Number Of Lateral Shoots Research Articles

Biomass Distribution in Kalanchoe blossfeldiana Transformed with rol-genes of Agrobacterium rhizogenes

Kalanchoe blossfeldiana transformed with Agrobacterium rhizogenes exhibited marked alterations in morphology and biomass distribution. Plants termed root-inducing (Ri) lines were regenerated from hairy roots produced by inoculating leaf explants with Agrobacterium rhizogenes wild-type strain ATCC15834. Six Ri lines were characterized in a greenhouse trial and all Ri lines had reduced dry weights of main shoot, lateral shoots, leaves, and flowers compared with control plants. The reduction in dry weights of these organs correlated with reduced plant height, shoot length, leaf area, and number of flowers per plant. Furthermore, an altered distribution of dry matter was evident in the Ri plants, where the greater part of dry matter was allocated into leaves and secondly into flowers, whereas the majority of dry matter in control plants was allocated into flowers and secondly into leaves. Furthermore, a higher percentage of dry matter was allocated into the main shoot of the Ri lines in comparison with that of control plants. Increased dry matter in leaves and in the main shoot in the Ri lines appeared to be at the expense of dry matter allocated into flowers. Moreover, an increased number of vegetative lateral shoots was recorded in the Ri lines, whereas the number of reproductive lateral shoots was decreased. Possible mechanisms behind the altered resource distribution are discussed.

Estabelecimento in vitro de Jacaratia spinosa (Aubl.) ADC

The experiment had the objective of developing a protocol for the in vitro establishment of Jacaratia spinosa in different concentrations of 6-benzylamino purine (6-BA). The explants were, caulinars apexes of plants proceeding from the field, disinfested with solution of Saniagri® 33% v/v, during 15 minutes and later sprayed with a solution of sodium hypochlorite 1% v/v. The Murashige and Skoog medium was used with the concentration of sucrose reduced for 5g L-1. The 6-BA concentrations had been: (T1) 0,0 mg L-1, (T2) 0,5 mg L-1, (T3) 1,0 mg L-1, (T4) 1,5 mg L-1, (T5) 2,0 mg L-1. The experiment was installed in a completely randomized design, with 10 apexes per treatment. The visual evaluations of the frequencies of survival of the apexes and number of lateral shoots, had weekly been made, per 90 days, and the results in percentage were submitted to the regression analysis and test of the Quisquare. The decontamination percentage varied between 60% and 80%. The frequencies of survival of the apexes had varied from 41.7% up to 58.3%, however with no statistical differences among the treatments. It was not observed the emission of lateral shoots in the used treatments, during the 90 days, but new studies are necessary with other concentrations of phytoregulators.

RESPONSE OF POTTED AUSTRALIAN ORNAMENTAL PLANTS TO DIFFERENT SOIL WATER CONDITIONS

RESPONSE OF POTTED AUSTRALIAN ORNAMENTAL PLANTS TO DIFFERENT SOIL WATER CONDITIONS

Morphological variations of natural populations of an aquatic macrophyte Elodea nuttallii in their native and in their introduced ranges

Introduced plant species appear often more vigorous than their conspecifics in the native range. We investigated the morphological variations of Elodea nuttallii (Planch.) St John and its behaviour in its native and in its introduced habitats. We assessed eight morphological traits of 24 populations in the native North America range and 16 populations in the introduced European range. The introduced taxa can be very distinct in their growth form and size from counterparts in their native range. The shorter broaded-leaved phenotype typically occurs in shallow streams, whereas the longer spacer narrow-leaved phenotype occurs in lakes. Larger leaf width and higher number of lateral shoots - when nutrients are not limiting- may enhance plant performance. The European populations grow more vigorously than their American relatives, possibly because of different selection pressures.

