Number Of Industrial Units Research Articles

Heavy metals contamination in water, sediments and fish of freshwater ecosystems in Pakistan

Abstract Freshwater ecosystems are being contaminated by heavy metal pollution. The primary source of contamination is wastewater discharged from urban, industrial, and agricultural facilities. The contaminated water contains hazardous amounts of heavy metals mixed in the freshwater ecosystem, causing deleterious impacts on marine life and humans. This review paper highlights the contamination of the freshwater ecosystem of Pakistan with heavy metals. Heavy metals' concentration in sediments, water, and fish were assessed in the food chain, and their relationship with sites and sources was explored. It was observed that heavy metals present in freshwater and sediments bio-accumulate into fish organs. It was also found that some parts of freshwaters such as the rivers Ravi, Chenab, Kabul, and Indus were highly contaminated, and they imposed negative impacts on fish and human health. The River Ravi, receiving a huge amount of industrial and sewage wastewater from urban centers and industries of Central Punjab, was highly contaminated compared to other rivers of Pakistan. The ecosystem health of River Indus was the best among all the rivers of Pakistan due to the enormous volume of water flow and less number of industrial units along with it. Freshwater fish of the rivers Indus, Chenab, and Jhelum are consumable for humans. The presence of heavy metals also causes social, environmental, and economic problems. Therefore, the wastewater should be treated before discharge into freshwater streams and rivers to lessen the harmful impacts of heavy metals on marine life and human beings.

The Effect of Wages, Investment, Number of Industrial Units, and Number of Job Opportunities on the Level of Migration to DKI Jakarta in 2008-2019

One of the cities in Indonesia that has quite rapid economic progress is DKI Jakarta. The high minimum wage, investment, number of industrial units, and job opportunities in DKI Jakarta are factors that attract people to migrate to this city. However, in reality, the growth of in-migration to DKI Jakarta in the 2008-2019 period tends to show a decline. This study aims to determine the influence and magnitude of the effect of wages, investment, number of industries, and employment opportunities on in-migration to DKI Jakarta in 2018-2019. The analysis method used is multiple linear regression analysis and the method of least squares Ordinary Least Square (OLS). While the types and methods of research used in this research are descriptive quantitative and verification methods. The data used are data on provincial minimum wages, investment, industrial units, job opportunities, and data on incoming migration in DKI Jakarta in the 2008-2019 timeframe. The data in this study came from the Central Bureau of Statistics. The results showed that the provincial minimum wage (UMP) and investment (INV) variables partially affected the incoming oil (MM) to DKI Jakarta in 2008-2019. Meanwhile, the industrial unit variable (UIN) and the variable number of job opportunities (KKJ) partially did not affect in-migration to DKI Jakarta (MM) in 2008-2019. This research implies that in dealing with the high rate of population movement, the government needs to implement policies to overcome it such as increasing the provincial minimum wage, investment, the number of industrial units.

Analysing and modelling the relationship between air freight movement and airport characteristics in India

Air freight transportation is paramount for the expansion of trade and economic growth of any country. Recent statistics indicates that developing countries like India, are showing continuous growth trend in air freight sector; however, the modelling efforts for the air freight are scarce as compared to other freight mode. This paper analysed the relationship between air freight demand and airport characteristics using the aggregate data collected from the 42 airports around India. A set of statistical models were developed using regression analyses to estimate the air freight tonnage in an airport. The models are designed by considering their practical applications in facility planning and investment decision for airport infrastructure. Three different types of determinants were identified related city, physical, and operational characteristics of the airports. The results showed that number of industrial units in the city is a key determinant in predicting the air freight demand followed by population. On the other hand, physical and operational characteristics such as runway length, building area, passenger volume, and aircraft movement showed better correlation with freight activities. Another important finding is that the air freight demand will significantly change based on the city type in which the airport is located. Comparison of modelling results using different approaches revealed that that panel data regression models using airport’s operational characteristics gives better presentation of air-freight movement. Overall, the air freight demand models discussed in this paper may be utilized in facility planning, policy effect analysis and access road improvements of airports in India.

