Number Of Offenders Research Articles

Nationwide assessment of illicit drug consumption patterns in South Korea using wastewater-based epidemiology during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2022)

Illicit drugs have become a crucial global social issue, with South Korea experiencing a continuous increase in the number of offenders and drug smuggling. This study employed wastewater-based epidemiology to investigate consumption patterns of 8 illicit drugs and their 7 metabolites during the COVID-19 pandemic (2020–2022) in South Korea. Ten compouds were detected in the wastewater influent. Methamphetamine (METH) was prevalent in samples, followed by amphetamine and ecstasy (MDMA). Interestingly, MDMA and ketamine (KET), which were not detected in previous Korean studies conducted before COVID-19 pandemic, were detected in this study. METH exhibited the highest consumption rates, decreasing from 16.6 to 12.4 mg/day/1000 people between 2020 and 2022, while MDMA increased over the three years (mean: 1.16, 1.24, and 1.62 mg/day/1000 people in 2020, 2021, and 2022, respectively) (p < 0.05). Significant correlations were identified between regional income levels and the consumption rates of METH (p < 0.01), MDMA (p < 0.01), and KET (p < 0.05). Furthermore, METH and MDMA consumption rates in cities were positively correlated with the number of drug offenders arrested and local clubs in those cities. The findings of this study provide valuable insights into shaping regulatory policies related to illicit drugs and future studies.

Social Reactions to Disclosures of Multiple-Perpetrator Sexual Assault: Do Number of Offenders Matter?

Sexual assault (SA) victimization is a prevalent issue both in the U.S. and globally. Although SA victimization is usually perpetrated by a single-perpetrator, multiple-perpetrator sexual assaults (MPSAs) also occur. Unfortunately, there is less literature concerning MPSAs, including the well-being of survivors' post-assault. One factor that has been shown to be important in the well-being of SA survivors' post-assault are the social reactions survivors receive from others following disclosure. The current study sought to compare social reactions received by MPSA survivors to the social reactions received by single-perpetrator sexual assault (SPSA) survivors in a community sample of adult female SA survivors (N = 1,863). We examined "turning against" (TA) reactions, a type of negative social reaction in which the supporter expresses more overtly distressing reactions that focus blame on the victim. We also examined unsupportive acknowledgment reactions (UA) the second type of negative reaction in which survivors receive acknowledgment that the assault occurred but are not supported. Additionally, we examined differences in positive reactions that survivors received from their support systems. One-way Analysis of Variance showed statistically significant differences in social reactions to disclosure according to number of offenders in the SA, with MPSA survivors receiving more TA and UA negative reactions than SPSA survivors. There were no differences in positive reactions by number of offenders. Multiple regression analyses also revealed that several demographics, assault characteristics, and post-assault factors (total Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) symptoms, coping, attributions of self-blame) were related to the social reactions received by MPSA survivors post-assault. Implications and recommendations for support providers are discussed.

Теоретическое обоснование организации выявления случаев туберкулёза и ВИЧ-инфекции в изоляторах временного содержания территорий с низкой плотностью населения.

Detection of cases of tuberculosis in temporary detention facilities (TDF) and police reception centers (PR) makes it possible to identify TB patients among socially vulnerable segments of the population with high efficiency; a similar result is expected for HIV infection. This is especially true for low-density entities where the population is exposed to specific risk factors. However, at present there are no calculations showing the potential effectiveness of implementing the method in them. T h e p u r p o s e o f t h e s t u d y : to develop theoretical prerequisites for the introduction of a survey of detainees, suspects and accused in order to detect tuberculosis and HIV infection in PR and TDF. M a t e r i a l s a n d m e t h o d s . We used information from official statistical observation to analyze the detection rate of tuberculosis and HIV in pre-trial detention centers. Information about the number of offenders according to the Ministry of Internal Affairs, and estimates of the detection of tuberculosis patients according to statistical materials. 95% confidence limits (95% CI) were used as limits for the 95% uncertainty interval. R e s u l t s . From 2018 to 2022 2,512 newly arrested people passed through the pre-trial detention center in Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, among whom 94 people living with HIV were identified for the first time (detection rate is 37,4 per 1,000 examined; for comparison, in public health care – 2,1 per 1,000 examined) and 54 patients tuberculosis (detection rate is 21,5 per 1000 examined; for comparison, in public health care – 0,29 per 1000 examined). During this time, the police detained 16,282 people who, one way or another, went through the PR and IVS. Their examination would make it possible to additionally identify from 80 to 108 PLHIV and from 34 to 71 TB patients annually. C o n c l u s i o n . Screening for the detection of tuberculosis and HIV infection in TDFs and PRs is a potentially extremely effective tool that can lead to a significant improvement in the detection of patients with socially significant infectious diseases with the potential to interrupt the infection chain among socially vulnerable part of the population.

