Number Of New Products Research Articles

Why and how do branders sell new products on flash sale platforms?

Flash sale (FS) is a popular e-commerce marketing mode through which branders sell a limited number of new products at discounted prices within a specified time ahead of the normal sale period. Studying why and how branders use FS, we construct a model in which a brander sells a new product in two periods: first on an FS platform with a given number of members and then in normal sale period to the public. In the first period, the brander decides whether to sell the product using FS and, if so, the quantity and price of the product, which will affect the demand in the second period because of the word-of-mouth (WOM) and price discrimination effects. Then the brander decides the inventory in the second period. The demand in the second period is realized and satisfied by the available inventory. We characterize the brander's optimal policy under the fixed-fee and two-part tariff charging mechanisms for using the FS platform. We show that the main aim of using FS is for product promotion. In some special cases, the brander uses the FS platform as a profit source. Which function of FS is used depends on the brand's popularity, purchasers’ WOM effect, potential purchasers’ WOM effect, and customers’ sensitivity to price discrimination. We conduct numerical studies to assess the impacts of the model parameters on the brander's optimal policy and to derive managerial insights from the analytical findings.

On the Evolution of Comparative Advantage: Path-Dependent Versus Path-Defying Changes

The diversification of production and trade is considered almost unanimously a fundamental policy goal, particularly for developing economies whose export baskets are heavily concentrated on a few products. In what direction trade diversification ought to take place is, however, subject to fierce debate. The Product Space (PS) framework (Hausmann and Klinger, 2007; Hidalgo et al. 2007) is a recent contribution in the economic literature that has proved very influential in policy circles. It argues that the endowment of production capabilities (technologies, production factors, institutions etc.) determines what countries produce today but it also constrains what they can produce in the future as it is uncommon that countries develop a comparative advantage in goods that do not draw from the same pool of capabilities (unrelated products). Contributions along such line argue that defying the initial comparative advantage can be a risky policy decision with high probability of failure. The main objective of this contribution is to use a novel methodology to investigate whether the patterns of diversification of a sample of 177 countries over the period 1995-2015 conform or not to the prediction of the PS framework. We find evidence of a high degree of path-dependence but our analysis suggests also that a significant number of new products that entered countries’ export baskets were unrelated to the initial productive specialization (path-defying changes). We shed light on the determinants of these ‘radical’ patterns of diversification and show they are associated with higher economic growth. The results of this study have important policy implications in particular for the design of industrial policies aimed at actively shaping countries’ structural transformation.

Mining Adverse Events of Dietary Supplements from Product Labels by Topic Modeling.

The adverse events of the dietary supplements should be subject to scrutiny due to their growing clinical application and consumption among U.S. adults. An effective method for mining and grouping the adverse events of the dietary supplements is to evaluate product labeling for the rapidly increasing number of new products available in the market. In this study, the adverse events information was extracted from the product labels stored in the Dietary Supplement Label Data-base (DSLD) and analyzed by topic modeling techniques, specifically Latent Dirichlet Allocation (LDA). Among the 50 topics generated by LDA, eight topics were manually evaluated, with topic relatedness ranging from 58.8% to 100% on the product level, and 57.1% to 100% on the ingredient level. Five out of these eight topics were coherent groupings of the dietary supplements based on their adverse events. The results demonstrated that LDA is able to group supplements with similar adverse events based on the dietary supplement labels. Such information can be potentially used by consumers to more safely use dietary supplements.

