Number Of Metabolic Syndrome Research Articles

Sex differences in the non-linear association between BMI and LDL cholesterol in middle-aged and older adults: findings from two nationally representative surveys in China

BackgroundThe relationship between body mass index (BMI) and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) has not been clearly elucidated in middle-aged and older adults. This study aimed to evaluate the non-linear dose-response relationship between BMI and LDL-C in males and females.MethodsData was obtained from two nationally representative surveys in China—the China Health and Nutrition Survey (CHNS, 2009) and China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS, 2011–2012). To evaluate the sex differences in the association between BMI and LDL-C, the generalized additive models with a smooth function for continuous BMI and smooth-factor interaction for sexes with BMI were used. Segmented regressions were fitted to calculate the slopes with different estimated breakpoints among females and males.ResultsA total of 12,273 participants (47.1% male) aged 45 to 75 years were included. The generalized additive models revealed that a non-linear relationship between BMI and LDL-C level in both sexes after adjustment for age, residence, education levels, marital status, drinking, smoking status, and cohort (CHNS or CHARLS). Slopes of the association between BMI and LDL-C association changed at BMI 20.3 kg/m2 (95% CI: 18.8 to 21.8) in females and 27.1 kg/m2 (95% CI: 25. 8 to 28.4) in males. Below these BMI breakpoints, LDL-C levels increased 1.84 (95% CI: 1.45 to 2.31) in males and 3.49 (95% CI: 1.54 to 5.45) mg/dL per kg/m2 in females. However, LDL-C levels declined − 1.50 (95% CI: − 2.92 to − 0.09) mg/dL per kg/m2 above BMI of 27.1 kg/m2 in males. The non-linear association BMI and LDL-C in males and females was varied by cohort source, age groups, and the number of metabolic syndrome criteria.ConclusionsIn the Chinese middle aged and older adults, the BMI and LDL-C relationship was inverted U-shaped with a high level of LDL-C at a BMI of 27.1 kg/m2 in males, and an approximately linear association was observed in females.

Biomarkers of mammographic density in premenopausal women

BackgroundWhile mammographic density is one of the strongest risk factors for breast cancer, little is known about its determinants, especially in young women. We applied targeted metabolomics to identify circulating metabolites specifically associated with mammographic density in premenopausal women. Then, we aimed to identify potential correlates of these biomarkers to guide future research on potential modifiable determinants of mammographic density.MethodsA total of 132 metabolites (acylcarnitines, amino acids, biogenic amines, glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids, hexose) were measured by tandem liquid chromatography/mass spectrometry in plasma samples from 573 premenopausal participants in the Mexican Teachers’ Cohort. Associations between metabolites and percent mammographic density were assessed using linear regression models, adjusting for breast cancer risk factors and accounting for multiple tests. Mean concentrations of metabolites associated with percent mammographic density were estimated across levels of several lifestyle and metabolic factors.ResultsSphingomyelin (SM) C16:1 and phosphatidylcholine (PC) ae C30:2 were inversely associated with percent mammographic density after correction for multiple tests. Linear trends with percent mammographic density were observed for SM C16:1 only in women with body mass index (BMI) below the median (27.4) and for PC ae C30:2 in women with a BMI over the median. SM C16:1 and PC ae C30:2 concentrations were positively associated with cholesterol (total and HDL) and inversely associated with number of metabolic syndrome components.ConclusionsWe identified new biomarkers associated with mammographic density in young women. The association of these biomarkers with mammographic density and metabolic parameters may provide new perspectives to support future preventive actions for breast cancer.

