Number Of Patent Applications Research Articles

Gender differences, academic patenting, and tenure-track reform in China: Evidence from life sciences at elite universities.

This study is the first to examine the gender gap in academic patenting among faculty members in Chinese universities, a critical issue for the sustainable development of scientific research and innovation. Using a unique dataset that includes the patenting activities and professional status of 1,836 faculty members in life science-related departments at 36 top Chinese universities, this research reveals an evolving landscape of patenting dynamics. The trend of male faculty members leading in the annual number of patent applications and patents granted has shifted among newly graduated faculty members. Female faculty submit and receive their first patent applications significantly earlier than male faculty. However, male faculty are more likely to be lead inventors, and this gender gap remains difficult to close, with female faculty more likely to be supporting inventors. This research is contextualized within the broader framework of China's university tenure reform and the growing presence of women in the life sciences. While progress is evident, the study uncovers persistent systemic barriers that prevent women from fully translating their research into patentable innovations. By identifying these social and institutional barriers, our study not only sheds light on the gender gap, but also suggests policy measures to promote gender equity in scientific innovation, making it a critical read for policymakers and academic leaders.

Breaking the financial bottleneck of local universities of China: an analysis of the current situation of university intellectual property

PurposeWith the global economic slowdown in 2023, most universities in the central and western regions of China may face the problem of shortage of government financial funding, which is directly related to the development of science and technology of the universities. With the support of the local government, most of the ordinary universities have shifted attention to the transfer and transformation of intellectual property based on school-enterprise cooperation, hoping to seek more commercialization income as an extra source of income. Therefore, this paper aimed to study the current situation of university intellectual property, i.e. the reserve and distribution of transferable patents, discipline distribution of patents, and regional cooperation of university patents.Design/methodology/approachA patent database of 10 key universities in Henan Province of China from 2012 to 2021 was established. The evaluation indicator model by the Entropy method was conducted to reveal the interaction mechanism between quantity indicators, quality indicators, and value indicators. Based on the data analysis, the development direction of the discipline construction and school-enterprise cooperation for local universities was clear.FindingsThe findings indicated that the number of patent applications from ten key universities in Henan Province has been increasing rapidly over the years. The trend for authorized invention patents has remained relatively stable. Compared with the patent applications and authorizations, the growth of transferable patents was notably slow. The significance of strategic layout of dominant disciplines and related high-value patents was not appreciated enough by Chinese government and universities. There was a large difference of dominant disciplines between 10 key universities, and the patent level of each university was directly proportional to the number of dominant disciplines. The university patent level heavily relied on the researchers' contributions and the distribution mechanism of scientific research resources within the university. Guangdong Province and the Yangtze River Delta of China, being economically developed regions, exhibited the most active engagement in patent technology cooperation. Conversely, the central and western regions displayed relatively lower participation in high-value patent research and development.Research limitations/implicationsThis study can provide a unique perspective to understand and solve the financial bottleneck problem of ordinary universities in the central and western regions of China. The discipline construction and school-enterprise cooperation are just one of the existing schemes, but it still cannot solve the financial problems faced by local universities in China towards the government.Practical implicationsThe findings of this study can serve as a foundation for further investigation into policies aimed at improving the financial problems of ordinary universities in the central and western regions of China.Originality/valueAs an important attempt, the study tried to focus the financial problem of universities in the central and western regions of China based on the evaluation of the current situation of university intellectual property. This research findings are of great value in finding optimal layout between university patents, disciplines and school-enterprise cooperation.

Evolution of technology collaboration networks for climate change mitigation and mechanisms for their impacts

The number of patent ap plications for climate change mitigation technologies (CCMT) in China has shown a rapid development trend over the past decade. This study applies social network analysis (SNA) method and directed time-exponential random graph model(TERGM), while considering endogenous network structure variables, node variables and external network covariates, to analyze the Climate Change Mitigation Technology Innovation Cooperation Network (CCMTICN) formed in Chinese provinces, and analyzes the influencing factors and evolution of the CCMTICN from 2011 to 2021 using CCMT patent data from the Himmpat database. The results show that CCMTICN shows obvious core-edge structural characteristics; endogenous network structural variables have a non-negligible influence on the formation of the network, and other factors such as the information exchange network, industrialization level, knowledge level, and the degree of governmental intervention can promote the formation of CCMTICN; whereas, foreign direct investment, urbanization level, and carbon dioxide(CO2) emissions can inhibit the formation of CCMTICN. When considering the 11-year time effect of CCMTICN, it is found that the CCMT cooperative relationship between provinces remains relatively stable.