Learning from R&D outsourcing vs. learning by R&D outsourcing

We analyze how research and development (R&D) outsourcing influences product innovation. We propose a separation between learning from R&D outsourcing, whereby the firm improves its ability to innovate by using outsourced R&D directly in new products, from learning by R&D outsourcing, whereby the firm indirectly uses outsourced R&D by integrating it with internal R&D to create new products. Building on the knowledge-based view, we argue that learning from R&D outsourcing is likely to have an inverse U-shaped relationship with product innovation, because the initial benefits of using outsourced component R&D knowledge to innovate products is eventually outweighed by the hollowing out of the firm's ability to innovate. In contrast, we propose that learning by R&D outsourcing is likely to have a U-shaped relationship with product innovation, because the initial challenges of integrating internal and external R&D are eventually overcome, resulting in more innovations. Finally, we distinguish between domestic and foreign R&D outsourcing and propose a liability of foreignness in R&D outsourcing as it has a lower impact on new products than domestic R&D outsourcing. The empirical analysis shows that outsourced R&D has an inverted U-shaped relationship with the number of new products, while the interaction between outsourced R&D and internal R&D has a U-shaped relationship with the number of new products. It also shows that domestic outsourced R&D has a higher positive impact on the number of new products than foreign outsourced R&D.

The Biology and Ecology of Cat Fleas and Advancements in Their Pest Management: A Review.

The cat flea Ctenocephalides felis felis (Bouché) is the most important ectoparasite of domestic cats and dogs worldwide. It has been two decades since the last comprehensive review concerning the biology and ecology of C. f. felis and its management. Since then there have been major advances in our understanding of the diseases associated with C. f. felis and their implications for humans and their pets. Two rickettsial diseases, flea-borne spotted fever and murine typhus, have been identified in domestic animal populations and cat fleas. Cat fleas are the primary vector of Bartonella henselae (cat scratch fever) with the spread of the bacteria when flea feces are scratched in to bites or wounds. Flea allergic dermatitis (FAD) common in dogs and cats has been successfully treated and tapeworm infestations prevented with a number of new products being used to control fleas. There has been a continuous development of new products with novel chemistries that have focused on increased convenience and the control of fleas and other arthropod ectoparasites. The possibility of feral animals serving as potential reservoirs for flea infestations has taken on additional importance because of the lack of effective environmental controls in recent years. Physiological insecticide resistance in C. f. felis continues to be of concern, especially because pyrethroid resistance now appears to be more widespread. In spite of their broad use since 1994, there is little evidence that resistance has developed to many of the on-animal or oral treatments such as fipronil, imidacloprid or lufenuron. Reports of the perceived lack of performance of some of the new on-animal therapies have been attributed to compliance issues and their misuse. Consequentially, there is a continuing need for consumer awareness of products registered for cats and dogs and their safety.

Interpreting the Stock Returns to New Product Announcements: How the past Shapes Investors’ Expectations of the Future

Investors routinely follow firms’ communications and actions to form expectations about the firms’ future performance. The authors propose a set of firm and industry characteristics that influence the formation of investor expectations in the context of new product announcements. Specifically, they argue that positive expectations of future innovation output should cause an ex-ante increase in stock prices and a smaller ex-post market reaction when an actual new product is announced. Using a sample of 4,865 new product announcements made by 826 publicly traded U.S. firms, the authors show that the stock market reaction to a new product announcement measured in a five-day window around the announcement is negatively related to (1) the number of new products previously announced by the firm, (2) the average number of new products previously announced by the firm's competitors, and (3) the average sentiment of past public news about the firm. These three factors are also positively related to the market value of the firm measured immediately before each new announcement, controlling for increases in firm value directly attributable to past new product announcements. In contrast to many articles in the marketing literature that imply that the added value of a marketing event can be fully assessed from the stock market reaction to the announcement of the event, the authors clarify that for recurrent events or events that are part of a firm's broader strategy, this reaction reflects only an update of investors’ expectations of future firm performance.