Air pollution and metabolic syndrome risk: Evidence from nine observational studies

Background and aimsGlobally, the number of metabolic syndrome (MetS) cases has increased substantially over time. However, the association between air pollution (AP) and MetS risk has been contradictory in observational studies. This is the first reported meta-analysis quantitatively exploring the aforementioned association. MethodsWe searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science database entries up to September 14, 2020, and searches were updated up to December 6, 2020 to identify eligible articles on the AP-MetS risk association. No language restriction was imposed. Random-effects models were applied to estimate summary and subgroup effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). PROSPERO registration number: CRD42020210431. ResultsEight articles (nine studies) were eligible for the meta-analysis. Increased MetS prevalence was not found to be associated with particulate matter less than 1 μm (PM1), 2.5 μm (PM2.5), and 10 μm (PM10) in diameter or nitrogen dioxide (NO2), and the summary effect sizes were 1.33 (95% CI: 0.95–1.85), 1.34 (95% CI: 0.96–1.89), 1.18 (95% CI: 0.98–1.19), and 1.28 (95% CI: 0.89–1.82), respectively, based on cross-sectional studies. The summary results indicated no association between each 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5 and MetS incidence (effect size 2.78 [95% CI: 0.70–11.02]), based on cohort studies. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that MetS incidence in older men increased dramatically by 992% with each 10 μg/m3 increase in PM2.5. ConclusionsThe evidence presented here suggests that although exposure to PM1, PM2.5, PM10, or NO2 was not found to have a significant association with the occurrence of MetS, the statistical significance of the relationship between exposure to PM1, PM2.5, or PM10 and MetS prevalence was approximately borderline. More studies on AP-MetS risk association in low-/middle-income countries, as well as on the association between other air pollutants and MetS risk, are warranted. A sufficient number of high-quality studies is required to perform a meaningful meta-analysis of the relationship between air pollutants and MetS.

174 Association between paternal health and severe maternal morbidity: analysis of US claims data

A critical paternal role in placental dysfunction and pre-eclampsia has been reported and attributed to immunologic and genetic factors. Our objective was to examine the hypothesis that paternal health is associated with abnormal placentation, pre-eclampsia and severe maternal morbidity (SMM). Retrospective analysis of live births from 2007-2016 among women 20-45 years of age in the IBM Marketscan® research database. Infants were linked to paired mothers and fathers using family ID. Preconception paternal health was assessed using the number of metabolic syndrome (MetS) diagnostic criteria and the most common individual chronic disease diagnoses (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, hyperlipidemia, COPD, cancer, and depression). Adverse pregnancy outcomes assessed included: 1) abnormal placentation including placenta accreta spectrum, placenta previa and placental abruption, 2) pre-eclampsia with severe features and eclampsia, and 3) SMM, identified as any indicator from the CDC Index except blood transfusion alone, which has been found to overestimate true cases. The association between paternal health and maternal pregnancy outcomes was determined using logistic regression models estimated with generalized estimating equations adjusted for maternal age, region, birth year, maternal obesity, smoking, parity and average number of outpatient visits per year. Among 785,809 births, preconception paternal health was significantly associated with all adverse pregnancy outcomes (Table 1). The odds of SMM were 57% higher (95% CI 1.16-2.13) for women whose partners had 5 or more chronic diseases than for women whose partners did not have a chronic disease. Furthermore, the magnitude of risk of SMM increased with preconception paternal comorbidities in a dose-dependent fashion. Preconception paternal health is associated with abnormal placentation, pre-eclampsia and SMM, suggesting that paternally derived factors may play significant roles in placentation and the subsequent development of adverse pregnancy outcomes.

Relationship of metabolic syndrome defined by IDF or revised NCEP ATP III with glycemic control among Malaysians with Type 2 Diabetes