Substantial innovation or strategic innovation? The impact of government venture capital guidance funds on corporate innovation

AbstractBased on a dual‐differential model of the number of patent applications issued by A‐share enterprises from 2014 to 2019, this article analyzes impact of Venture Capital (VC) guided by government on company's innovation and their internal mechanisms. The results show that the number of patent applications increases after enterprises are invested directly or indirectly by the government guiding fund, indicating that this kind of VC has a positive guidance on enterprise innovation. However, after further studying by subdividing patent types, it is found that enterprises pay less attention to invention patents, which hold higher technical requirements, and focus on “quantity” rather than “quality” in patent applications. This result also reflects that the investment of VC guided by government promotes the overall enterprise innovation, but the positive effect on the innovation quality is not significant. Our article not only affirms the positive influence of VC guided by government on enterprise innovation, but also puts forward some suggestions on the management of government guiding fund.

The US–China trade war and corporate innovation: Evidence from China

AbstractThis study investigates the effect of the US–China trade war on corporate innovation in the context of China. We find that the first‐order effect of the trade war on corporate innovation is significantly negative. That is, Chinese firms exposed to the US–China trade war have lower numbers of patent applications and invention patent applications. Underlying mechanisms include reductions in market expansion and innovation input. Our findings are more pronounced for firms connected to the United States and those suffering financial distress and for non‐state‐owned enterprises. We further contribute to the literature by showing that firms with developed managerial ability, more confident managers, and better corporate social responsibility performance tend to increase innovation for competitiveness in response to the trade war. Finally, we explore the effect of Chinese retaliatory tariff shocks on corporate innovation and find that US tariffs and Chinese retaliatory tariffs hinder corporate innovation in China.

Digital government and regional innovation

This study examines the effect of digital government policies on regional innovation levels. The findings indicate that implementing a digital government policy significantly boosts the number of patent applications per capita. Digital government policies are particularly effective in regions with advanced marketization, robust intellectual property rights protection, superior network infrastructure levels and supportive business credit conditions.

A timely helping hand: China‐U.S. Trade War, government subsidy, and firm innovation

AbstractThis paper investigates the impact and mechanism of the China‐U.S. trade war on firm innovation in China exploiting the trade war as a quasi‐natural experiment using firm‐level data from 2015 to 2020. We apply textual analysis to annual reports of listed firms to identify treatment and control groups. Our DID estimates show that while the trade war is a negative shock, it has increased the number of total patent applications, invention patent applications, and non‐invention patent applications by 6.0%, 3.7%, and 4.1%, respectively. We also observe that government subsidies could help firms resist adverse shocks on time with more innovation outcomes. Furthermore, we find the pertinence of government subsidy. The government tended to grant subsidies to firms that have trade connections with the U.S. and firms would use subsidies for R&D to increase innovation. Overall, we find that the trade war prompts the government to increase subsidies for firms, thereby boosting innovation.

Promotion of Intellectual Activity Results of Scientific Organizations. Regulatory Framework and Statistics

We consider intellectual activity results (IAR) of scientific organizations in the context of intellectual property protection and as one of the indicators of their effectiveness. The data characterizing Russia’s place in the world rankings in terms of the number of patent applications and the number of applications per 1 million people are presented, and a conclusion is made about the relatively low activity in protecting IAR in comparison with the leaders of the ratings. The authors have conducted an analysis of normative legal acts (NLA) on the consolidation and transfer of rights to IAR, as well as NLA that characterize IAR in terms of the effectiveness of research activity, as well as of the certification of researchers. It is concluded that the current system of NLA does not impede or discourage the work of scientific organizations with IAR. It is shown that NLA related to the evaluation of the effectiveness of scientific institutions should also stimulate their active work with IAR. At the same time, the available statistical data on the share of research organizations in patent applications filed and licenses sold indicate that their activity in promoting IAR in the real sector of the economy is on average more than twice lower than in Russia as a whole. It is assumed that the evolving situation regarding working with IAR is determined by economic factors. We have outlined ways for further research on factors that can significantly affect the activity of scientific organizations in working with the promotion of IAR, in particular, to assess the potential demand for IAR and the prospective value of IAR from the points of view of the seller and the buyer.

