Number Of HIV-infected People Research Articles

Socio-demographic features of HIV infection in Primorsky Territory

The article presents an analysis of the socio-demographic characteristics of HIV infection in the Primorsky Territory. The data for analysis were taken from the reporting forms of statistical data (information on the results of blood tests for antibodies to HIV, information on the disease caused by the human immunodeficiency virus) GBUZ «Regional Clinical Hospital No. 2» Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases for the period of 2018–2020. In recent years, the disease has been diagnosed in older age groups. In the general structure of newly diagnosed persons with HIV infection, there remain a consistently high proportion of adults who are the most able-bodied and sexually active. There is a stable increase in the proportion of morbidity and mortality among men in the general structure of patients diagnosed for the first time in the Primorsky Territory. In the total population of HIV-infected patients, the dominant route of HIV transmission is still parenteral (with intravenous drug use), although there is an annual stable decrease in its share in the total number of newly diagnosed patients. Mortality due to the parenteral (narcotic) route of HIV transmission among HIV-positive men is significantly higher in the general structure of HIV-infected. Among the population of Primorsky Krai, the largest number of HIV-infected people are unemployed patients. The proportion of women of reproductive age is increasing, but the detection rate of HIV infection among pregnant women is decreasing. HIV infection affects the most working-age population, affecting demographic indicators. Despite the efforts aimed at combating the epidemic, HIV infection still remains one of the main socially significant threats to the health of all mankind.

Epidemiological Study of AIDS in Qom Province, Iran

Background and Aim: Unfortunately, AIDS has high morbidity and mortality due to its easy transmission, secrecy, severe complications, and no definitive treatment. This study aimed to investigate the epidemiology of HIV in Qom Province, Iran. Materials and Methods: This analytical cross-sectional study was performed on patients with AIDS referred to the Behavioral Diseases Counseling Clinic in Qom Province from its opening until the first half of 2019. Sampling was done by census and reviewing all registered files in this clinic. The inclusion criteria were completed files of all patients. However, records of patients who were incomplete or had other sexually transmitted diseases and neurological disorders were excluded from the study. After data collection, the files were entered in SPSS software, version 22. Results: A total of 612 patients were studied in this study. The mean age of the patients was 36.63±9.41 (±SD) years. Also, 523 patients were males (85.5%), and 89 were females (14.5%). The numbers (percentages) of single, divorced, and widows people were 217 (39.6%), 89 (16.2%), and 12 (2.2%), respectively. Most people (221 people, 42.5%) had primary education, and only 3 (0.6%) had a bachelor’s degree. Most of them lived in urban areas (501, 97.9%) and were unemployed (323, 58.7%). Also, 403 (83.4%) had a history of addiction, 392 (95.7%) were injecting drug users, 345 (95%) had a history of injection among injecting drug users, 277 (66.1%) had extramarital sex, 245 (96.1%) had several sexual intercourses, 26 (10.4%) used condom, and 18 patients (7.8%) had an infected child. The number of HIV-infected people in Qom until 2012 was about 477 people, which comprised 0.041% of the province’s population (1151672 people the population of this province according to the 2011 census registered in the Statistics Center of Iran). Conclusion: According to the study findings and the national statistics regarding the change of the primary method of transmission from injection to sex from 1997 to 2013 in Qom Province, we can conclude that Qom Province is also moving towards changing the main method of transmission from drug injection to sexual transmission.