Criminal mutilation homicides in Japan: Corpse dismemberment and disposal pattern types, and offender characteristics.

This study examined the offender characteristics of criminal mutilation homicides in Japan for offender profiling. The current sample (N= 108) showed that the most typical offender was a male, in his 30s (age that observed most often), one-person, and acquainted with the victim. This study highlighted that the cases of mutilation homicide differed in comparison with the regular homicide group in terms of the victim-offender (VO) relationship and the number of offenders. Furthermore, the multiple correspondence analysis classified mutilation homicides into four behavioral pattern types based on two dimensions (level of "efforts of corpse dismemberment" and "efforts of corpse disposal"). In the first type "high evidence destruction effort (n = 29)", having the greatest efforts to destroy evidence, all offenders were men. The rates of no VO relationship and serial murders were higher. In the second type "convenient disposal (n = 32)", likely to abandon victim body in home and trash, the rate of female offenders who assaulted family members was statistically significantly higher among the four types. In the third type "high geographic distance (n = 23)", traveling long distances for corpse disposal, the percentage of cases by co-offenders was likely to be higher than in the other types. Lastly, the offenders in "low evidence destruction effort (n = 24)" were likely to kill other acquaintances and have the least efforts for corpse dismemberment and disposal. From these results, the criminal profilers can estimate mutilation homicide offenders on the basis of efforts of corpse dismemberment and disposal.

Transformation of the Age Structure of Criminals in Russia and Abroad

Russia, as well as other countries, has been experiencing demographic changes in the recent decades — increasing average age, growing share of older people, dropping birth rates, which, in their turn, are reflected in the age of perpetrators. The works of Russian scholars are mainly dedicated to criminality of specific age categories, while complex studies of the age of criminals remain rare. The author of the article discusses the problems of determining the limits of age groups, presents recommendations on their optimization with the goal of improving the effectiveness of comparative studies and the reliability of the analysis of age and cohort effects. The author also analyzes foreign experience of studying age as a criminologically relevant factor, the evolution of approaches to studying the «age — crime» curve, and presents key trends in the development of the age and gender features of offenders in the USA and the European countries. It is concluded that the emerging trend in Russia is the increasing age of an average offender. Currently, in terms of volume and specific weight, the dominant age group of criminals is that of 30–49 years (57 % of convicts), the number of offenders who are 50 years and older is growing steadily, while there is a decrease in the share of younger convicts (from 60 to 34 % in the last 20 years) and the criminal activities of minors. There are changes in the character of crimes committed by representatives of one cohort in different age periods while their criminal activity is preserved. Thus, persons who committed crimes in 1990s when they were 14–17 years old, continue their criminal activity in 2020s in the age group of 30–49 years. There is a growing share of female offenders of older and senior age compared to the similar indices for male offenders: 59 % of female convicts are 30–49 years old (54 % of male convicts), and 15 % are 50 years old and older (12 % of male convicts). The identified trends in the changes of age and gender features of Russian offenders are compared with the global trends, and the differences between specific countries are pointed out. The author discusses the specific influence of the period and cohort effect on the formation of the current age structure of offenders in Russia and presents some suggestions regarding the causes and the forecast of the dynamics of criminal activities of different age groups.