BackgroundThe chronic complications of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) such as macrovascular disease is amplified with the increase in the number of metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors. This research aims to study the relationship of MetS, diagnosed by the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) or revised National Cholesterol Education Programs Adult Treatment Panel III (NCEP ATP III) criteria, with glycemic control, fasting blood glucose (FBG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), C-peptide, and insulin resistance in T2D patients.MethodsThe study is a cross-sectional observational study which, involved 485 T2D patients who are receiving treatment at the University Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Center (UKMMC), Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The MetS among the T2D patients was diagnosed based on IDF and revised NCEP ATP III criteria. C-peptide and HbA1c levels were determined by an automated quantitative immunoassay analyzer and high-performance liquid chromatography, respectively. The MetS factors; FBG, triglyceride, and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol were measured by spectrophotometer.ResultsApplication of the IDF and revised NCEP ATP III criteria respectively resulted in 73% and 85% of the T2D subjects being diagnosed with MetS. The concordance of these criteria in diagnosing MetS among T2D patients was low (κ = 0.33, P < 0.001). Both IDF and revised NCEP ATP III criteria indicated that T2D patients with 5 MetS factors had higher insulin resistance (P = 2.1 × 10−13; 1.4 × 10−11), C-peptide (P = 1.21 × 10−13; 4.1 × 10−11), FBG (P = 0.01; 0.021), and HbA1c (P = 0.039; 0.018) than those T2D patients without MetS, respectively.ConclusionAlthough there is a low concordance between IDF and revised NCEP ATP III criteria in the diagnosis of MetS among T2D patients, both criteria showed that T2D patients with 5 MetS factors had higher insulin resistance, C-peptide, FBG, and HbA1c.

Low-fat dietary pattern and breast cancer mortality by metabolic syndrome degree: Secondary analyses of the Women’s Health Initiative (WHI) Dietary Modification randomized trial.

1539 Background: The WHI Diet Modification (DM) trial randomized 48,835 postmenopausal women with no prior breast cancer to a low-fat dietary intervention or comparison group. After 16.1 years follow-up, the intervention was associated with an 18% reduction in risk of death after breast cancer (P =0.01), with greater reduction (29%) in those with waist circumference≥88 cm (J Clin Oncol 2017). To extend these findings, we examined the influence of the dietary intervention on breast cancer mortality in subgroups defined by number of metabolic syndrome (MS) components with 19.6 years median cumulative follow-up. Methods: WHI DM has been previously described. Four MS components were determined at entry: 1) waist circumference≥ 88 cm, 2) high blood pressure or anti-hypertensive use, 3) high cholesterol history and 4) diabetes history, with women categorized as having 0 (n=10,639), 1-2 (n=30,948), or 3-4 (n=4,246) MS components. Forest plots of hazard ratios (HRs) were generated with P-values for interaction between randomized group assignment and number of MS components. Results: Women with 3-4 MS components were more likely to be Black, be obese (BMI ≥30), and have diabetes (all P &lt; 0.001). Breast cancers in women with 3-4 MS components were less likely to be local stage (P = 0.005) or well differentiated (P = 0.03). The magnitude of reduction in deaths from breast cancer in the dietary intervention vs comparison group increased as the number of MS components increased (interaction P = 0.01). Hazard ratios (HR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for death from breast cancer for intervention vs comparison groups for women with 0 MS components was 1.09 95% CI, 0.63-1.87, with risk low in both randomization groups (0.028% and 0.026%, respectively); for women with 1-2 MS components, HR 0.80 95% CI 0.62-1.02; and for women with 3-4 MS components, HR 0.31 95% CI, 0.14-0.69, with risk in the intervention group reduced to 0.026%. Conclusions: Adoption of a low-fat dietary pattern had a greater effect on reducing deaths from breast cancer in women with more MS components, suggesting that this is a high risk group more likely to benefit from the dietary intervention. Clinical trial information: NCT00000611.

청소년의 대사증후군 진단개수에 따른 영향요인 분석 ; 국민건강영양조사(2016) 자료 이용

청소년의 대사증후군 진단개수에 따른 영향요인 분석 ; 국민건강영양조사(2016) 자료 이용

Cortisol Correlates with Structural Magnetic Resonance Imaging Parameters in Middle Aged Bulgarian Patients with Metabolic Syndrome: A Pilot Study.