EFFECT OF STEM TIP EXCISION, SPRAYING WITH BENZYLADENINE AND CYCOCEL ON VEGETATIVE GROWTH OF TWO CULTIVARS OF

This study was carried out in the College of Agriculture and Forestry, Mosul University, between February and November/2006 on Gerbera jamesonii cv. Esstafette (red inflorescence) and Essandre (yellow inflorescence), to investigate the effect of stem tip excision and spraying plants with benzyl adenine (BA) at 0, 250 and 500 mg.l-1 or Cycocel (CCC) at 500 and 1000 mg.l-1 separately, on vegetative growth character. The factorial experiment was conducted by using randomized complete block design, each treatment was replicated three times with four plants in block. The results can be summarized as follows: Plants of Essandre cultivars gave largest values of leaves number, leaves area, number of lateral shoots and length of lateral shoots significantly. Excision of apical portion of stem caused a significantly increase of leaves number, chlorophyll content and number of lateral shoots. While the largest length of lateral shoots, higher dry weight obtained when the apical portion of stem wasn't excised. Spraying plants with BA at 500 mg.l-1 caused a significantly increase of leaves area, chlorophyll content, number of lateral shoots and dry weight compared with control. But plant sprayed with CCC gave higher values of leaves number and number of lateral shoots. In general, pinched plants of Estafette and Essandre cultivars sprayed with BA at 500 mg.l-1 revealed best results of leaves number 22.00 and 25.48 leaves /plant, leaves area 1928.0 and 1926.7 cm2, chlorophyll content 10.65 and 10.39 mg. g fresh weight for two cultivars, respectively.

Gardenia jasminoides Height Control Using a Photoselective Polyethylene Film

The use of chemical growth retardants is a standard practice for compact gardenia plant production. The aim of this study was to investigate the possibility of using a photoselective polyethylene greenhouse covering film as an alternative to chemical treatment for production of compact potted gardenia (Gardenia jasminoides Ellis) plants. Two types of experiments were carried out: 1) on gardenia cuttings rooted in rooting benches; and 2) on young potted plants grown under low tunnels. In both experiments, two types of cover materials were used: 1) a photoselective polyethylene (P-PE), filtering light within the wavelength range 600 to 750 nm; and 2) a common polyethylene film (C-PE) routinely used in greenhouse practice. Values of photosynthetically active radiation (in a wavelength of 400 to 700 nm), cover materials' spectral properties (in a wavelength range of 400 to 1100 nm), air temperature, and relative humidity were recorded inside the rooting benches and under the low tunnels. Plant growth parameters (main shoot length and leaf area and lateral shoot number, leaf area, and fresh and dry weight) were determined along the growth cycle. Cuttings rooted under the P-PE film received light with high ζn values (ratio of Rn: 655 to 665 nm to far red FRn: 725 to 735 nm) and high blue (B: 400 to 500 nm) to red (R: 600 to 700 nm) ratio (B:R) and were 68.7% shorter and had 21% lower leaf area compared with cuttings rooted under the C-PE film. Similarly, plants that were rooted and then grown under the low tunnels covered with the P-PE film, compared with plants rooted and grown under C-PE film, were 59% shorter, had 85% lower leaf area, 89% lower fresh weight, and 86% lower dry weight, whereas they did not produce lateral shoots. However, plants rooted under the C-PE film and then grown under the P-PE-covered low tunnels were 26% shorter and developed fewer laterals than plants rooted and grown under tunnels covered with C-PE film. Finally, plants rooted under the P-PE film and then grown under tunnels covered with C-PE film developed into compact, well-shaped plants, because they had a drastic reduction of height (56%) without an effect on leaf area, shoot and leaf fresh and dry weight, and the number of lateral shoots.

EFFECT OF SOME TREATMENTS ON GROWTH AND ROOTING OF LATERAL SHOOTS OF TWO CVS OF Gerbera jamesonii

This study was carried out in the College of Agriculture and Forestry/Mosul University, between February and November/2006 on Gerbera jamesonii cvs Esstafette (red inflorescence) and Essandre (yellow inflorescence), to investigate the effect of different concentrations of plant growth regulators and stem tip excision on rooting ability of lateral shoots. Hence the factors investigated were: Excision of apical portion of stem (pinch) or without, spraying plants with Benzyl adenine (BA) at 0.250 and 500 mg.l-1 or Cycocel (CCC) at 500 and 1000 mg.l-1 separately, and response of two cultivars of G. jamesonii (Essandre and Estafette). The Factorial Experiment was conducted by using Randomized Complete Block Design, each treatment was replicated three times with four plants in block. The results showed that spraying plants with BA at 500 mg.l-1 caused a significant increase in the number of lateral shoots 1.83 shoots/plant. Lateral shoots taken from Essandre plants gave best results of roots number, root length, fresh and dry weight. Spraying the stock plants with CCC gave best results of roots number, roots fresh and dry weight.