Study on the coordinated development of urban competitiveness and energy-carbon emission reduction in China

The urban competitiveness (UC) evaluation system is multidimensional and complex. This paper takes the simulated annealing (SA) model as the projection pursuit (PP) optimization to achieve a comprehensive assessment of competitiveness of 277 Chinese cities from 2011 to 2019, accompanied by energy saving and carbon-emission reduction (ESCER) as environmental measurements, to explore whether the two can meet the Porter hypothesis through coupling coordination degree (CCD). Further using spatiotemporal autocorrelation and obstacle degree model to uncover spatiotemporal features and interfering factors of coordinated development. Key findings include: (1) UC and ESCER show a slightly fluctuating upward trend during the research period, with apparent spatial variations. The eastern coastal region has a robust UC, while the less competitive central and western regions benefit from natural conditions, excelling in ESCER. (2) 87% of cities have achieved coordinated development between competitiveness and ESCER. Some coastal areas, often with a high CCD, are improving resource use efficiency and environmental benefits through economic agglomeration. From the perspective of the CCD collaboration network, the positive correlation accounts for about 85%, which reveals that most adjacent regions can cooperate on the road of coordinated development. (3) While differences exist in the coordinated development of UC-ESCER across various regions, social factors predominantly influence the obstacles affecting coordinated development. Specifically, a substantial barrier to the concordant progression of most cities is the number of patent applications, underscoring the pivotal role of innovation in aligning UC with ESCER.

An Empirical Study of the Policy of Low-Carbon City Pilot on the Level of Green Technological Innovation

<p class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-family: 'times new roman', times, serif; font-size: 14pt;">The low-carbon city pilot is an important policy for promoting sustainable development and addressing climate change. The level of green technological innovation is a significant driving force for China's transition to high-quality development and the realization of carbon peaking and carbon neutrality goals. This essay takes the panel data of 30 provinces in China from 2008 to 2020 as the research sample, regards the number of urban green invention patent applications as a quantifiable indicator of the level of urban green technological innovation, and takes the policy of low-carbon city pilot as a quasi-natural experiment, and uses the difference-in-differences model to test the impact of low-carbon city pilot on the level of urban green technological innovation, and to investigate the mechanism of action within. The main conclusions are as follows: (1) The policy of low-carbon city pilot has an outstanding promotion effect on the level of urban technological innovation. (2) Using the mediating effect to analyze, it is found that the low-carbon city pilot policy can improve the level of urban green technological innovation through the development of green finance.</span></p>

THE IMPACT OF ARTIFICIAL INTELLIGENCE TECHNOLOGY ON INTERNATIONAL TRADE

This paper studies the complex impact mechanism of AI (artificial intelligence) technology on international trade. This provides an answer to how different countries use AI technology to increase their own international trade volume. This article is based on an analysis of cross-sectional data for 139 countries in 2021. This paper uses the Ordinary Least Square (OLS) method to perform a analysis on the cross-sectional data. This paper finds that the membership of World Trade Organization (WTO) has obvious significance for a country to use AI technology to promote exports. In countries with a high Government AI Readiness Index, AI technology has a significant role in promoting the growth of international trade. However, there is a significant negative correlation between the number of patent applications for AI-related technologies and imports and exports across countries. Besides, the number of patent applications for AI-related technologies has a direct heterogeneous impact on the imports of countries with different income groups. AI technology is an emerging technology. To study the impact of this technology on international trade, multiple factors of AI technology must be considered at the same time. For countries that are not members of the WTO, joining the WTO can make better use of AI technology to promote the development of their international trade. Between the complex relationship between the number of patent applications for different AI-related technologies and international trade, countries with different income groups should develop AI technologies that are beneficial to their own international trade.

Prevention of Dental Caries: A Review on the Improvements of Toothpaste Formulations from 1900 to 2023.

Modern toothpastes are complex formulations with various ingredients. The aim of this study was to analyze the improvement of toothpaste formulations from 1900 to 2023 focusing on active ingredients with remineralizing, antibacterial, or plaque-removing effects, and to discuss their influence on caries prevention. For this, worldwide patent applications were searched using the international database Espacenet from the European Patent Office. Additionally, toothpaste products were searched using the Mintel product database from 1996 to 2023. The searched ingredients were (in alphabetical order): calcium carbonate, calcium phosphates, hydrated silica, sodium fluoride, sodium lauryl sulfate, triclosan, xylitol, and zinc salts as they are known from the scientific literature to be remineralizing or antibacterial/antiplaque agents. It was shown that the number of patent applications containing these ingredients significantly increased since the 1970s. As these ingredients have remineralizing, antibacterial, or plaque-removing effects, they all can contribute to caries prevention. In conclusion, and within the limitations of this approach, this study shows that toothpaste formulations have greatly improved over the past decades by using various active anticaries ingredients.

