R&D personnel and technological specialization. Whilst the higher relative numbers of R&D personnel increase the volume of exports relative to regional GDP, in the case of GERD, the results were inconclusive. Furthermore, a higher technological specialization measured by average relatedness between patent classes negatively affects exports. This finding is surprising, and other measures of specialization in different regions should be tested to support it.

Assessment of the Effect of Technological Innovations on Unemployment in the European Union Countries

Innovation and unemployment are two economic elements related to each other that have been constantly analyzed in the economic debates from the beginning of the 21st century. A classical question is whether innovation creates or destroys jobs. The conventional approach contemplates innovation as a transformation instrument of an economy, resulting in economic growth and jobs creation. Another approach points out to various mechanisms which can compensate the primary effect of innovations and cause an ultimate effect of innovations on labour demand to be unclear. In view of the fact that there are many different explanations about the impact of innovations on labour demand, this paper, after the analysis of theoretical and empirical scientific literature in this field, provides an empirical analysis with unemployment as the dependent variable. The authors use data from 28 European Union countries for the period of 1992–2016 and pursue to research how technological innovations affect unemployment rate. There are two core independent variables – expenditure on R&D (research and development) and number of patent applications – as the main proxies for technological innovations. Control variables that affect unemployment are included to the model as well. The model was estimated using a dynamic two-step System Generalized Method of Moments (GMM-SYS) of a panel data system. After the composition of 12 different estimations of the model, the results suggest that, in some cases, technological innovations affect unemployment.

Analysis and forecast of textile industry technology innovation capability in China

The textile industry of China has been facing with fierce competition and transformational pressures. It is of great significance to study the evolution of textile industry’s technological progress and to predict the trends. The study analyses the technological innovation ability of China’s textile industry based on the data of 270,145 patent applications from 1987 to 2016. At the same time, the Logistic model is used to forecast the technology innovation capability of China’s textile industry. The study found out: the number of Chinese textile patent applications is on a upward trend; enterprises and universities are the most important patentee; the regional distribution of textile technology innovation is uneven; the number of patent applications in the southeast coastal areas is the largest; the distribution of the IPC is also uneven, D06 (fabric treatment) having the largest number of patent applications and the fastest growth rate; China’s textile industry technology innovation has entered a maturity stage in 2018, and will enter the recession stage after 2027 based on the Logistic model.

Development trend of agriculture UAV technology based on patent analysis

<p>In recent years, global patent applications of agricultural UAV technology have continued to grow at a high speed every year. In the global ranking of applicants, the top 10 are all Chinese applicants, with Chinese companies and universities far ahead. The patents applied are mainly for operation management, which is closely connected with the application scenarios of agricultural UAVs. In order to study the development trend of agricultural UAV technology, patent applications after 2009 in the field of agricultural UAV technology were analyzed. Characteristics of patent activities of agricultural UAV technology were revealed from perspectives of overall trend, geographical distribution, main competitors, and technical composition, and the development trend of agricultural UAV technology was revealed from a patent perspective. The results showed that agricultural UAV technology was in a stage of technological development, and prospects were promising. In the next few years, the number of patent applications related to agricultural UAV technology and the number of applicants will still maintain a high growth trend. Overseas deployment and raising awareness of patent protection have become the focus. The study results could provide references for the development of the agricultural UAV industry.</p>

A Review and Comprehensive Analysis of the Performance of University – Construction Industry Collaboration

University–construction industry collaboration (UIC) has become an essential part of driving innovation and fostering construction industry growth. Measuring the performance of such collaboration is an emergent field of study that is scattered through the current literature. This study aims to identify the UIC performance indicators advocated by the top-cited references, and map UIC performance indicators in the context of the state of Qatar. The present research evaluated the literature related to measuring the performance of UIC, considering publications in selected scientific databases over the period of 2004 – 2020. The publications were obtained through a search of the Science Direct, Emerald Insight, Scopus, Web of Science, Springer Link, SAGE, Research Gate, and Taylor & Francis Online databases. Keywords used in searching for publications included university, construction industry, business, cooperation, collaboration, relation, performance, and measurement. The findings were discussed and confirmed in the context of Qatar’s education and innovation ecosystem through semi-structured interviews with two renowned scholars who are involved in UIC. The study revealed that both universities and the construction industry are increasingly focused on measuring the performance of collaboration through specific performance indicators. The results show that both universities and the construction industry share some interests when it comes to four key performance indicators. These performance indicators are (1) the number of registered patents, (2) the number of patent applications, (3) the number of innovations (process/marketing/product/organisational), and (4) the number of publications. This study contributes to a general understanding of measuring UIC performance and defining trends in this research field. It also highlights research limitations and provides an arena for future research in the field. Doi: 10.28991/cej-2021-03091688 Full Text: PDF