Number Of Overs Research Articles

Contextual batting and bowling in limited overs cricket

Cricket is a sport for which many batting and bowling statistics have been proposed. However, a feature of cricket is that the level of aggressiveness adopted by batsmen is dependent on match circumstances. It is therefore relevant to consider these circumstances when evaluating batting and bowling performances. This paper considers batting performance in the second innings of limited overs cricket when a target has been set. The runs required, the number of overs completed and the wickets taken are relevant in assessing the batting performance. We produce a visualization for second innings batting which describes how a batsman performs under different circumstances. The visualization is then reduced to a single statistic “clutch batting” which can be used to compare batsmen. An analogous approach is then provided for bowlers based on the symmetry between batting and bowling, and we define the statistic “clutch bowling”.

Pointwise maximal subrings

Let R be a commutative ring with identity. We study the concept of pointwise maximal subrings of a ring. A ring R is called a pointwise maximal subring of a ring T if $$R\subset T$$ and for each $$t\in T{\setminus } R$$ , the ring extension $$R[t]\subseteq T$$ has no proper intermediate ring. A characterization of local, integrally closed pointwise maximal subrings of a ring is given. Let G be a subgroup of the group of automorphisms of T. Then the integrally closed pointwise maximality is a G-invariant property of ring extension under some conditions. We also discuss the number of overrings and the Krull dimension of pointwise maximal subrings of a ring. The pointwise maximal subrings of the polynomial ring R[X] are also discussed.

Setting Target Scores of Better Acceptability in Interrupted Limited Over Cricket Matches by Introducing the Concept ‘Makeup Factor’

In the game of cricket, the advantage a team enjoys by doing better than what the par score demands at the time of interruption is something which should get distributed among rest of the overs. When the remaining overs get significantly reduced due to an interruption, as per the present methods, this entire advantage a team possesses at the time of interruption gets concentrated to a lesser number of overs, thus increasing their winning probability significantly. Makeup factor is a feature which makes a proportionate reduction in this advantage/disadvantage based on the proportion of the remaining overs after interruption to the originally remaining overs at the time of interruption.

Evaluation of Topological Properties of Parallel Manipulators Based on the Topological Characteristic Indexes

SUMMARYThe topological structure of a parallel manipulator (PM) determines its intrinsic topological properties (TPs). The TPs further determine essential kinematic and dynamic properties of the mechanism. TPs can be expressed through topological characteristics indexes (TCI). Therefore, defining a set of TCIs is an important issue to evaluate the TPs of PMs. This article addresses the evaluation of topological properties (ETP) of PMs based on TCI. A general and effective ETP method for PMs is proposed. Firstly, 12 TCIs are proposed, including 8 quantitative TCIs, that is, position and orientation characteristics sets (POC), dimension of the POC set, degrees of freedom (DOF), number of independent displacement equations, types and number of an Assur kinematic chain (AKC), coupling degrees of the AKCs, degrees of redundancy and the number of overs; as well as 4 qualitative TCIs, that is, selection of actuated joints, identification of inactive joints, DOF type and Input–Output motion decoupling. Secondly, the ETP method is illustrated by evaluating some well-known PMs including the Delta, Tricept, Exechon, Z3, H4 and the Gough–Stewart platform manipulators, as well as 28 other typical PMs. Via the ETP analysis of these mechanisms also some valuable design knowledge is derived and guidelines for the design of PMs are established. Finally, a 5-DOF decoupled hybrid spraying robot is developed by applying the design knowledge and the design guidelines derived from the ETP analysis.

English

Let R be a commutative ring with unity. The notion of maximal non λ-subrings is introduced and studied. A ring R is called a maximal non λ-subring of a ring T if R ⊂ T is not a λ-extension, and for any ring S such that R ⊂ S ⊆ T, S ⊆ T is a λ-extension. We show that a maximal non λ-subring R of a field has at most two maximal ideals, and exactly two if R is integrally closed in the given field. A determination of when the classical D + M construction is a maximal non λ-domain is given. A necessary condition is given for decomposable rings to have a field which is a maximal non λ-subring. If R is a maximal non λ-subring of a field K, where R is integrally closed in K, then K is the quotient field of R and R is a Prufer domain. The equivalence of a maximal non λ-domain and a maximal non valuation subring of a field is established under some conditions. We also discuss the number of overrings, chains of overrings, and the Krull dimension of maximal non λ-subrings of a field.

Duckwort–Lewis run out?