(165) Shaeer's Cavernotome: Core Your Way Through Corporal Fibrosis

Abstract Introduction Penile prosthesis implantation in scarred corporal bodies is one of the most challenging urologic procedures, with high risks of perforation and/or failure. Objective We present Shaeer’s Cavernotome (patent application number PCT/EG2021/050003). This is the forward-cutting cavernotome that relies on the principle of controlled coring rather than forward stabbing, with fibrous tissue accommodated into the hollow core, thereby high efficacy and low risk of perforation. Methods This is a prospective study involving 18 patients with severe corporal scarring. Surgery is performed through a peno-scrotal incision with an indwelling urethral catheter. Corporotomies are incised and a 2cm long core of fibrous tissue is excised with scalpel. Shaeer’s Cavernotome (ShC) is introduced and is lodged against the fibrous tissue. Coring proceeds with the stretched corpus or crus held between the thumb and index fingers of the non-dominant hand as a guide, ahead of the tip. ShC doubles as a sizer. Following coring, penile prosthesis implantation proceeds. Results Dilation of the corpora cavernosa was successful in 17 out of 18 patients. Average coring time was 8 minutes 3.2. Dilation was up to girth 13 Hegar in 12 patients, and 11 in 5. No perforations or infections were encountered Conclusions Shaeer’s Cavernotome is an instrument that facilitates penile prosthesis implantation in scarred corporal bodies. Full excavation of both corpora cavernosa is achievable in under 10 minutes, with low risk for perforation. Disclosure No.

Modeling regional innovation in Egyptian governorates: Regional knowledge production function approach

Knowledge and innovation have become a significant source of modern regional development. The paper aims to study the spatial association of innovation and model innovation, besides critiquing regional innovation policy, using the regional knowledge production function approach. At the level of the Egyptian governorates, the number of patent applications has been used as a proxy for innovation. The study uses cross‐sectional data for patents in 2018 with lagged time variables for knowledge input factors. The study contributes towards applying the knowledge production function at the level of the Egyptian governorates for the first time. Exploratory spatial data analysis (ESDA) and ordinary least squares (OLS) regression are used, using the knowledge sources and localized characteristics. Our analysis found that research and development activities for academic institutions are associated with innovation outputs. In the context of the Egyptian regional innovation system, the contribution of private research activities is perceived to be negligible, and the innovation outputs are highly associated with the spatial association of the Egyptian governorates.

Legal Protection Of Patent Right Holders In Efforts To Develop Economic Aspects

The function and role of patents faces quite serious obstacles considering that they are so important in supporting economic development. Development based on technology is absolutely necessary to support successful development in the economic sector to support success in the technological sector. Legal instruments are needed that regulate legal protection if an invention in the field of technology is misused by someone else who has no right to use it. Legal instrument Number 6 of 1998 as amended and perfected by Law Number 14 of 2001 (hereinafter abbreviated to the Patent Law / UUP). The number of patent applications originating from within the country was 229 or 1.82 percent of all patent applications. Meanwhile, the number of simple patent applications originating from within the country was 153 or 41.02 percent of all simple patent applications. What is the legal protection for patent holders in economic aspects ? The method used in this writing is normative which refers to legal norms and existing laws, namely Law Number 14 of 2001 concerning patents. Patent studies for holders will be able to provide protection for apprentices and business actors who are still hampered by the influence of the Covid-19 pandemic so that maximum service is hampered, as well as our bureaucratic system which is not yet impartial to business actors, so there needs to be a commitment to togetherness between business actors and The bureaucratic system must be synergistic in helping each other and providing opportunities for each other so that patent ownership can achieve the mutually expected targets. Conditions that must be prepared are factors that trigger successful ownership of patent rights for rights owners based on a sustainable economy.

Administrative incentives and enterprise green innovation: Based on empirical evidence from China

This study examines the impact of administrative incentive policies on green innovation of Chinese enterprises from 2015 to 2022. The results show that administrative incentive policies can increase the number of green patent applications and the number of green patent citations, thus improving the level of enterprise green innovation. However, differences in policy types lead to differences in the degree of impact, with command and control incentive policies having a stronger facilitating effect than economic incentive policies.

