Number Of Mucosal Folds Research Articles

The prebiotic effect of agavin inclusion levels in low fishmeal diets for Totoaba macdonaldi juveniles

The prebiotic effects of dietary agavin on growth performance, feed efficiency and digestibility, digestive enzyme activity, and distal intestine integrity in low fishmeal diets for Totoaba macdonaldi juveniles were evaluated in the present study. For this purpose, totoaba juveniles with a mean initial weight of 29 ± 1 g were fed for 56 days with four experiential diets formulated to replace fishmeal (FM) and poultry by-product meal (PBM) with soybean meal (SBM). The reference diet (RD) contained FM and PBM solely as the primary protein source. The following three diets contained SBM included at 240 g kg−1 with graded levels of agavin; 10, 20, and 30 g kg−1, in order to determine if a lower or higher quantity of the prebiotic in the diet would maximize growth parameters and fish intestinal integrity and reduce putative adverse effects of SBM in the diet. The inclusion of agavin in the diet, independently of the inclusion level, resulted in higher growth performance without significant differences in feed utilization and nutrient digestibility compared with the RD. Acid proteases (i.e., pepsin-like), trypsin, and total alkaline proteases activities resulted in significant differences among treatments but were not correlated with growth improvements. In terms of the intestinal health, significant differences in the number of mucosal folds and brush border height were found among dietary treatments and the light microscopy images and our semi-quantitative scoring revealed that agavin prevented the typical alterations in the distal intestine morphology associated with SBM induced enteritis in totoaba juveniles after 56 days of feeding. Thus, based on the results from the present study a 1 % agavin is recommended as the minimum dietary inclusion level in a low fishmeal diet (18 % FM) containing 24 % SBM to prevent typical symptoms of enteritis in totoaba juveniles under culture conditions.

Histological study on development of the digestive system of longfin batfish (Platax teira)

The ontogeny of the digestive tract in Platax teira was studied by means of optical microscopy from hatching to 30 days post-hatching. Collect fertilized eggs from P. teira broodstock, fertilize the eggs to hatch in hatching net bags, and rear the larvae in higher-place ponds. Observe the morphology and structure of the digestive tract of larvae 1-30 days post-hatching using tissue slicing technique. The results showed that the oral cavity of the larvae was closed and had not yet begun to differentiate at 1day post-hatching. Its digestive tract was close to the abdominal wall, and the yolk sac was completely dyed dark red. At 4 days post-hatching, the oropharyngeal cavity, esophagus, and stomach of the larvae had been communicated, and their oral cavity opened and food intake begins, entering the mixed period of endogenous nutrition and exogenous nutrition. Thereafter, the yolk sac gradually decreased to disappear, the esophagus, stomach, and intestines continued to differentiate, and their functions gradually improved. During 25-30 days post-hatching, the structure of the digestive tract of the larvae didn’t change much. Due to the increase in the size of the larvae, most changes in the digestive system are related to the complexity of the tissues and the size of the organs. Specifically, the number of mucosal folds and cells in the esophagus and intestine increases, and the gastric glands and pits in the stomach increase. The number of mucous membrane folds, mucosal epithelial cells and gastric glands in the digestive tract increase with the growth of the larvae, indicating that the development of the digestive system of P. teira is consistent with the growth of larvae, morphological development, feeding, metabolism and other functions consistently, its developmental stage is also adapted to the stages of the early development stage of P. teira.

Light microscopic study on the absorptive cells and goblet cells in the intestine of adult common carp Cyprinus carpio

The purpose of this study was to describe of some histological structures and histochemical features of the absorptive cells and goblet cells in intestine of common carp. In this study, Fifteen adult male common carp were catching alive from the AL-Forat river, with age about (7 - 12) months and mean of their weight was (2100 ± 81 g) and mean standard length was (50.4 ± 3.1 cm), immediately after death.Incision was made through the midventral line of the fish just from cranial to the anus to expose the intestine, specimens of intestine were taken and washed with (0.9 %) normal saline solution. Ten samples were obtained from different regions of each portion of the intestine (anterior, middle and posterior), fixed by either 10% neutral buffered formalin or Bouin’s solution approximately 24 hours at room temperature and then treated by routine histological processing. The stains were used, Hematoxylin and Eosin, periodic acid Schiff, Alcian blue pH 2.5, and Combinated Alcian blue PH 2.5 plus periodic acid Schiff. The Mean number, height and width of mucosal folds were measured and counts of goblet cells in the mucosal folds of each portion of the intestine. The results showed that the intestinal epithelium is simple columnar, the enterocytes were tall columnar cells with brush border; goblet cells were ovoid, located between the enterocytes. The folds composed of the entire thickness of the mucosa, mean number, height and width of the mucosal folds were few in posterior portion of intestine compare with that in other portions. The anterior portion of the intestine has largest number of mucosal folds, while has less number of goblet cells compare to middle and posterior portions of the intestine. The epithelial cells stained red-purple by periodic acid Schiff stain with Alcian blue, the goblet cells were take positive reaction with periodic acid Schiff stain, and with Alcian blue plus periodic acid Schiff, while negative with only Alcian blue stain. Glycoprotein staining intensity varied from very weak to moderate, whereby the presence of neutral, acidic and sulphatedglycoconjugates. In conclusion, numbers of goblet cells were observed to be increased towards posterior portion of intestine required as lubricant for fecal expulsion, and reversed relation between number of the folds and goblet cells.