In one-day cricket matches the two competing teams have the same number of overs, typically 50, and the highest scoring team wins, with ties possible but unusual. If the match is interrupted, then the Duckworth–Lewis method is accepted by the International Cricket Council as the algorithm for deciding the result. In 2007, John Turner suggested an alternative method, named the Player Specific Method, that models the performance of batters against different types of bowlers and the remaining time in an innings, and then uses computer simulation to generate an ensemble of possible scores. Then, either the mean value of these scores is used to determine the winning team, or a probability is assigned to one of the teams winning. This method is illustrated for the one-day match between Australia and Sri Lanka at the MCG on 22nd February 2008, and its feasibility as an alternative to the Duckworth–Lewis method is discussed. References F. Duckworth and T. Lewis. Duckworth Lewis: the method and the men behind it . SportsBooks Ltd, 2011. S. E. Stern. The Duckworth–Lewis–Stern method: extending the Duckworth–Lewis methodology to deal with modern scoring rates. J. Oper. Res. Soc. 67(12):1469–1480, 2016. doi:10.1057/jors.2016.30 J. Piotto Duckworth Lewis, Run Out? Honours thesis, University of Adelaide, 2008. Sambit Bai. ESPN Cricinfo . http://www.espncricinfo.com/ The R Project for Statistical Computing. Vienna, Austria, 2013. http://www.R-project.org/ T. W. Yee. The VGAM package for categorical data analysis. J. Stat. Softw. 32:1–34, 2010. doi:10.18637/jss.v032.i10

Quantifying the pressure on the teams batting or bowling in the second innings of limited overs cricket matches

A team batting second in a limited overs match is under pressure to score the required number of runs for victory in the allotted number of overs without losing all its wickets. The bowling team has to prevent its opponents from reaching the target for victory. The objective of this study is to define methods that can be used to assess the pressure on the two teams’ batsmen and bowlers when playing the second innings of a Twenty20 or One-day match, and also to define methods to determine the best partnership and the turning point in such an innings. Methods are also defined to determine the batting and bowling performances of individual players in a specific match. These measures can be quite useful for selectors to assess how the players perform under pressure.

An answer to a problem about the number of overrings

Let [Formula: see text] be an integral domain with only finitely many overrings, equivalently, a domain such that its integral closure [Formula: see text] is a Prüfer domain with finite spectrum and there are only finitely many rings between [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. Jaballah solved the problem of counting the overrings in the case [Formula: see text] but left the general case as an open problem [A. Jaballah, The number of overrings of an integrally closed domain, Expo. Math. 23 (2005) 353–360, Problem 3.4]. The purpose of this paper is to provide a solution to that problem.

Wicket taking ability of bowlers

The purpose of this study is to define a measure for the wicket taking ability of bowlers and to give perspective on the use of different bowling performance measures. The bowler who had taken the largest number of wickets in a match or a series of matches is normally called the best bowler. If more than one bowler had taken an equal number of wickets, the bowlers in such a group are ranked according to the number of runs conceded. This practice of giving the bowling award to the bowler who had taken the most wickets is challenged because it ignores the number of overs bowled. Various measures are considered and recommendations made about the assessment of the wicket taking ability and bowling performance of a bowler.

The cricket bowling performance of different racial groups at a junior provincial level in South Africa

Objective. To investigate the difference in performance and bowling opportunity of black African (BA), coloured/Indian (C/I) and white(W) cricket bowlers at a junior provincial level in South Africa between 2006 and 2012.Methods. Data of all players performing in the South African interprovincial under-13 (U13), under-15 (U15) and under-19 (U19)tournaments were analysed. Bowling performance (bowling average and the top 20 wicket takers relative to their par representation) andbowling opportunity (number of overs bowled) were compared between racial groups.Results. There were no significant differences in the bowling averages between BA bowlers and the other racial groups between 2008 and 2012.BA bowling averages were only significantly worse than W bowlers in the U13s in 2006 and U19s in 2007. BA bowling averages were also onlysignificantly worse than C/I in the U13s and U15s in 2007. BA bowlers were below par representation in the top 20 wicket takers in each yearfor the U15s and U19s and below par representation for the U13s in 2007 - 2009 and 2011. The performance of C/I and W bowlers was relativelysimilar across the age groups. BA players bowled significantly fewer overs than W bowlers in the U13s in 2006, in the U15s in 2007 and 2009and in the U19s in 2006, 2007, 2010 and 2011. C/I bowlers bowled significantly fewer overs than W bowlers in the U13s in 2008 and 2009.Conclusion. The bowling averages of the different racial groups are similar. However, there were relatively few BA bowlers in the top 20wicket takers each year. This could be because of a lack of highly skilled BA bowlers or the lack of opportunity provided to BA bowlers tobowl in these tournaments.