The impact of investment projects in the local economic development in post-conflict countries

This study will contribute towards the evaluation of the effects of the investment project "Supporting production businesses", in Shtime, as part of the local economic development strategy. For the study were used primary data (Interview) and secondary data (official document and relevant reports) based on identified indicators, as: 1)Type of support (value of money, number of donation, surface offered on m2, location, number of training offered); 2) number of businesses, number new job created, number of taxpayers, number of new investment and 3) number of new products, new market, new technology, increase in turnover / profit, or changes in business organization. As a result of the support provided, these enterprises continue to develop their business successfully. The project has had a positive impact on local economic development in the municipality of Shtime, contributing to employment growth, increasing the number of taxpayers as well as improving the business structure in favour of processing enterprises. Furthermore, as a result of this project, these enterprises have recorded an increase in turnover and profit, as well as expanding their market with new products. This research shows the impact of the public investment in local economic development in particular with the small production companies.

New Insights about Antibiotic Production by Pseudomonas aeruginosa: A Gene Expression Analysis

The bacterial resistance for antibiotics is one of the most important problems in public health and only a small number of new products are in development. Antagonistic microorganisms from soil are a promising source of new candidate molecules. Products of secondary metabolism confer adaptive advantages for their producer, in the competition for nutrients in the microbial community. The biosynthesis process of compounds with antibiotic activity is the key to optimize their production and the transcriptomic study of microorganisms is of great benefit for the discovery of these metabolic pathways. Pseudomonas aeruginosa LV strain growing in the presence of copper chloride produces a bioactive organometallic compound, which has a potent antimicrobial activity against various microorganisms. The objective of this study was to verify overexpressed genes and evaluate their relation to the organometallic biosynthesis in this microorganism. P. aeruginosa LV strain was cultured in presence and absence of copper chloride. Two methods were used for transcriptomic analysis, genome reference-guided assembly and de novo assembly. The genome referenced analysis identified nine upregulated genes when bacteria were exposed to copper chloride, while the De Novo Assembly identified 12 upregulated genes. Nineteen genes can be related to an increased microbial metabolism for the extrusion process of exceeding intracellular copper. Two important genes are related to the biosynthesis of phenazine and tetrapyrroles compounds, which can be involved in the bioremediation of intracellular copper and we suggesting that may involve in the biosynthesis of the organometallic compound. Additional studies are being carried out to further prove the function of the described genes and relate them to the biosynthetic pathway of the organometallic compound.

Effects of export product diversification on quality upgrading: an empirical study

ABSTRACTThis paper empirically examines the effects of export product diversification on overall export quality in a panel data set of 115 countries from 1970 to 2010. It uses the data sets of the overall export quality and three export diversification measures of the International Monetary Fund: the extensive margin (variation in the number of new products exported), the intensive margin (variation in export values among existing exports), and the overall (Theil) index. It finds that export quality has only been increasing with a higher variation in export values among existing exports in low- and lower-middle-income countries. It also observes that export quality has been increasing with both a higher variation in export values among existing exports and new products exported in upper-middle- and high-income countries. The results are robust to the changing measures of controls in the benchmark model, the inclusion of many other controls; i.e. various measures of globalization, country size, factor endowments, macroeconomic stance, etc., and the exclusion of outliers.

Predicting numbers of successful new products to launch using soft computing techniques: A case of firms from manufacturing sector industries

Predicting numbers of new products to be launched by the firms in a particular time period is considered as the most mystified and strategically important decision. Importance of this aspect could be realized by looking at the low success rate of new products in the market. Identifying numbers of new products potentially accepted by the market may reduce the investment and scant resources consumption by firms. In this study, statistical multiple linear regression, and artificial neural network techniques modeled as simple and cascaded networks combined with nature inspired algorithm have been implemented. Artificial neural network has shown significant performance results and further cascading helps in enhancing the prediction accuracy along with better convergence capability of the developed models for the predicament.