Legality of Applying Coercive Medical Measures in Criminal Law

The objective of the study was to determine the legality of the application of coercive medical measures and to develop recommendations to improve the legislative regulation of their use. The study included data on the number of offenders with mental disorders; the empirical background was the decision of the European Court of Human Rights on the application of coercive medical measures; provisions of the legislation of 31 countries. Methods of system approach, comparison, descriptive analysis, pragmatic approach, prognosis were used. The national criminal law of most states regulates the application of coercive medical measures to persons who have committed a crime in a state of limited sanity or insanity or have acquired it before sentencing or during the execution of the sentence, but its practical application causes several complications. It is concluded that the legislative definition of coercive medical measures corresponds to human rights legislation. But there are problems with its practical application. Proposals were made to amend national and international legislation: to broaden the range of grounds for the application of coercive medical measures; regulate the possibility of early termination of a coercive medical measure; oblige the courts to determine the appropriate terms.

Rentabilitatea socială și economică a măsurilor alternative detenției față în față cu vizibilitatea sistemului național de probațiune din România

20 years after the issue of Ordonnance 92/2000 which was establishing the need to provide services for the social reintegration of offenders and supervision for non-custodial sanctions, called from 2006 probation services, a national study was carried out on the visibility of probation system among citizens. The respondents were all the probation services Chiefs in the country and their opinion confirmed the hypothesis that the National Probation System, ignoring the recommendations of the Committee of Ministers of European Council, don't have a promoting strategy nither the concern for creating a recognizable image among the other actors involved in the justice act. Consequently, the field has so far failed to gain full consideration within the Romanian Criminal Justice System and visibility among citizens, although after 2014 when the New Criminal Code started to be applied, the number of offenders attended by probation services was tripled and the staff's attributions war extended. The article is structured in two parallel planes, first showing the social and economic benefits of alternative detention measures supervised by probation services in the light of the costs of incarceration and the second showing the unfair lack of visibility of these benefits and the unknown activity carried out by probation counselors for the social reintegration of offenders.

Determinants of extortion compliance: Empirical evidence from a victimization survey

AbstractThis article focuses on the situational-, victim- and area-level determinants of extortion compliance. Extortion, a quintessential organized crime, is one of the most common crimes in Mexico. However, compliance with extortion demands is relatively rare. Previous research suggests that compliance with extortion depends on the perceived risk of punishment for non-compliance. However, most research has been theoretical or experimental. The article offers empirical evidence of patterns of extortion compliance based on data from a large commercial victimization survey conducted in Mexico. Findings suggest that situational factors (extortion type, the presence of weapons and number of offenders) are the main determinants of extortion compliance. Victim- and area-level variables have comparatively smaller effects. Implications for research and practice are discussed.

Anti-LGBTQ Hate: An Analysis of Situational Variables

The current study aimed to augment the scant body of literature on anti-LGBTQ hate by providing an in-depth examination of anti-LGBTQ hate incident situational characteristics including offender substance use, number of offenders, crime location, and victim-offender relationship. Analysis of situational dynamic variables provided support for the notion that anti-LGBTQ hate is a distinct type of criminal incident. Significantly increased levels of offender substance use, crimes perpetrated by multiple offenders, crimes perpetrated by acquaintances, and crimes taking place in open spaces substantiates the theory that anti-LGBTQ hate is qualitatively unique, typified by different characteristics than other forms of crime. The data in this study also supports that anti-LGBTQ hate is not a homogenous phenomenon. Significant numbers of anti-LGBTQ hate incidents committed by known offenders including friends, family, and intimates, and crimes committed in private locations such as residences suggest that multiple dynamic processes may underlie this type of crime.

EXPLORATIVE STUDY ON THE BEHAVIOR OF POCA PARTICIPANTS IN THEORETICAL PERSPECTIVE

&nbsp; The Prevention of Crime Act (POCA) 2014 is an act enacted to deal with criminal activities such as gangs, organized crime, drugs, and human trafficking. The Act is intended to regulate criminals, gangsters, and individuals who threaten national security and related matters. Even though there are a lot of awareness programs was conducted by the government, the number of offenders under POCA still increased. The offenders of POCA has a lack of awareness about his future life and goals so that it's easy to get into the crime. The purpose of this study is to explore the behavior of the participant under the crime prevention act (POCA) based on the theory of Reality. This study used a quasi-experimental qualitative method. An interview was conducted with a randomly selected participant under this Act who received a restraining order at the Police Station, Gurun, Kedah, Malaysia. In this interview session, the researcher explored the participant's experiences, thoughts, feelings, and behaviors. The participant got benefits from this interview session. The participant gains awareness plans for the future, and be aware of the mistakes made. Participant also has thought to change negative behaviors into positive ones after this interview session. In the future, researchers can observe the offenders’ behavior after job placement. Job-related programs will help POCA participants to get awareness and achieve their goals in life.