The cricket bowling performance of different racial groups at a junior provincial level in South Africa

Objective. To investigate the difference in performance and bowling opportunity of black African (BA), coloured/Indian (C/I) and white (W) cricket bowlers at a junior provincial level in South Africa between 2006 and 2012. Methods. Data of all players performing in the South African interprovincial under-13 (U13), under-15 (U15) and under-19 (U19) tournaments were analysed. Bowling performance (bowling average and the top 20 wicket takers relative to their par representation) and bowling opportunity (number of overs bowled) were compared between racial groups. Results. There were no significant differences in the bowling averages between BA bowlers and the other racial groups between 2008 and 2012. BA bowling averages were only significantly worse than W bowlers in the U13s in 2006 and U19s in 2007. BA bowling averages were also only significantly worse than C/I in the U13s and U15s in 2007. BA bowlers were below par representation in the top 20 wicket takers in each year for the U15s and U19s and below par representation for the U13s in 2007 - 2009 and 2011. The performance of C/I and W bowlers was relatively similar across the age groups. BA players bowled significantly fewer overs than W bowlers in the U13s in 2006, in the U15s in 2007 and 2009 and in the U19s in 2006, 2007, 2010 and 2011. C/I bowlers bowled significantly fewer overs than W bowlers in the U13s in 2008 and 2009. Conclusion. The bowling averages of the different racial groups are similar. However, there were relatively few BA bowlers in the top 20 wicket takers each year. This could be because of a lack of highly skilled BA bowlers or the lack of opportunity provided to BA bowlers to bowl in these tournaments.

A Method to Measure Choking in Cricket

Choking in cricket occurs when a team that had been strongly favoured to win loses or a team squanders a large lead late in the match. The objective of this study is to develop a measure that can be used to quantify the phenomenon of choking. By using the required run rate and the resources used (according to the Duckworth/Lewis system) at the end of each over, a measure is defined as the product of these two quantities. This product is plotted against the number of overs bowled. When choking starts, the curve bends upward with slope according to the severity of choking. A measure of choking is then based on the ratio of the slope of the right hand part of the curve to that of its initial part. It is shown that the measure serves its purpose very well. This type of choking is described as ‘typical’ choking. If the slope of the curve remains more or less constant or if the curve bends downwards and the team loses, other terms like ‘panic’ choking and ‘strangling’ are used.

A Simulator for Twenty20 Cricket

SummaryThis paper develops a Twenty20 cricket simulator for matches between sides belonging to the International Cricket Council. As input, the simulator requires the probabilities of batting outcomes which are dependent on the batsman, the bowler, the number of overs consumed and the number of wickets lost. The determination of batting probabilities is based on an amalgam of standard classical estimation techniques and a hierarchical empirical Bayes approach where the probabilities of batting outcomes borrow information from related scenarios. Initially, the probabilities of batting outcomes are obtained for the first innings. In the second innings, the target score obtained from the first innings affects the aggressiveness of batting during the second innings. We use the target score to modify batting probabilities in the second innings simulation. This gives rise to the suggestion that teams may not be adjusting their second innings batting aggressiveness in an optimal way. The adequacy of the simulator is addressed through various goodness‐of‐fit diagnostics.

Extrinsic and intrinsic factors associated with non-contact injury in adult pace bowlers: a systematic review protocol.

Review question/objective Review question: which extrinsic and intrinsic factors are associated with non-contact injury in adult cricket pace bowlers? Review objective: the objective of this review is to determine the extrinsic and intrinsic factors associated with non-contact injury in adult pace bowlers. Inclusion criteria Types of participants This review will consider studies that include male cricket pace bowlers over the age of 18 years from all levels of play. Types of intervention(s)/phenomena of interest This review will consider studies evaluating the association between extrinsic and intrinsic factors, and lower quarter injury in pace bowlers. Intrinsic factors may include, but will not be limited to, muscle strength, flexibility, balance and biomechanics, while extrinsic factors may include bowling, but will not be limited to, workload, player position and time of play. Types of outcomes This review will consider studies that include any of the following outcome measures: non-contact injury. A non-contact injury is defined as an injury which is significant enough to cause an inability to fully or partially participate in training or matches and which was caused by an overuse mechanism rather than collision-type injuries.

Review of Duckworth Lewis Method

The Duckworth-Lewis method is a mathematical formulation used to set a target score for cricket matches interrupted by inclement weather. The Duckworth-Lewis (D/L) method is based on a simple model involving a two factor relationship giving the number of runs which can be scored in the remainder of innings as a function of the number of overs remaining and the number of wickets that have fallen. We will list out all the flaws of the D/L Method and aptly illustrate those using WEKA tools. These tools are mainly used to deal with different predicators that aspect different aspects of the games like pitch degradation, net run-rate, and toss. WEKA tools are applied on the sample dataset of matches which were affected my D/L and their scores were re-evaluated based on this formula. WEKA tools have tried to capture different aspects of the game that would be instrumental in deciding the outcome. As a result we have observed that D/L method has some limitations and is biased towards the team batting 1st and the team winning the toss.