Transformation of Kalanchoe blossfeldiana with rol-genes is useful in molecular breeding towards compact growth

Dwarf genotypes of the economically important flowering potted plant Kalanchoe blossfeldiana were developed by molecular breeding. Root inducing (Ri)-lines were regenerated by applying CPPU to the hairy roots, which were produced by inoculating leaf explants with a wild-type Agrobacterium rhizogenes strain ATCC15834. Amplification by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and Southern blot analysis confirmed the presence of T-DNA in the Ri-lines. Six Ri-lines were characterised in a greenhouse trial revealing that several morphological traits changed with respect to ornamental value such as plant height, number of lateral shoots, leaf size, leaf number, flower size and number of flowers. The Ri-lines differed in their degree of Ri-phenotype, and the internodes of the Ri-lines were clearly shorter, giving a compact growth habit compared to control plants. Time to anthesis was the same in Ri-line 331 as in control plants and delayed by only 3 days in Ri-line 306 as compared to control plants. A compact plant without delayed flowering can be assumed to be valuable for further breeding.

Adubação nitrogenada e potássica do Aster ericoides cultivado em ambiente protegido

O Aster ericoides é uma flor de corte recentemente introduzida no Brasil com grande potencial de produção e aceitação pelo mercado consumidor, mas são escassas as informações sobre o manejo da adubação, prática fundamental para desenvolvimento e qualidade da planta. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar adubações nitrogenadas e potássicas na produção e absorção de nutrientes pelo Aster ericoides (White Master) cultivado em Latossolo Amarelo eutrófico em condições de estufa. O experimento foi instalado em delineamento de blocos completos em esquema fatorial (4x4) com 4 doses de N (0; 50; 75 e 100 kg ha-1 N), 4 doses de K (0; 52; 78; 104 kg ha-1 K2O) e 4 repetições no segundo ciclo da planta. A população foi de 400 mil plantas por hectare. Após 105 dias, foram colhidas dez hastes de cada parcela. A produção de matéria seca de hastes e folhas, número de flores por haste, número de ramificações laterais por haste não foram influenciadas pelos tratamentos. A dose de 46 kg ha-1 de N proporcionou máxima produção de matéria seca de flores (19,40 g planta-1) e a adubação com potássio não influenciou as características avaliadas. Estes resultados mostraram que é preciso ser cauteloso com as altas adubações de N e K no solo estudado para não reduzir a produção de matéria seca de flores. Mais estudos sobre a fertilização nitrogenada e potássica devem ser realizados para definir a recomendação de doses adequadas para o cultivo de Aster ericoides em condições tropicais.

Quantitative trait loci controlling flowering time and related traits in a Solanum lycopersicum × S. pimpinellifolium cross

Flowering time is an important factor determining early yield in tomato. However, the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) controlling flowering time and their relation to other QTLs for morphological and physiological traits have not been well studied. The aim of this study was to map the chromosomal regions controlling days to flowering (DTF) concurrently with other traits, such as the number of leaves preceding the first inflorescence (LN), length of the largest leaf (LL), number of lateral shoots (LS), fresh weight (FRW) and plant height (PH). This was undertaken using an inbred backcross population derived from a cross between the commercial cultivar Solanum lycopersicum cv. ‘M570018’ and its close wild relative S. pimpinellifolium (PI124039). S. pimpinellifolium flowers earlier than the cultivated tomato. Plants were grown in spring and summer. Composite interval mapping detected 16 QTLs for the six traits evaluated. These QTLs explained 10–42% of the individual phenotypic variation. QTLs detected in spring generally did not differ from those detected in summer. In chromosome 1, the DTF QTL was co-located with the QTLs for LL, LS and FRW, while in chromosome 3 it was co-located with the QTLs for LN, FRW (summer) and PH. One DTF QTL that was detected in chromosome 3 and conferred by the S. pimpinellifolium allele hastens flowering. The co-location of the DTF QTL with the LN QTL suggested that the DTF QTL in chromosome 3 controls the period from the vegetative to reproductive phase. Co-locations of DTF QTLs with the other traits might be pleiotropic effects of a single gene or cluster of genes via physiological relationships among traits because they were found to be highly significantly correlated.