Homicide in Eight Countries From 1980 to 2000: The Flow From Crimes Committed to Time Served in Prison

This article summarizes national data on completed homicides for eight countries in three time periods: around 1980, 1990, and 2000. The eight countries are England/Wales, the United States, Sweden, Australia, Scotland, Switzerland, the Netherlands, and Canada. In each year, the article presents the number of police-recorded crimes, the number of persons convicted, the number of offenders sent to custody, average sentence length, average time served, and all linking probabilities. It also shows changes in all these measures between 1980, 1990, and 2000 in different countries. It would be desirable to carry out longitudinal research, tracking offenders through the criminal justice system.

Demographic, clinical and forensic characteristics of alleged offenders referred to West End Specialised Hospital, Kimberley, South Africa

The study investigated demographic, clinical and forensic characteristics of alleged offenders referred for forensic assessment. A data collection form was used to gather information from 155 offenders' clinical records. The subjects were mainly young males, aged between 18 and 35 years, with low educational levels and high unemployment rate. The most common diagnoses were substance-related and addictive disorders, and schizophrenia spectrum and other psychotic disorders. A sizeable number of offenders were diagnosed with an intellectual disability. The comorbidity of other medical conditions such as epilepsy and HIV/AIDS was also noteworthy. In total, 55.5% of the offenders were found competent to stand trial, and 46.5% were declared criminally responsible. Offenders presenting with schizophrenia and intellectual disabilities were often declared incompetent to stand trial and were generally not responsible for alleged crimes. There was association between adjudicative competence and criminal responsibility. The results highlight effect of substances on mental illness and crime.

Child Sexual Abuse: the Detrimental Impact of its Specific Features

Child sexual abuse (CSA) has been linked to several negative psychosocial outcomes in its victims throughout life. However, the specific impact of different features of CSA has not been sufficiently studied. This research addressed: 1) the impact of CSA on psychosocial outcomes in young adulthood; and 2) the differential effect of a wide range of CSA features (such as, victim’s gender, age of onset, penetration occurrence, victim-offender relationship, number of offenders and use of force) in deviant behavior and psychopathological symptoms, in male and female victims. Our sample comprised 617 young adults and data was collected using the ACE Study Questionnaire, the Deviant Behavior Variety Scale and the Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale. Pearson correlations, point-biserial correlations were used to test the associations between CSA and indicators of psychopathological symptoms and deviant behavior. We then analyzed CSA’s capacity to predict these outcomes using multiple linear regressions. Afterwards, participants who were identified as victims of CSA (n = 76) were selected and we carried out separate analyses for males and females using point-biserial correlations and calculating Cohen’s d effect size. Our findings not only support the hypothesis that CSA is associated with negative psychosocial outcomes in young adulthood, but also suggest that some specific features of CSA are positively associated with psychopathological symptoms and/or deviant behavior (e.g., age of onset, victim-perpetrator relationship). Furthermore, gender differences were found in the pattern of these associations. This research strengthens the scientific evidence concerning the potential clinical benefits of exploring the effect of specific characteristics of CSA.