There is a dose-dependent relationship between chronically increased cortisol levels and the number of metabolic syndrome (MetS) components. Both cortisol and MetS are linked to various brain abnormalities. To investigate an association of MetS components and salivary cortisol levels with cortical thickness in middle-aged Bulgarian patients with MetS. We examined 26 healthy volunteers (mean age 50, 16±3.1 yrs) divided into two groups depending on whether or not they were diagnosed with MetS. Salivary cortisol was sampled and tested at two time points -morning and evening. Cortical thickness measures were obtained from structural T1-images using FreeSurfer software. We performed vertex-wise analysis across entire cortex and for preselected brain regions in frontal, temporal and cingulate cortex partial correlation analysis, accounting for gender. The control group consisted of 12 women; in the MetS group there were 6 men and 8 women. The whole brain analysis showed that waist circumference (WC) was negatively correlated with cortical thickness in rostro-lateral area in left frontal lobe and the right lateral orbito-frontal cortex. Morning cortisol levels, accounting for sex and WC, correlated negatively with thickness in left superior temporal area (r = -0.477, p = 0.039) and entorhinal area (r = -0.465, p = 0.045) and left mediotemporal cortex (r = -0.477, p = 0.038). Our pilot study confirmed that WC is associated with brain atrophic changes mainly in the frontal lobe. Our finding that cortisol levels negatively correlate with thinning of the cortex in temporal lobe should be further explored in subsequent study.

Prevalence and predictors of liver fibrosis evaluated by vibration controlled transient elastography in type 1 Gaucher disease

Background & aimsLong-term liver-related complications of Gaucher disease (GD) include cirrhosis, portal hypertension and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although liver fibrosis is the main determinant of adverse liver-related clinical outcomes, it has rarely been evaluated in previously published cohorts of GD patients. We aimed at: assessing the prevalence of significant liver fibrosis in a cohort of patients with type 1 GD; identifying its predictors among GD-related variables, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and metabolic features. Methods37 adult type 1 GD patients from two Italian academic referral centers were prospectively submitted to vibration controlled transient elastography (Fibroscan®); significant fibrosis was defined as liver stiffness ≥7 kPa. ResultsMedian liver stiffness was 4.6 [3–15.1] kPa and 7 patients (19%) had significant fibrosis. Significant fibrosis was associated with splenectomy (p = .046) and with scores (DS3: p = .002; SSI: p = .026) and biomarkers (ACE: p = .016; HDL cholesterol: p = .004) of GD severity. Length of ERT was significantly lower in GD patients with significant fibrosis. In the subgroup of 29 patients who were on stable ERT for at least 24 months, further to splenectomy, GD severity and non-N370S GBA1 genotypes, also diastolic blood pressure, BMI and the number of metabolic syndrome (MetS) components emerged as factors significantly associated with significant fibrosis. ConclusionsSignificant fibrosis is present in a remarkable proportion of adult type 1 GD patients. Splenectomy, GD severity and GBA1 genotypes are major GD-related predictors of liver fibrosis. Length of ERT is inversely correlated with liver disease in GD patients, suggesting a beneficial effect of ERT on liver fibrosis. However, GD patients on stable ERT should be monitored for metabolic complications, since MetS features may enhance liver disease progression despite optimal GD control.