FEATURES OF KIDNEY DAMAGE IN HIV-INFECTED

Relevance. In HIV-infected patients, renal disease, which is characterized by severe clinical manifestations, can significantly affect the prognosis of life. Given the growing number of HIV-infected people in the world and the increase in the life expectancy of such patients, an increase in the number of HIV-infected people in need of expensive renal replacement therapy, as well as kidney transplantation, should be expected. But the question of the nature of kidney damage in HIV infection in Ukraine is still insufficiently covered.
 The objective of the work is to establish the clinical and laboratory features of kidney damage in HIV infection.
 Materials and methods. 292 patients with HIV were examined. Screening for markers of kidney damage (albuminuria/proteinuria) was performed by test systems (using urine strips). The results obtained with the help of test strips were considered as indicative. In the presence of ≥1+ proteinuria in the screening test, which corresponded to a gradation of 30 mg/l, repeated urine analyzes were performed with quantitative determination of protein on a spectrophotometer, separated in time from 3 days to one week. The functional state of the kidneys was assessed by an integrated indicator that characterizes the degree of preservation/loss of mass of active nephrons. The criterion for renal impairment was a decrease in glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60 ml/min by 1.73 m2. Chronic kidney disease was diagnosed when proteinuria or proteinuria was detected in combination with a decrease in GFR for 3 months or more.
 Results. Based on the main markers of renal damage (persistent proteinuria (PU) and glomerular filtration rate <60 ml/min/1.73m2), 48 people were diagnosed with chronic kidney disease, which was often accompanied by dysfunction of these organs. Based on the analysis of complaints, anamnestic data, and clinical symptoms of kidney damage, patients were divided into 2 groups. The first group (n = 31, or 64.6%) - patients with tubulointerstitial, the second group (n = 17, or 35.4%) - patients with glomerular diseases. Increased PU levels are accompanied by significantly significant renal impairment and a more frequent combination with hypertension and hematuria in the absence of significant differences in the frequency of opportunistic diseases.
 Conclusions. In HIV-infected kidney damage is most often characterized by their tubulointerstitial lesions. At the same time, glomerular kidney damage, which is much less common, is accompanied by significantly higher levels of HIV RNA.

Клиническое наблюдение вторичного сифилиса у ВИЧ-инфицированного пациента

Syphilis is one of the urgent problems in modern dermatovenerology. Despite the comprehensive study and wide popularity of the disease, certain diagnostic difficulties arise in some clinical situations. In recent years, there has been a downward trend in the syphilis incidence in the Russian Federation, while the number of HIV-infected people is steadily increasing. The presence of both infections in the patient simultaneously aggravates the clinical picture, and is commonly the cause of diagnostic errors, contributing to the disease spread among the population. The article presents a clinical case of a young female patient with secondary syphilis associated with HIV infection, hepatitis C, gonorrhea and trichomoniasis. Secondary syphilis was detected randomly, in an AIDS center. Despite repeated hospitalizations, it was not possible to conduct complete treatment of syphilis due to the patient’s unwillingness to be treated and her unauthorized leaving of the healthcare facility. In this publication, we would like to draw attention to the disease as a problem of modern society: a conniving attitude and lack of responsibility contribute to the spread of syphilitic infection. KEYWORDS: secondary syphilis, HIV infection, mixed infection, sexually transmitted infections, benzylpenicillin. FOR CITATION: Koshkin S.V., Evseev A.L., Ryabova V.V., Kovrova O.S. Clinical case of secondary syphilis in an HIV-infected patient. Russian Medical Inquiry. 2021;5(11):778–781 (in Russ.). DOI: 10.32364/2587-6821-2021-5-11-778-781.

MATHEMATICALLY MODELING THE SPREAD OF HIV/AIDS INFECTION AFTER THE INTRODUCTION OF ANTIRETROVIRAL THERAPY IN GHANA.

One of the deadliest and highly infectious diseases is Human Immunodeficiency Virus-Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (HIV-AIDS). One person was first diagnosed with HIV-AIDS in the Eastern region part of Ghana in 1986, followed by 41 more in the same year. The spread of the disease was so unbearable in the subsequent years (1987-2003), even after several intervention measures taken by Government and other stakeholders. Hence, in 2003, the antiretroviral therapy (ART) program was introduced by the Ghana AIDS Commission (GAC) through the Ghana Health Service (GHS) to sabotage the virus such that it cannot be transmitted from one person to another, not even from the pregnant mother to the unborn child. It is in this direction that this research was conducted to use differential equations to derive a model for the prediction of the HIV/AIDS infection rate, after the introduction of the ART program in Ghana. The data on the number of HIV infected people per each year (I) for the years 2003-2018 were collated from the reports given by Ghana AIDS Commission (GAC), WHO and UNAIDS published on their associate websites. Differential equations, with the employment of numerical analysis of data, were used to derive a model for the prediction of the yearly number of HIV/AIDS infected people. Graphical analysis on the residuals of the predicted number of HIV/AIDS infected people (residual analysis) were carried out to check whether the derived model was adequate or not. Finally, a model was derived using ordinary differential equations and the yearly numbers of HIV infected people estimated using the model were in descending, order as portrayed in the original data set. The residual analysis on the model adequacy checking proved that the model is adequate for the prediction of the number of HIV infected people in Ghana. In effect, the ART program really played a major role in the reduction of the HIV infection rate. The uniqueness of this research is portrayed in the fact that it is the first time differential equation is being employed in Ghanaian academia to derive a model for the future prediction of the HIV infection rate. 
 Keywords: Human Immunodeficiency Virus, Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome, antiretroviral therapy, HIV-Infected People, Susceptible People.