Socio-demographic profile of juvenile delinquent in Serbia

In this paper, there are analyzed data on socio-demographic characteristics of juvenile delinquents in Serbia. The evidence of the Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia have been used for this purpose. The reference period for the analysis is between 2005, after the adoption of the new Law on Juvenile Offenders (2005) and 2016. The analysis is based on two research questions: a) what the socio-demographic characteristics of juvenile delinquents are and b) whether the observed characteristics change within the analyzed period. Based on identified characteristics, the aim of the analysis is to point out the possible factors that shape the juvenile delinquency, its features and change in contemporary Serbian society. The analysis has shown: a) previously observed oscillating trend in total number of cases of juvenile delinquency, b) low ratio of juvenile delinquents in total number of offenders with the modest tendency of increase during the analyzed period and c) moderate changes towards diversity of offenses. According to the data, typical juvenile offender is male, with no formal elementary education and often a dropout. Among convicted, one third lives in single-parent families. Observed typical characteristics do not necessarily cause juvenile delinquency among youngsters but may have a warning effect, especially if they act simultaneously, superposing mutual impacts and generating new risks.

2017’DE POLİS BÜLTENLERİNDE GEÇEN İNSAN ÖLDÜRME OLAYLARININ ANALİZİ

&#x0D; &#x0D; Aim of this&#x0D; study was to generate a database of homicide incidents in Turkey in 2017 from&#x0D; Police Bulletins, to study the characteristics of homicide on a national level,&#x0D; including temporal homicide patterns. A database of 782 homicide incidents that&#x0D; took place in 2017 was generated from Police Bulletins. Data on the number of&#x0D; victims, number of offenders, time and place of homicide, weapon used, and&#x0D; apprehension of the offender were extracted from the Police Bulletins and used&#x0D; in SPSS analysis of the data. Incidents identified involved 863 victims of&#x0D; homicide, including 16 homicide-suicide incidents. Most homicides identified&#x0D; were one-on-one events. 68,3% of homicides had taken place on the outside. No&#x0D; statistically significant seasonal effect was found, but December had the&#x0D; highest frequency of homicide. Religious holidays were not associated with&#x0D; spike or drops in homicide frequency. It was found that frequency of homicides&#x0D; drops towards the middle of the week, and increase over the weekend. Over the&#x0D; course of the day, homicides increased in the afternoons and evening, peaking&#x0D; at 9pm. Most homicides were committed using a weapon, with firearms used in&#x0D; 61,7% of all homicides. Homicide-suicides were more likely to happen during&#x0D; winter months, and commonly involved a firearm. While the data is incomplete,&#x0D; this study confirms on a national level many findings of smaller studies that&#x0D; have been conducted in Turkey on a local level. Expansion of the database is&#x0D; needed to improve the understanding of temporal patterns of homicide.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Likelihood of Arrest for Robberies, Assaults, and Sexual Offenses Committed by Group and Lone Offenders.

Many criminologists have considered the role of groups in the commission of crime to gain insight into offender decision-making. Additional research is needed, however, that examines the likelihood of arrest as a function of whether an offense is committed by a group of offenders (two or more offenders in a criminal incident) or a lone offender, as well as the number of offenders in the group. Using 3 years of data from the National Incident-Based Reporting System for robbery incidents, assault incidents, and sexual offenses, the study finds that the relative likelihood of arrest for group-offender incidents, compared with lone-offender incidents, varies by incident type. For robbery incidents, the likelihood of arrest increases when committed by a group of offenders. Yet, for assault incidents and sexual offenses, the likelihood of arrest decreases when committed by a group of offenders. Further analysis looks more closely at incidents committed by a group of offenders and how the number of offenders in the group affects the likelihood of arrest. A consistent finding is that for each incident type, the likelihood that all offenders in a group will be arrested is lower as the number of offenders increases, which may justify offenders' perceptions of "safety in larger numbers."

Milesian Decree Relating to Political Banishments

The excavations conducted at Miletus in the North agora at the beginning of the last century have brought to light a marble base preserving an important document. It is a banishment decree by the city for a group of inhabitants of Miletus, together with their children and descendants. The initial part of the decree was engraved on a stele, which has never been found; hence, we cannot determine the number of offenders. The severity of the punishment and its extension to the descendants suggests, however, that it was a political crime, possibly treason. The officers who had to enforce the decree are the epimenioi. This term is attested in many Greek poleis to mean officers who had to fulfil monthly duties, for example sacrifices; at Miletus though, as it is implied by the present text, this board had wider duties. The mention of the epimenioi gives us 437-436 BC as a terminus ante quem: after this date the Milesian council was presided by a committee of prytaneis (hence substituting the epimenioi), which suggests a constitutional change based on the Athenian model. The historical context is obscure: the traditional interpretation sees these banishments as an evidence of the imposition of the democratic faction over the oligarchic faction at the middle of the fifth century, but it cannot be excluded that the decree was rather a measure against other groups (supporters of tyranny or supporters of the Persians).