GAMMA-GLUTAMYLTRANSFERASE DAN APOLIPOPROTEIN B DENGAN SINDROMA METABOLIK

The number of Metabolic Syndrome (MS) patient has been rapidly increased. Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is a risk factor of coronaryheart disease that increased four fold in the general population. Gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT) is located on the external surfaceof most cells and mediates the uptake of glutathione, which is an important component of intracellular antioxidants defenses. The aimsof this study was to analyze the correlation between GGT, Apolipoprotein B and metabolic syndrome parameters, a high sensitivityC-Reactive Protein (hs-CRP) as a marker of inflammation, and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) as an antioxidant marker in type 2 DMpatients. This study used a cross sectional design. The subject of this study was type 2 DM patients who came to the EndocrinologySubdivision of Internal Medicine Department and Laboratory of Clinical Pathology at Dr. Moewardi Hospital Surakarta. To analyze thisresult, the researchers used Spearman (r) correlation test with significance degree p &lt; 0.05 and confidence interval 95%.The gammaglutamyltransferase serum showed a weak positive correlation with waist circumference (r = 0.18; p = 0.045) and Apo B with fastingblood glucose (r = 0.32; p = 0.001); a mild positive correlation between Apo B and triglyceride (r = 0.45; p = 0.001); a weak negativecorrelation between HDL cholesterol and GGT (r = –0.22; p = 0.020) and Apo B (r = –0.20; p = 0.027); a weak positive correlationbetween hs-CRP and GGT (r = 0.38; p = 0.001), and Apo B (r = 0.18; p = 0.042); and a weak negative correlation between Apo Band GPx (r = –0.22; p = 0.019). Gamma-glutamyltransferase examination is superior to notice any inflammatory process than apoB(r = 0.38 vs. R = 0.18), whereas apoB is superior as a predictor of inflammation than GGT (r = –0.51 vs. R = –0,20). Gammaglutamyltransferase serum as an early marker of oxidative stress and Apo B was related to inflammation at the metabolic syndromeand diabetes. Measurement of GGT serum is reliable, easy, and not expensive, it might have important implications both clinically andepidemiologically

Relationship between serum levels of oxidative stress and metabolic syndrome components

AimsThis study aimed to investigate the relationship between the total antioxidant capacity (TAC) and Malondialdehyde (MDA) with number of metabolic syndrome (Mets) components on the personnel working in Shahroud University of Medical Sciences. MethodsThis cross-sectional study was conducted on 167 personnel aged 30–60 years old. ATP III criteria were used to diagnose patients with MetS. Oxidative stress indicators were measured. The data was analyzed via one-way ANOVA, and Pearson and Spearman correlation coefficients. ResultsThe result showed that TAC had a significant positive correlation with HDL and a significant negative correlation with abdominal obesity. In addition, there was a significant positive association between the level of MDA and age, BMI, abdominal obesity, diastolic blood pressure, triglycerides, and LDL; however, it had a negative significant correlation with HDL. ConclusionsThe measurement of TAC and MDA biomarkers can increase the early diagnosis of patients at risk of developing Mets.

A comparison of three proposed methods of newborn screening for early infantile Krabbe disease

Long-term liver-related complications of Gaucher disease (GD) include cirrhosis, portal hypertension and hepatocellular carcinoma. Although liver fibrosis is the main determinant of adverse liver-related clinical outcomes, it has rarely been evaluated in previously published cohorts of GD patients. We aimed at: assessing the prevalence of significant liver fibrosis in a cohort of patients with type 1 GD; identifying its predictors among GD-related variables, enzyme replacement therapy (ERT) and metabolic features.37 adult type 1 GD patients from two Italian academic referral centers were prospectively submitted to vibration controlled transient elastography (Fibroscan®); significant fibrosis was defined as liver stiffness ≥7 kPa.Median liver stiffness was 4.6 [3–15.1] kPa and 7 patients (19%) had significant fibrosis. Significant fibrosis was associated with splenectomy (p = .046) and with scores (DS3: p = .002; SSI: p = .026) and biomarkers (ACE: p = .016; HDL cholesterol: p = .004) of GD severity. Length of ERT was significantly lower in GD patients with significant fibrosis. In the subgroup of 29 patients who were on stable ERT for at least 24 months, further to splenectomy, GD severity and non-N370S GBA1 genotypes, also diastolic blood pressure, BMI and the number of metabolic syndrome (MetS) components emerged as factors significantly associated with significant fibrosis.Significant fibrosis is present in a remarkable proportion of adult type 1 GD patients. Splenectomy, GD severity and GBA1 genotypes are major GD-related predictors of liver fibrosis. Length of ERT is inversely correlated with liver disease in GD patients, suggesting a beneficial effect of ERT on liver fibrosis. However, GD patients on stable ERT should be monitored for metabolic complications, since MetS features may enhance liver disease progression despite optimal GD control.