Estimation of industrial water demand in India using census-based statistical data

Rising population and industrialisation aided by technological advancements have resulted in increased industrial water demand in India. Industrial water demand accounts for about 8–10 % of the total water demand in the country. Although some national and international organisations report industrial water demand, there is a wide variation in data due to the scarcity of the reliable data and inconsistencies in the methods adopted for quantification. Rather than using these estimates, the census-based statistical data could provide better figures. Therefore, the present study aims to quantify industrial water demand by compiling census-based statistical data collected from various Governmental agencies in India. Based on census datasets collected at National and State Governmental institutions, this study develops a new model to estimate industrial water demand. Industrial water demand is estimated in this study at State and monthly scale from 1991 to 2010. The study models industrial water demand as a function of industrial production data, industrial survey components, and economic/technological development indicators. Principal component analysis is employed to reduce these large number of input variables to a smaller number of latent variables, which account for the variance in the input variables. The model results are cross-validated with industrial water demand data obtained from National Commission on Integrated Water Resources Development (NCIWRD). Country-level estimates are disaggregated to State-level water demand estimates based on number of industrial units in each State. These State-level results are verified against an independent census dataset on industrial water demand collected from State Governmental organisations. It is found that industrial water demand increased at a rate of 2% per annum during the period of analysis, which exceeds the increase rate of agricultural and domestic water demands during the same period.

Tax Incentive Policy for Development of Himalayan and North-eastern States in India

Government of India announced a tax incentive policy for North-eastern and Himalayan states by which income tax and excise duty exemption of ₹2,186,330 million was granted for a period of 12 years from financial year (FY) 2004–2005 to FY 2015–2016 to new industrial units set up in these states, with an objective to boost development. The aim of this article is to evaluate whether these states have developed as a result of this policy and also to examine whether the policy has affected the North-eastern and Himalayan states differently. In this article, the development is measured on six indicators: (i) per capita net state domestic product; (ii) per capita manufacturing sector state domestic product; (iii) per capita employment in private sector; (iv) number of industrial units set up; (v) amount of investment in the industrial units and (vi) human development index. It is observed that only Himachal Pradesh, Uttarakhand and Sikkim show development as a result of the policy and even this development has taken place only in pockets. The policy has failed to give fillip to development in the seven North-eastern states. As a policy recommendation, this article suggests that the government should discontinue tax incentives. It should collect taxes on Pan-India basis and use it on infrastructural development of these states, especially on those projects demanded by the states.

FDI and Business Internationalization of the Unorganized Sector: Evidence from Indian Manufacturing

Available evidence, though limited to the organized sector only, suggests that FDI generally flowing in with MNE activities or FIIs generate technological and market access spillovers for firms outside the core group in destination countries. We investigate the organizational link between formal and informal sectors in India and argue that the spread of internationalization is more when production outsourcing prevails between such units. Higher wage in the organized sector is a factor that breaks standard institutional barriers leading to outsourcing of production to informal units. The evidence is puzzling to the extent that foreign capital and better know-how as drivers of international business to developing countries usually relax the credit constraint facing formal sector units at the destination. Using a measure of technology and a panel data for a large number of industrial units in India, we show that FDI transmitted through technology spill over leads to significant increase in the gross value added for the firms located in the informal sector. The paper points out that production reorganization associated with international business should provide additional insights for standard measures of internationalization of production and services.

A IMPLANTAÇÃO E A CONSOLIDAÇÃO DA INDÚSTRIA DE CONFECÇÃO NA MESOREGION SUDOESTE DO PARANÁ

A indústria de confecção foi uma das indústrias precursorasdo processo de industrialização da Mesoregion Sudoeste doParaná. Essa indústria iniciou suas atividades na Mesoregionno final da década de 1970 e início da década de 1980. Apartir da década de 1990, teve um expressivo crescimentotanto em número de unidades industriais quanto em termos departicipação na geração de emprego e renda, posicionando-seentre os setores industriais com maior importância econômicapara a região. O presente artigo tem por objetivo identificaros fatores que condicionaram a implantação da indústria deconfecção na Mesoregion Sudoeste do Paraná e suas perspectivas.Como conclusão, apresenta um conjunto de fatoresque influenciaram na implantação e consolidação da indústriade confecção na Mesoregion e avalia as perspectivas dessaindústria regional com base no estudo de suas vantagenscompetitivas.

Nonlinear Model Predictive Control of Industrial Type IV Fluid Catalytic Cracking (FCC) Units for Maximum Gasoline Yield

This paper addresses the problem of stabilizing the operation of an industrial type IV fluid catalytic cracking unit (FCCU) around an unstable high gasoline yield operating steady state. The model used in the work has been previously checked successfully against a number of industrial units. The stabilization is achieved through simulated implementation of a model predictive control (MPC) version that utilizes the nonlinear model in the output prediction. A state estimation technique is also incorporated in the MPC algorithm to improve the latter performance in the presence of unmeasured disturbances and/or parametric modeling errors. Two types of closed-loop simulations were tested, namely, servo and regulator problems. The results of the simulation illustrated that operating the FCCU at the unstable region is possible due to the effectiveness of MPC in handling such a problem. It is also found that, for an open-loop unstable process, state estimation must be used to improve the feedback response of MPC ...