Perspectives on the Use of the Combined Bowling Rate in Cricket

The combined bowling rate CBR is a well-established bowling performance measure that has been used widely to compare the performances of bowlers in limited overs matches. It can be used to compare career performances, but also to compare bowlers' performances after a short series. In such a comparison it is logical that bowlers who had bowled a very small number of overs (compared to the rest) should either not be included in the ranking because the value of CBR may be very good due to early success, or alternatively, special provision should be made for such a situation. A possible solution to this problem is to adjust the combined bowling rate to take the number of overs bowled into account, thereby making comparisons more reasonable. The purpose of this study is to propose a procedure and to determine how satisfactory this approach is.

The Athletic Profile of Fast Bowling in Cricket

Cricket is a global sport played in over 100 countries with elite performers attracting multimillion dollar contracts. Therefore, performers maintaining optimum physical fitness and remaining injury free is important. Fast bowlers have a vital position in a cricket team, and there is an increasing body of scientific literature that has reviewed this role over the past decade. Previous research on fast bowlers has tended to focus on biomechanical analysis and injury prevention in performers. However, this review aims to critically analyze the emerging contribution of physiological-based literature linked to fast bowling in cricket, highlight the current evidence related to simulated and competitive in-match performance, and relate this practically to the conditioning coach. Furthermore, the review considers limitations with past research and possible avenues for future investigation. It is clear with the advent of new applied mobile monitoring technology that there is scope for more ecologically valid and longitudinal exploration capturing in-match data, providing quantification of physiological workloads, and analysis of the physical demands across the differing formats of the game. Currently, strength and conditioning specialists do not have a critical academic resource with which to shape professional practice, and this review aims to provide a starting point for evidence in the specific area.

Declaration guidelines in test cricket

This paper considers the decision problem of when to declare during the third innings of a test cricket match. There are various factors that affect the decision of the declaring team including the target score, the number of overs remaining, the relative desire to win versus draw, and the scoring characteristics of the particular match. Decision rules are developed and these are assessed against historical matches. We observe that there are discrepancies between the optimal time to declare and what takes place in practice.

An adjusted Duckworth–Lewis target in shortened limited overs cricket matches

This paper presents an investigation of the Duckworth–Lewis (D/L) method for setting fair targets in limited overs cricket matches which have been shortened in duration due to interruptions. Specifically, the D/L method's fundamental structural assumption that the resource utilization table used to calculate adjusted targets is the same for interruptions of either the first or second innings is examined. The analysis is based on the results from over 1100 international matches, 989 of which were completely uninterrupted (excluding those matches where penalties in the form of shortened second innings were imposed) and 61 of which were decided by using the D/L method. Overall, the investigation shows that the D/L method is admirable in its fair modelling of appropriate targets. However, detailed analysis of the uninterrupted matches, employing tobit regression and random walk boundary crossing techniques, indicates that the assumption that resource utilization follows the same pattern in both innings is not sustainable. It appears that actual resource usage during the second innings is more heavily weighted towards the very early and very late overs. To account for this, an adjustment to the D/L method is proposed, whereby separate resource usage tables are employed for each innings. For the first innings, the current D/L method is retained, as it has been constructed based solely on first innings information; however, for the second innings, the resources available with any given number of overs remaining and wickets lost is determined by a simple transformation of the associated resources remaining from the current D/L method. The specific form of the transformation function is based on the cumulative distribution function of a beta distribution. This choice of transformation was based on a combination of structural appropriateness, flexibility and ease of implementation considerations. The adjusted method is evaluated on the 61 matches determined by the D/L method and is seen to predict a reversal of the result in five matches.

A method for the comparison of the bowling performances of bowlers in a match or a series of matches

The combined bowling rate (CBR) has been developed (Lemmer, 2002) as a single measure to assess the bowling performance of a bowler. Its calculation makes use of O, the number of overs bowled, R, the number of runs conceded and W, the number of wickets taken. It was, however, mentioned that it might be desirable to weight the wickets of top order batsmen higher than those of lower order batsmen. This is especially important if one wants to compare the bowling performances of the bowlers in a single match because it is far more difficult to get a top quality batsman out than a tail-ender. Normally a bowler claiming the top three batsmen's wickets ought to get much more credit than one who gets the three tail-enders' wickets. This can be accomplished by giving weights to the wickets and replacing W, the number of wickets taken, in the CBR formula by W*, the sum of the weights of the wickets taken by the bowler. This paper develops suitable weights and uses these to rate the bowlers who were involved in the 2003 npower Test series between South Africa and England. From the results the need is observed for a measure that is more sensitive to a bowler's ability to take wickets and this is resolved by means of a modification of CBR. The dynamic bowling rate (DBR) is defined and is used to give the final ratings. Keywords: bowlers, bowling performance, combined bowling rate, cricket, comparison of bowlers, dynamic bowling rate, weights in the calculation of CBR and DBR South African Journal for Research in Sport, Physical Education and Recreation Vol. 27(1) 2005: 75-85