Proven Strategies for Engagement, Effective Change and Enduring Risk Reduction with Offenders

Research indicates that at least 70% of offenders reach criteria for personality disorder other than antisocial and, due to the closure of mental health hospitals world-wide; there are an increasing number of offenders with mental illness located in prisons. To fully assess and reduce the risk an offender poses and to try to remediate that risk, the underlying drives to offend must be understood and addressed. To do this an offender must be genuinely engaged. It is suggested that this is in part due to having poor attachment histories and no internal model of a healthy attachment. This paper is written by a consultant clinical and forensic psychologist with a long standing proven record of establishing and running services for and working therapeutically with men with mental health issues with outstanding results in risk reduction alongside and by an expert by experience who has in-depth personal insights into the both the processes needed for effective engagement and change. It describes useable strategies as to how to successfully engage offenders and how to develop a healthy and reparative therapeutic relationship. It describes the importance of a collaborative clinical formulation to aid the development of a coherent narrative and of an emotionally present and engaged therapist. The need to work on both victim and offender issues to bring about real change and risk reduction is elucidated throughout.

Animal abuse registries: expanded interest in animal protection mimics other criminal justice policies, but should green criminologists hop on the band-wagon?

ABSTRACTOver the past decade, a small movement endorsing the use of animal abuse registries (AARs) has emerged in the United States. Today, one state, 16 counties, and the City of New York have adopted AAR legislation, and 28 other states have attempted to pass such legislation. Here, we discuss similarities between AARs and sexual offender registries in theoretical terms, discuss the nature of AAR legislation, and provide data on the use of AARs, and count the number of offenders listed in those registries at two points in time. We also provide a count of animal abuse, and potential ways that animal abuse might be counted that are not addressed in current AAR legislation. We discuss whether AARs are ‘a good idea,’ especially as a policy response that might be associated with green criminology.

Depression and anxiety in adolescent and young adult offenders: A longitudinal study from 13 to 32 years using the Australian Temperament Project

A substantial body of research indicates significant individual variability in across-time patterns of offending behaviour (Farrington, Piquero, & Jennings, 2013; Moffitt, 1993). Some researchers contend that these patterns reflect distinct categories of offenders, with different life-course patterns of antisocial behaviour (e.g. Farrington et al., 2013; Moffitt, 1993). Although estimates of the number and profiles of these groups differ, most studies suggest that the vast majority of offenders engage in more minor offenses in the short-term, whereas a smaller number (e.g. ~5%; Moffitt, 1993) engage in relatively high levels of offending throughout their lives. These seemingly persistent, life-course offenders are at risk of a range of adverse life experiences, including school failure, job instability, failed relationships, and injury (e.g. Odgers et al., 2008; Piquero, Farrington, Nagin, & Moffitt, 2010). They also suffer from increased risks of morbidity and mortality from injury and disease relative to non-offenders or those people for whom involvement in crime and delinquency is relatively short-lived (Jennings, Rocque, Fox, Piquero, & Farrington, 2016; Moffit, Caspi, Harrington, & Milne, 2002; Odgers et al., 2008; Piquero, Shepherd, Shepherd, & Farrington, 2011). Less is known about mental health outcomes of offenders (Piquero et al., 2011). Those exceptions have been based on a handful of well-known samples and conducted in a limited number of different settings; hence, much of what is known about the mental health of different offending profiles reflects the experiences of a small number of offenders. Previous studies have also focused disproportionately on mental health in middle adulthood, neglecting the development of mental health problems from adolescence to early adulthood in young people following different patterns of offending. Given that affective and anxiety disorders peak in adolescence and early adulthood (Kessler et al., 1994), a deeper understanding of the mental health profiles of different groups of offenders is needed from adolescence into young adulthood.