Introducing the New Generation of Chinese Geostationary Weather Satellites, Fengyun-4

Abstract China is developing a new generation of geostationary meteorological satellites called Fengyun-4 (FY-4), which is planned for launch beginning in 2016. Following upon the current FY-2 satellite series, FY-4 will carry four new instruments: the Advanced Geosynchronous Radiation Imager (AGRI), the Geosynchronous Interferometric Infrared Sounder (GIIRS), the Lightning Mapping Imager (LMI), and the Space Environment Package (SEP). The first satellite of the FY-4 series launched on 11 December 2016 is experimental, and the following four or more satellites will be operational. The main objectives of the FY-4 series are to monitor rapidly changing weather systems and to improve warning and forecasting capabilities. The FY-4 measurements are aimed at accomplishing 1) high temporal and spatial resolution imaging in 14 spectral bands from the visible, near-infrared, and infrared (IR) spectral regions; 2) lightning imaging; and 3) high-spectral-resolution IR sounding observations over China and adjacent regions. FY-4 will also enhance the space weather monitoring and warning with SEP. Current products from FY-2 will be improved by FY-4, and a number of new products will also be introduced. FY-4’s sounding and imaging data will be used to improve applications in a wide range of ocean, land, and atmosphere monitoring plus forecasting extreme weather (especially typhoons and thunderstorms); overall, FY-4 will contribute to more accurate understanding and forecasting of China’s weather, climate, environment, and natural disasters. This new generation of Chinese geostationary weather satellites is being developed in parallel with the new generation of geostationary meteorological satellite systems from the international community of satellite providers and is intended to be an important contribution to the global observing system.

How Digitization Has Created a Golden Age of Music, Movies, Books, and Television

Digitization is disrupting a number of copyright-protected media industries, including books, music, radio, television, and movies. Once information is transformed into digital form, it can be copied and distributed at near-zero marginal costs. This change has facilitated piracy in some industries, which in turn has made it difficult for commercial sellers to continue generating the same levels of revenue for bringing products to market in the traditional ways. Yet despite the sharp revenue reductions for recorded music, as well as threats to revenue in some other traditional media industries, other aspects of digitization have had the offsetting effects of reducing the costs of bringing new products to market in music, movies, books, and television. On balance, digitization has increased the number of new products that are created and made available to consumers. Moreover, given the unpredictable nature of product quality, growth in new products has given rise to substantial increases in the quality of the best products. Although there were concerns that consumer welfare from media products would fall, the opposite scenario has emerged—a golden age for consumers who wish to consume media products.

Learning from the Joneses: Technical Uncertainty, Spillover, and Stock Returns

This paper provides empirical evidence for the role of technology spillover, an important innovation externality, in asset pricing. Using patent and R&D data, I show that firms with more technology spillover earn 7.7% higher annualized returns than firms with less technology spillover. The return effect is strengthened (attenuated) when there is an exogenous increase (decrease) in the flow of information across firms, exploiting two quasi-natural experiments. I also find that firms with more technology spillover create a larger number of new products. These findings are consistent with models that show technology spillover provides firms with greater information precision to leverage aggregate technology growth more efficiently and therefore develop greater exposure to systematic risks. These findings highlight the important influence of innovation externality on stock returns.

Advances in rheumatoid arthritis.

There are now eight approved biological disease-modifying antirheumatic drugs (bDMARDs), two biosimilars and one targeted synthetic DMARD in Australia with a number of new products and biosimilars in the pipeline. bDMARDs have excellent efficacy, especially when combined with traditional DMARDs, and a well characterised but manageable safety profile. These expanded therapeutic options have revolutionised patient care and made remission (including drug free remission) a realistic goal. Evidence of a "window of opportunity" that changes the long term phenotype of the disease has been well established, so therapy should be commenced as early as possible in the disease process and a shared care model between general practitioner and rheumatologist provides the best outcomes. While there is no cure for rheumatoid arthritis, treatment has improved to the point where many patients can achieve a normal quality of life.

The Random Long Tail and the Golden Age of Television

Executive SummaryDigitization has reduced the costs of production, distribution, and promotion in music, movies, and books, with major consequences for both the number of new products made availabl...