Association of Lifestyle Risk Factors with Metabolic Syndrome Components: A Cross-sectional Study in Eastern India.

Background:Approximately 20%–25% of the world adult population and nearly 30% of Indians have metabolic syndrome disorder. Our objective was designed to find out the association between important nutrients and potential lifestyle risk factors such as diet, physical inactivity, and smoking and alcohol consumption with the number of metabolic syndrome components.Methods:This was a cross-sectional study. A total of 205 patients of metabolic syndrome were enrolled for this study. Diagnosis of metabolic syndrome was done on the basis of National Cholesterol Education Program Adult Treatment Panel III criteria (NCEP ATP III 2004). Dietary data were collected with the validated food frequency questionnaire and 24 h dietary recall method, and the nutrient intake was calculated with the specially designed software.Results:Unhealthy dietary habits were seen more among the participants who had more than 3 risk factors. Results showed the odds of taking >5 times junk foods was 3 times higher (odds ratio [OR]: 2.97; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 1.61–5.47), and sweet dishes was 2.3 times higher (OR: 2.33; 95% CI: 1.28–4.24) among the participants who had 4–5 risk factors. However, milk and dairy products > 4 servings/day (OR: 0.54; 95% CI: 0.175–1.67) and pulses and legumes more than 2 servings/day (OR: 0.57; 95% CI: 0.25–1.29) was protective against hypertension. Mean carbohydrate, saturated fat, and sodium intake was significantly higher in the participants who had 4–5 metabolic risk factors compared to 3 risk factors (P < 0.0001).Conclusions:It was concluded that low intake of fruits, vegetables, and higher intake of flesh food and inadequate physical activity significantly associated with the metabolic syndrome risk factors.

Expression of MYD88 in Adipose Tissue of Obese People: Is There Some Role in the Development of Metabolic Syndrome?

The mechanism leading to the development of metabolic complications in obese individuals is not fully understood. Thus, the objective of this study was to examine differences in insulin resistance, inflammation, cytokine and adipokine levels, and expression of selected genes across obese individuals with different number of metabolic syndrome (MetS) components. Forty obese individuals who underwent bariatric surgery, divided in three groups based on the number of components of MetS, in addition to abdominal obesity (0, 1, and 2-3 additional components), were studied. Levels of inflammatory proteins, insulin resistance, cytokines, adipokines, and gene expression in subcutaneous (SAT) and visceral adipose tissue (VAT) were compared. There was a significantly higher expression of MYD88 in SAT among those with more components of MetS (P = 0.008). In SAT, but not in VAT, MYD88 expression was significantly correlated with toll-like receptor 4 expression (r = 0.7, P < 0.05). Expression of adipsin in SAT was also associated with the presence of more components of MetS, but with borderline statistical significance (P = 0.05). There were no significant differences in insulin resistance, inflammation, and cytokine and adipokine levels by the number of components of MetS. Our study suggests that MYD88 expression in SAT of obese subjects could be associated with the development of components of MetS.

Association of general and abdominal obesity with age, endocrine and metabolic factors in Asian men

Objective: This study made use of the percent abdominal fat to define abdominal obesity (AbO) and examined the differential associations of general obesity (GOb) and AbO with age, metabolic and endocrine factors.Methods: Metabolic, endocrine and anthropometric factors and body composition were measured in 481 Asian men.Results: A DEXA-derived ≥25% abdominal fat (PAbdF) was used to define men with AbO. Age was directly associated with PAbdF and percent total body fat (PBF). Exercise intensity was negatively associated with PBF. Both PBF and PAbdF were associated with HDL and LDL, but have opposite correlation with triglyceride. Furthermore, both PBF and PAbdF were associated with the number of metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors. Men with GOb had lower levels of percent lean mass (PLM), testosterone and bioavailable testosterone, and higher insulin and glucose levels. Men with AbO had lower arm and leg fat, higher insulin levels and triglycerides.Conclusions: Men with GOb and AbO had different pattern of body composition. Age may be a contributory factor in AbO and a sedentary lifestyle may contribute to GOb. Both GOb and AbO are associated with an increased risk of MetS, with GOb more predispose to risk of diabetes, while AbO more at risk for cardiovascular diseases.