Possible early selection of short juvenile period olive plants based on seedling traits

The relationship between the length of the juvenile period and nine olive seedling parameters (plant height, diameter, number of nodes, lateral shoots, internode length, leaf length, width, area, and shape index) was explored in 287 plants belonging to four different progeny. The traits were measured at two timepoints: after the plants had completed a forced growth cycle in the greenhouse/shadehouse (15 months after sowing) and after one growing season in the field (27 months after sowing). Strong linear tendencies of most vigour traits (mainly plant height and diameter) with the time of first flowering were observed. Leaf traits measured after one year in the field were also related to the length of the juvenile period, but not the same traits that were measured the previous year. Strong positive correlations were observed between the parameters studied. All results are discussed in terms of selecting the best seedling traits to be used as pre-selection criteria for short juvenile period during early stages.

Growth of Poinsettia as Affected by Cultivar, Thinning, and Pot Size

The effect of thinning to three, four, five, or six lateral shoots on the growth parameters of five differently colored poinsettia (Euphorbia pulcherrima) cultivars (‘Christmas Star’, ‘Christmas Feelings’, ‘Cortez Candy’, ‘Marble Star’, and ‘Primero Roso’) was studied by consecutive measurements of growth from September to December. In a separate experiment, the effect of pot size (13-, 15-, or 18-cm diameter) on growth of ‘Christmas Star’ was studied. Cultivars responded similarly to thinning, but during the growing season, apparent differences in vegetative growth parameters between cultivars were observed, with ‘Primero Roso’ evaluated as the most vigorous. At the single-shoot level, the increased number of lateral shoots decreased the number of nodes at the beginning and the stem diameter at the end of the experiment. Leaf area, dry weight of stems, and total plant weight increased as the number of laterals increased at the end of experiment. The most distinctive canopy attribute in this study was the bract color because, according to customer evaluation, significant differences in visual appearance among tested cultivars were observed only for that trait. Pot size differentially affected the vegetative growth parameters of poinsettia ‘Christmas Star’. Increasing pot size from a 13- to 18-cm diameter resulted in an increase of plant canopy diameter, stem diameter, and the number of nodes on lateral shoots. There were no other substantial benefits on the measured growth parameters that could justify the use of pots larger than a 13-cm diameter for a poinsettia crop established at the beginning of September.

Plant regrowth response to a stem‐boring insect: a swift moth‐willow system

AbstractTo examine plastic willow regrowth response to herbivory, we studied the effect of a boring insect, the swift moth Endoclita excrescens (Hepialidae: Lepidoptera), which does not remove apical meristems, on shoot growth in three willow species—Salix gilgiana, S. eriocarpa, and S. serissaefolia−by direct observations and experiments in the field. We hypothesized that the stem‐boring could initiate new lateral bud activation, and result in secondary shoot regrowth without the removal of the primary apical meristems. There were significantly more lateral shoots on naturally attacked than unattacked stems, and a significant positive correlation between lateral shoot density and the number of swift moth tunnels per tree was observed for all three willow species. Artificial boring, and larval infestation, resulted in an increase in the number of lateral shoots, but did not affect growth of current‐year shoots. The length of lateral shoots differed between species, being significantly longer in S. gilgiana than S. eriocarpa and S. serissaefolia. The results of this study show that compensatory regrowth can result even if herbivory does not remove the apical meristem. We argue that this type of plant compensatory response is probably widespread, given that the stem‐boring is a common feeding type of insect herbivores.

Calagem e adubação fosfatada promovem crescimento inicial e produção de hipericina em erva-de-São-João

A erva-de-São-João é uma planta medicinal empregada no tratamento antidepressivo. A hipericina é considerada um dos compostos que contribui para o efeito medicinal da planta. Uma vez que a concentração e a quantidade do princípio ativo pode ser afetada pela nutrição das plantas, este trabalho teve por objetivo avaliar os efeitos do pH do solo e da adubação fosfatada sobre o crescimento inicial e a produção de hipericina em erva-de-São-João. O experimento foi realizado em Lages, SC, de julho a dezembro de 2003, em casa de vegetação. Utilizou-se delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado (fatorial 4 x 3), correspondendo a quatro valores de pH (4,1; 5,5; 6,0 e 6,5) e três doses de P (0, 50 e 100 mg kg-1 de solo), com quatro repetições. Foram cultivadas duas plantas por vaso, em um Cambissolo Húmico Álico. Avaliou-se a produção de massa seca, a altura e o número de ramificações da parte aérea, o número de glândulas escuras nas folhas e a concentração e a quantidade total de hipericina na parte aérea. A produção de massa seca da parte aérea aumentou com a adição de P e, em maior magnitude, com a calagem. A altura das plantas somente foi influenciada pela calagem. O número de ramificações e de glândulas escuras e a concentração de hipericina aumentaram com a aplicação de P apenas na ausência de calagem, e com a calagem na ausência de P. Os maiores conteúdos de hipericina por vaso foram verificados nos tratamentos com pH 6,0 e 6,5 e doses de P de 50 e 100 mg kg-1 de solo.