Changes of visceral properties and digestive enzymes in the herbivorous marine teleost Siganus canaliculatus fed on different diets

The rabbitfish Siganus canaliculatus is one of the few cultured herbivorous marine teleosts. To better understand the digestive physiology of this fish and provide data for designing formulated feed using macroalgae as an ingredient, the changes of visceral properties and digestive enzyme activities were investigated after the juveniles were fed on different types of food including raw fish (RF), formulated diet (FD) or macroalgae Enteromorpha prolifra (EP) and Gracilaria lemaneiformis (GL) for eight weeks. The results showed that the hepatosomatic and viscerosomatic indices in the RF and FD groups, as well as the relative intestine length (RIL) in the EP and GL groups, were significantly higher than those in other groups. Additionally, differences in the histological structure of the liver and anterior intestine were also observed among different dietary groups. The hepatic nuclei were displaced to the periphery by lipid inclusions in fish fed RF. The highest levels of mucosal folds were found in the anterior intestines of fish fed macroalgae. Digestive enzyme activity profiles showed obvious fluctuations in the first three weeks, and then leveled off in the following weeks. The levels of protease, lipase and α-amylase in the alimentary tract showed changes related to the levels of dietary protein, lipid and carbohydrate, respectively. Although macroalgae significantly inhibited the activity of protease in the stomach, it increased RIL and the number of mucosal folds in the anterior intestine so as to compensate for the influences on protease activities in the stomach. This study suggests that the digestive tract of rabbitfish can well adapt to different diets, and needs about three weeks to physiologically acclimatize to the nutritional status, thus implying that rabbitfish are somewhat omnivorous.

Histological and histochemical study of ductus deferens in Aseel and Vanaraja breeds of poultry.

Aseel is an indigenous breed of poultry recognized for its majestic gait and cock fighting.Southern part of Chhattisgarh is its breeding tract. Vanaraja is a crossbreed being popularized by the Department of Animal Husbandary (C.G.) to improve the livelihood of tribal peoples.Ductus deferens is part of reproductive system which plays an important role in transportation of spermatozoa and fertilization. In the present study, 10 birds of two age group viz. 5 months (grower) and 13 months (adult) of each breed were used. Ductus deferens was collected,processed and sections were stained for demonstration of normal histological structure, collagen fibers, elastic fibers, reticular fibers, carbohydrates and mucopolysaccharides. The height of epithelium, height of mucosal folds at different segments, number of mucosal folds per transverse section, thickness of wall excluding mucosal folds, maximum and minimum diameter of ductus deferens was significantly higher in growers and adults of Vanaraja than Aseel. The density of connective tissue fibers, PAS activity and AB-PAS activity was higher in both groups of Vanaraja compared to Aseel.

Teat Morphology Characterization With 3D Imaging.

The objective of this study was to visualize, in a novel way, the morphological characteristics of bovine teats to gain a better understanding of the detailed teat morphology. We applied silicone casting and 3D digital imaging in order to obtain a more detailed image of the teat structures than that seen in previous studies. Teat samples from 65 dairy cows over 12 months of age were obtained from cows slaughtered at an abattoir. The teats were classified according to the teat condition scoring used in Finland and the lengths of the teat canals were measured. Silicone molds were made from the external teat surface surrounding the teat orifice and from the internal surface of the teat consisting of the papillary duct, Fürstenberg's rosette, and distal part of the teat cistern. The external and internal surface molds of 35 cows were scanned with a 3D laser scanner. The molds and the digital 3D models were used to evaluate internal and external teat surface morphology. A number of measurements were taken from the silicone molds. The 3D models reproduced the morphology of the teats accurately with high repeatability. Breed didn't correlate with the teat classification score. The rosette was found to have significant variation in its size and number of mucosal folds. The internal surface morphology of the rosette did not correlate with the external surface morphology of the teat implying that it is relatively independent of milking parameters that may impact the teat canal and the external surface of the teat.

The anatomical characteristics of the aggregated lymphoid nodule area in the stomach of Bactrian camels (Camelus bactrianus) of different ages

The aggregated lymphoid nodule area (ALNA) in the third compartment of the stomach of Chinese Alashan Bactrian camels is a recently described species-specific anatomical structure. To further establish the relationship between this structure and animal age, 40 Bactrian camels of the following four age groups were studied: young (0.5-2years); pubertal (3-5years); middle-aged (6-16years), and old (17-20years). The ALNA in the third stomach compartment was measured and weighed for each group as was the height and number of mucosal folds. The exact anatomical location and the mucosal characteristics of the ALNA were also recorded. The results indicated that the ALNA not only has a particular anatomical location and distinct mucosal structure, but also changes with age. The structure was found along the ventral wall of the isthmus, from the origin of the proximal enlargement and along the curvatura ventriculi minor, forming a triangular band-like region. The mucosal folds containing the ALNA were much thicker than adjacent folds that did not contain this structure. Statistical analysis indicated that the ALNA enlarges prior to puberty, peaks in size at puberty, and then regresses. A small, vestigial ALNA was found in 20-years-old camels, although the germinal centres of the lymphoid nodules were not as obvious at this time. The data indicated that changes in ALNA structure occurs with development and ageing.