Parameters of Metabolic Syndrome in a Healthy Population could be Related to Diet, Activity Level and Family History

We recruited 24 men and 26 women (18‐30 y) to evaluate whether family history, activity, or diet would influence the number of metabolic syndrome (MetS) parameters in this population. The mean values for plasma triglycerides (72.5 ± 29.9 mg/dL), HDL‐cholesterol (64.9 ± 18.9 mg/dL), glucose (92.2 ± 6.6 mg/dl), systolic (112.0 ± 12.4 mm Hg) and diastolic blood pressure (72.9 ± 7.0 mm Hg) and waist circumference (81.4 ± 6.5 cm) were within a healthy range. However, 16% of individuals (n=8) had one and 6% (n=3) had two parameters of MetS, with elevated plasma glucose and high blood pressure being the most consistently observed. Of the 11 subjects, 8 were male and 3 female. Family history indicated that 60% of the participants could be at risk for cancer, 46% for heart disease, and 38% for diabetes. For the female participants, low HDL‐cholesterol was related to a history of cancer, and high blood pressure correlated with history of heart disease in male participants. Number of active minutes/week was negatively correlated with LDL‐cholesterol (r = ‐0.339, P &lt; 0.05) and triglycerides (r = ‐0.41, P &lt; 0.01), whereas HDL‐cholesterol was positively correlated with intake of the carotenoids, lutein and zeaxanthin (r = 0.339, P &lt; 0.05) and diastolic blood pressure correlated negatively with dietary beta‐carotene (‐0.316, p&lt; 0.05) and dietary lutein and zeaxanthin (r= ‐0.307, P &lt; 0.05). These results suggest that increased physical activity and a diet high in antioxidants favorably affect the parameters of MetS in this population, which may help protect against familial history of chronic disease

Metabolic syndrome-like components and prostate cancer risk: results from the Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events (REDUCE) study.

To evaluate the relationship between number of metabolic syndrome (MetS)-like components and prostate cancer diagnosis in a group of men where nearly all biopsies were taken independent of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) level, thus minimising any confounding from how the various MetS-like components may influence PSA levels. We analysed data from 6426 men in the Reduction by Dutasteride of Prostate Cancer Events (REDUCE) study with at least one on-study biopsy. REDUCE compared dutasteride vs placebo on prostate cancer risk among men with an elevated PSA level and negative pre-study biopsy and included two on-study biopsies regardless of PSA level at 2 and 4 years. Available data for MetS-like components included data on diabetes, hypertension, hypercholesterolaemia, and body mass index. The association between number of these MetS-like components and prostate cancer risk and low-grade (Gleason sum <7) or high-grade (Gleason sum >7) vs no prostate cancer was evaluated using logistic regression. In all, 2171 men (34%) had one MetS-like component, 724 (11%) had two, and 163 (3%) had three or four. Men with more MetS-like components had lower PSA levels (P = 0.029). One vs no MetS-like components was protective for overall prostate cancer (P = 0.041) and low-grade prostate cancer (P = 0.010). Two (P = 0.69) or three to four (P = 0.15) MetS-like components were not significantly related to prostate cancer. While one MetS-like component was unrelated to high-grade prostate cancer (P = 0.97), two (P = 0.059) or three to four MetS-like components (P = 0.02) were associated with increased high-grade prostate cancer risk, although only the latter was significant. When biopsies are largely PSA level independent, men with an initial elevated PSA level and a previous negative biopsy, and multiple MetS-like components were at an increased risk of high-grade prostate cancer, suggesting the link between MetS-like components and high-grade prostate cancer is unrelated to a lowered PSA level.

Attachment and the metabolic syndrome in midlife: the role of interview-based discourse patterns.