Research on the Impact of Green Credit Policies on Green Innovation of Heavy Polluting Enterprises: A Case Study of Sichuan Province

Green credit is an important green financial tool to stimulate enterprise green innovation. Enterprise green innovation is an important driving force for the coordinated development of the environment and economy, and achieving high-quality economic development. This article first analyzes the current development status of green credit in Sichuan Province from two perspectives: the scale and structure of green credit, and analyzes the current status of green innovation in heavily polluting enterprises from both economic and policy perspectives. Secondly, using listed companies in Sichuan Province from 2008 to 2015 as sample data, the total amount of green innovation of enterprises was measured by the number of green patent applications. The double difference model was used to explore the impact and mechanism of green credit policies on green innovation of heavily polluting manufacturing enterprises in Sichuan Province; Once again, conduct a scientific test on the derived results through empirical analysis. Finally, policy recommendations are proposed on how to utilize green credit development to promote green innovation in heavily polluting enterprises.

Trade policy uncertainty and the patent bubble in China: evidence from machine learning

ABSTRACT This paper draws upon resource dependence theory and investigates how trade policy uncertainty affects firm strategic innovation management in China. Adopting a novel machine learning approach called Word2Vec, we construct and validate a measure of firm-level managers’ perceived trade policy uncertainty (TPU). We find that TPU has a positive effect on the number of total patent applications, but this positive effect is totally driven by low-quality patents instead of high-quality patents. Moreover, we document that firms have stronger incentives for such strategic innovation behavior when the underlying firms are more financially constrained, and/or when the management is more myopic.

Sustainability in Industry, Innovation and Infrastructure: A MCDM Based Performance Evaluation of European Union and Türkiye for Sustainable Development Goal 9 (SDG 9)

Purpose: The aim of this study is to perform two distinct cross-country evaluations including European Union (EU) countries and Türkiye, focusing on Sustainable Development Goal 9 (SDG 9): Industry, innovation and infrastructure. The study aims to obtain rankings that display the relative standings of countries and identify areas for potential enhancement.
 Methodology: An integrated objective criteria weighting, VIKOR, and MAIRCA based Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) approach has been employed.
 Findings: Based on the first analysis, high speed internet coverage (HSI) and the share of rail and inland waterways in inland freight transport (SRI) were prominent criteria, and in the MCDM analysis, Sweden displayed the highest performance, while Greece and Croatia showed the lowest performance. In the second analysis, which included Türkiye, tertiary educational attainment (TEA) criteria stood out; while, Sweden maintained its leading position. Türkiye initially had poor performance in the early years but later improved, reaching a mid-level position among 26 countries by 2020. However, a significant decline in performance was observed in the last two years. In addition, during the handled period Türkiye witnessed a decline in both the number of patent applications and the share of buses and trains in inland passenger transport. Thereby, novel policies and incentives could be formulated to overcome these issues.
 Originality: Two distinct cross-country analyses were conducted in accordance with the SDG 9 by adopting the most recent data and an integrated methodology. Within this context, EU countries were compared both among themselves and with Türkiye, and valuable findings were presented.

Türkiye'nin İhracata Dayalı Öncü Endüstrilerinde Ar-Ge ve İnovasyon Faaliyetleri: Gelecek Görüşleri İçin Bir Analiz

Purpose: Research and Development (R&D) and innovation activities critically impact an organization's development and competitive advantage. Although all industries have R&D and innovation activities, sectoral applications vary depending on readiness, investment opportunities, and organizational strategies. This study focuses on the automotive, textile, and main metal industries, with the highest export rates in Türkiye. This study aims to analyze R&D and innovation activities for the selected industries and provide practitioners with future insights.
 Methodology: Six different R&D and innovation indicators, i.e., current expenditure, personnel expenditures, trade investments, number of patent applications and number of R&D personnel, are considered for this study, and the GM (1,1) forecasting model is used to predict 2022-2030.
 Findings: As a result, although an increase in R&D and innovation activities in the automotive industry is expected, especially for each indicator, these values are limited for textile and main metal. It is realized that especially these two industries need more support. 
 Originality: Within the scope of this study, future insights and suggestions are given under digitalization and technology adoption, encouraging postgraduate studies of employees and higher education - industry collaborations, adopting R&D and innovation as a part of corporate culture, extending R&D and innovation incentives, supporting SMEs in R&D and innovation activities according to sectoral comparisons.