Mechanism-based screening accelerates photocatalysis research

Screening strategies to discover new catalysts or types of reactions typically count hits by the number of new products that turn up in crude reaction mixtures. Frank Glorius and colleagues of the University of Münster have decided to try a different approach: They only screen molecules for their ability to take part in a single step of a reaction. If an interaction occurs, the molecule is considered a hit. What’s more, each molecule tested is taken as a representative of an entire class of molecules, which greatly expands the scope of the screen. Once a target molecule is acquired, the researchers flip the screen to use the molecule with various catalysts to identify the optimal catalyst for the job at hand (Angew. Chem. Int. Ed. 2016, DOI: 10.1002/anie.201600995). The Münster team tested this approach by looking at excited-state catalyst quenching by an organic reactant, which is the key step common

When does knowledge acquisition in R&D alliances increase new product development? The moderating roles of technological relatedness and product-market competition

In studying the performance consequences of research and development (R&D) alliances, one stream of research has concentrated on the acquisition of partners’ technological knowledge whereas another has focused on firms’ new product development outcomes. Bridging these two research streams, this study directly connects knowledge acquisition through R&D alliances to new product development and examines when R&D alliances enable firms to apply acquired technological knowledge in the product domain. Using longitudinal and multisource data on a sample of firms engaged in R&D alliances in the information technology industry, I find that knowledge acquisition is on average positively associated with firms’ numbers of new products. However, I also find that knowledge acquisition is substantially more beneficial for new product development both when firms and their partners are active in similar technology domains and when they operate in distinct product markets.

The interaction between inter-firm and interlocking directorate networks on firm's new product development outcomes

This paper explores the interaction between a prominent board of directors and the network of inter-firm relationships on new product development. Specifically, we posit a positive interaction effect between a prominent board and the inter-firm network and structural holes positions on the number of new products developed by the firm. We test the theoretical framework on a sample of 1758 agreements among 1890 biopharmaceutical firms over the period 2006–2010. We find that by filtering, complementing and legitimizing information coming from the inter-firm network, a prominent interlocking directorate network can improve the inter-firm network's effects on new product development. We discuss important implications for how inter-personal networks (such as the board interlock directorate network) help to develop the effectiveness of inter-firm relationship networks in achieving new product development outcomes.

A Model for Information Support for Knowledge Workers

Abstract This article aims to elaborate on a model of information support for knowledge workers in Polish enterprises. Earlier research has explored the use of Web 2.0 technology for information sharing. Nevertheless, relatively little information has been published that focuses on the impact of information sharing among knowledge workers within a company and its subsequent influence on a firm’s effectiveness as identified via the number of new products created, number of completed research topics, or number of new patents. The author aims to analyze the effectiveness of information sharing in Polish enterprises based on the research results gained from the study described in this paper. In particular, this study pays attention to the likely consequences and results of information sharing by the use of employee web logs. This is followed by a discussion of the results of the empirical studies and of the supporting literature. The summary indicates potential directions for further work.

How Is Social Capital Associated with Innovation Performance? Evidence from China Chemical Industry

Social capital and innovation became one of the most significant topics for researchers in last decade. Our research also makes its contribution to develop the theoretical basis and tries to find out relationship between social capital and innovation performance. In our research social capital has been measured in forms of four networks: external personal networks, internal personal networks, membership in national trade associations and membership in regional trade associations. Innovation has been measured by two parameters such as the number of patents and the number of new products of the firm. We tested individual and collective effect of these four networks on innovation performance. We used e-mailed survey among 195 CEO’s of China’s chemical industry participants to collect the data and obtained 105 (53.8 %) full responses, which were suitable for our research. Then we collected the rest of necessary data of innovation on the Official web site of State Intellectual Property Office of The People’s Republic of China. After using negative binomial regression we made 12 models, where we sought the support for five hypotheses, which we had proposed. We found that three of four studied networks are significantly and positively associated with innovation performance. Only internal personal network had less effect on innovation in two models. Our findings and conclusions can be useful and beneficial for top managers operating in all kind of industries, particularly to CEOs of large firms such as China chemical industry firms.