Effects of herbivory on above- and below-ground biomass partitioning in two arid-zone dwarf shrubs

Biomass partitioning by arid-zone dwarf shrubs between above- and below-ground fractions could be influenced by plant adaptations to herbivory. The response of potted Indigofera spinosa and I. cliffordiana to heavy and moderate top defoliations, compared to non-defoliated controls, was investigated. Relative growth rates of plants (Weeks 1–8), number of lateral shoots (Weeks 5–13), total number of leaves and leaf area (at Week 13), clipped biomass (CB) at Weeks 8 and 11 as well as residual biomass (RB), total above-ground biomass (TAGB) (i.e. the sums of CB and RB) and total root biomass (TRB) by treatments at Week 13 were greater in I. cliffordiana than in I. spinosa. Clipping reduced the shoot-root ratio (S:R) in I. cliffordiana but not in I. spinosa. For I. spinosa, plants defoliated at moderate intensities produced more root biomass (22.9%) than at heavy regimes (17.6%) or the controls (12.9%). In I. cliffordiana, below-ground biomass as a fraction of the combined biomass was less in control plants (16.5%), compared to moderate (18.2%) and heavy defoliation treatments (26.5%). The two dwarf shrub species compensated at different intensities for above- and below-ground biomass: I. spinosa at moderate defoliations and I. cliffordiana at heavy defoliations.

(31) Growth Response and Fruit Yield of Solanum integrifolium to Growing Medium and Fertility under Reduced Irradiance and Long-day Photoperiod

Four-week-old seedlings of Scarlet eggplant (Solanum integrifolium Poir.), a short-day fruiting vegetable, were grown for 20 weeks in a greenhouse (G/H) from 14 Mar. to 2 Aug. 2005. Mean daily photosynthetic photon flux in the G/H was about 480, 349 and 71 μmol·m–2·s–1 above-, within canopy; and at pot level, respectively in July. Seedlings were grown either in Turface® (fritted clay) or fine sand. Fertilizer treatment consisted of 5 g Osmocote® (18% N-6% P2O5-12% K2O) per pot, plus 100 mL of Peat-lite® (15% N-16% P2O5-17% K2O) solution at 200 mg·L-1 of N twice weekly, or Peat-lite only. Seedling growth (plant height, leaf number) during the first 12 weeks in both growing media was similar regardless of fertilizer treatment. The number of lateral shoots (not fruit number, FRN) increased from early fruit set (week 14) until termination (week 20), but there were no significant (P = 0.05) growing media or fertilizer treatment effects. While root dry mass was similar in both growing media, shoot dry mass was significantly (P < 0.0001) increased in fritted clay. Conversely, FRN and fruit dry mass (FDM) were, respectively, 8- and 11-fold greater in sand compared with fritted clay. Fertilizer treatment had no significant (P = 0.05) effect on both FRN and FDM either in fritted clay or sand. These trends indicate that S. integrifolium can produce limited amounts of fruit under the long daylength conditions of the summer at reduced irradiance, but factors determining shoot growth may have significant influence on fruit yield under this condition.