Adult attachment discourse patterns and current family relationship quality were examined as correlates of health behaviors and number of metabolic syndrome (MetS) criteria met, and as mediators of the link between childhood adversity and these health outcomes. A sample of 215 white/European American and black/African American adults aged 35 to 55 years were examined using a cross-sectional study design. Discourse was assessed with the Adult Attachment Interview, using coherence (a marker of attachment security), unresolved trauma/loss (a marker of disorganized cognitions related to trauma or loss), and idealization (minimizing stressful experiences and their impact) scores. Relationship quality, adverse childhood experiences, and current depressive symptoms were assessed, as were health behaviors of diet, exercise, and smoking. MetS includes obesity, elevated blood pressure, elevated fasting glucose, high triglycerides, and low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. Using path analysis and including childhood adversity severity and depressive symptoms in the model, both Adult Attachment Interview coherence and unresolved trauma/loss were directly linked to the number of MetS criteria (r = 0.186 and r = 0.170, respectively). Idealization was indirectly linked to MetS through poor diet (r = 0.183). The final model explained 21% of the variance in scores for the number of MetS criteria met. Insecure adult attachment is associated with increased risk of MetS.

Prevalence, risk factors, and predictors of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease among schoolchildren: A hospital-based study in Alexandria, Egypt

Background and study aimsNonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an emerging problem in children and adolescents worldwide. This study was done to investigate the prevalence of NAFLD in children and adolescents as well as to determine the associated risk factors of fatty liver and to explore the ability of some obesity indices to predict and consequently be used as a screening method of fatty liver disease at certain cutoff points in schoolchildren. Patients and methodsA cross-sectional, nested case–control study was carried out. Cases and controls were randomly selected from outpatient schoolchildren aged 6–18years attending the radiology clinic at Sporting Health Insurance Paediatric Hospital in Alexandria. They were subjected to ultrasonic examination as well as complete anthropometric and laboratory measurements including fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level, fasting insulin, alanine aminotransferase (ALT) level, and lipid profile. ResultsFatty liver was prevalent in schoolchildren (15.8%) and increased significantly with age (p=0.004). Positive family history of diabetes mellitus (DM), hypertension (HTN), obesity, and liver disease were all statistically significant risk factors for fatty liver. Waist circumference (WC), body mass index (BMI) and its Z-score were significantly sensitive predictors. BMI was considered the best predictor of paediatric NAFLD at a cutoff=22.9. NAFLD was significantly associated with high triglycerides (TGs), low high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL), homoeostatic model assessment (HOMA) percentile, and the number of metabolic syndrome (MS) components. ConclusionPaediatric NAFLD is a substantial problem in schoolchildren and has a close relationship with obesity, dyslipidaemia, insulin resistance (IR), and consequently MS. BMI and WC can be used as useful predictors and screening tools for NAFLD in schoolchildren.

Metabolic Syndrome Increases the Prevalence of Spine Osteoarthritis

To determine whether the prevalence of severe spinal osteoarthritis (OA) increases with the number of metabolic syndrome (MetS) risk factors. Data from a single surgeon's high volume, spine surgery practice were reviewed. Severe OA was defined as degenerative spondylolisthesis or cervical or lumbar stenosis causing neurologically based symptoms and early OA as lumbar and cervical spondylosis causing axial pain only. Logistic regression modeling was used to determine the odds (adjusted for age and sex) of having severe spine OA with more numerous MetS risk factors. Severe spinal OA was identified in 839/1502 patients (55.9%) and early OA in the remaining 663 individuals (44.1%). The overall prevalence of MetS was 30/1502 (2.0%): 26/839 (3.1%) in the severe OA group and 4/663 (0.6%) in the early OA group (P = 0.001). Presence of all four MetS risk factors was associated with almost quadruple the odds of having severe OA as compared with absence of risk factors (OR 3.9 [1.4-11.6], P < 0.01). The components of MetS are more prevalent in subjects with severe spinal OA than in those with spondylosis causing axial pain. Future study of the association between MetS and the incidence of OA is required.