Peach seedling growth in replant and non-replant soils after inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi

The effect of pre-inoculation with arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF) on post-transplant growth of peach seedlings in replant and non-replant soils was studied for two successive seasons. Seedlings raised in sterile media and pre-inoculated with soil-based Gigaspora margarita inoculum were transplanted in replant and non-replant field soils alongside non-inoculated controls. Pre-inoculated seedlings transplanted in non-replant soils showed greater initial growth in the first year. Plant height, and lateral shoot length and number was highest in non-replant soils irrespective of mycorrhizal pre-inoculation. Similarly, biomass yield was significantly higher in seedlings in non-replant soils, though there were no significant differences in shoot/root ratios, and in tissue mineral content between and within treatments. Seedling infection by indigenous AMF was high in both replant and non-replant soils, and even non-inoculated seedlings recorded high infection levels after the first season. Generally, mycorrhizal activity was lower, and spore populations higher in replant soils, while the opposite was true in non-replant soils. It seems that soil sickness has a negative impact on plant metabolism and limits the capacity of the plant host to support the mycorrhizal symbiosis.

The effect of genotype, location and their interaction on early growth and branching in apricot trees

SummaryThe purpose of this study was to identify relevant variables and appropriate stages in tree development to determine, as early as possible, genetic differences in growth and branching of apricot trees. Quantitative growth and branching traits of young trees were studied in four genotypes planted at three locations in the French growing area. Over the first three years of growth, the organisation of ten limbs was described for each genotype location combination using ‘AMAPmod’ methodology. From the first year, the length, diameters, volume and sylleptic branching of limbs were influenced by genotype. In the second and third years, genetic variability was more clearly detected when cumulative variables, rather than annual variables, were considered on the cumulative components of limbs. At all three locations, the diameters, volume and number of long laterals were greatly affected, in particular, by genotype when the data were accumulated over the first 2 years. In addition, the abortion of short laterals developed on the first annual shoot was influenced by genotype. In contrast, from the second year, location clearly affected the length and number of “growth units” of limbs. As regards branching, location influenced the number of sylleptic shoots in the first year, then the number of long lateral shoots in the second year. Finally, the study showed that genetic differences in growth and branching need at least 3 years to be expressed on appropriate parts of the limbs and could be used to assess early breeding criteria for tree vigour and form.

Relative impact of browsing by red deer on mixed coniferous and broad-leaved seedlings—An enclosure-based experiment

Browsing by mammalian herbivores may help regulate the balance between woody and herbaceous vegetation where agricultural land has been abandoned. Until now, the potential of controlled grazing as a research tool has not yet been fully utilized. In this study, we used an enclosure-based experiment to assess the impact of browsing by red deer on the fate of seedlings on a woodland edge. Species, size, number of lateral shoots, and relative location of seedlings were recorded in 1 m 2 plots ( n = 57) distributed among four vegetation types. From autumn 2000 to winter 2002, after the stay of three tame hinds in the enclosure for 5-day periods in each season (a year-round deer density of 15 hinds/km 2), we checked for loss or browsing damage of seedlings. From autumn 2000 to summer 2001, we additionally recorded the diurnal time spent feeding by the hinds during days 1, 3, and 5, and we simulated their food intake by hand during days 2 and 4. Mortality rates for willow Salix caprea and ash Fraxinus excelsior was higher than for silver fir Abies alba seedlings. Losses due to dehydration, which peaked under coniferous, were counterbalanced by growth of new seedlings. Loss due to browsing was uncommon. Deer impact on coniferous seedlings was insignificant all year long. More broad-leaved seedlings were browsed in spring and summer than in winter. Leader browsing increased with height, most of the taller seedlings occuring in herbaceous vegetation, especially wild cherry Prunus avium. Previously damaged seedlings suffered significantly higher leader browsing than previously undamaged ones. Behavioural observations showed that old pasture was selected by foraging deer all year-round. In autumn, spring and summer, due to quick depletion, the relative contribution of seedlings to the total food intake peaked during day 1, most (>75%) concerning wild cherry. Our results suggest that deer browsing on woody seedlings has more to do with species preference, height structure, growth, and seasonal phenology of seedlings than with induced mortality. Choice of previously damaged seedlings and non-random habitat use by deer can prove useful by minimizing natural regeneration of seedlings close to pastures. Further work is required on long term controlled browsing experiments to better understand natural regeneration of mixed woodland species.

A NEW FUNCTIONAL FERTILIZER CONTAINING 5-AMINOLEVULINIC ACID PROMOTED HYDROPONICALLY-GROWN VEGETABLES IN THE NETHERLANDS

A NEW FUNCTIONAL FERTILIZER CONTAINING 5-AMINOLEVULINIC ACID PROMOTED HYDROPONICALLY-GROWN VEGETABLES IN THE NETHERLANDS