Reasons of adult HIV-infected patients for referring to the general emergency care network

The number of HIV-infected people is increasing every year. These patients, in addition to visiting regional AIDS centers, are referred for emergency care to various healthcare institutions, which became the reason for this study. Reasons of referring for emergency care to the round-the-clock duty hospital in Omsk among HIV-infected persons were analyzed. Reasons of admission via ambulance among HIV-infected people, among which the first place was poisoning, were revealed. It is interesting, that a quarter of the admitted patients did not know about their HIV-positive status. The obtained data will help determine directions for the preventive activities in healthcare institutions of the region.

HIV / AIDS as a Threat to the Demographic Securiy of the Region

The Object of the Study. The territory of the Ural Federal Okrug with HIV infection spread.The Subject of the Study. The socioeconomic relations between the executive and the health system at all levels that arises about the fixation, diagnosis, prevention of HIV infection The Purpose of the Study is critical diagnosing the state of the territory to predict the number of able-bodied population of the region, taking into account socially significant medical factors (incidence of HIV infection).The Main Provisions of the Article. Fertility decline, population aging, mortality have a directly impact on the demographic situation in the Urals Federal Okrug. Population projections are taking into account different socio-economic trends should precede the development of demographic policies. Currently, in most subjects of the Ural Federal Okrug, the number of elderly people is increasing, the number of people of working age is decreasing and, accordingly, the demographic load on the working population is increasing. In the framework of this study, the calculation of demographic security of the Ural Federal Okrug and a model of the influence of various socio-economic factors on it is proposed. It is shown that the level of demographic security for a number of regions included in the Ural Federal Okrug began to decline in 2015 and strive to get out of the normal state. On the basis of the offered model one of the factors influencing demographic safety – HIV infection and AIDS is chosen. The calculation of the medical and demographic forecast of the able-bodied population, are taking into account the impact of HIV infection. Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk Regions are among the leaders in the number of HIV-infected people, in some regions we are talking about an epidemic. This disease is characterized by a long latent period, the defeat, mainly young people of working age, the high cost of treatment, the lack of reliable methods of treatment and vaccination. The mathematical model allowing to consider influence of HIV infection on change of population of working age is constructed, calculations for Sverdlovsk, Chelyabinsk and Kurgan Regions have been carried out. Comparison of forecast values with and without adjustment for HIV/AIDS factors shows a significant impact of the disease on the demographic picture of the Sverdlovsk and Chelyabinsk Regions.

DYNAMICS OF HIV INFECTION DETECTION RATES AMONG VARIOUS POPULATION GROUPS OF THE REPUBLIC OF BASHKORTOSTAN

The aim of this study was to assess the dynamics of HIV infection detection rates among various groups of the population of the Republic of Bashkortostan in 2003–2017. Materials and methods. The statistical data of the form № 4 of the Federal state statistical observation «Data on the results of blood testing for HIV antibodies» in the Republic of Bashkortostan for the period from 2003 to 2017 were analyzed. The time interval was divided into three periods of 5 years. For each of the five-year periods, the average number of HIV testing, the number of HIV-infected people identified, the level and structure of HIV detection for different groups of the population were calculated. The average number of blood tests for antibodies to HIV common to all groups of people in 2008–2012 increased from 866 307 to 938 978 compared to 2003–2007, and then decreased to 768 143 in 2013–2017. The average indicator of the number of blood tests for HIV antibodies in the Republic of Bashkortostan was 212,4 in 2003–2007, 231,1 in 2008–2012, 188,8 per 1000 population in 2013–2017. The average number of HIV testing for men who have sex with men decreased 58 times from 232 in 2003–2007 to 45 in 2008–2012, and then to 4 in 2013–2017. The largest increase in number of HIV testing (2,3 times) was registered among foreign citizens from 12 982 testing in 2003–2007 to 29 610 in 2013–2017. The average indicator of HIV-infected people common for all groups of the population increased 3,8 times from 736 cases in 2003–2007, to 1260 — in 2008–2012 and 2796 — in 2013–2017. The largest increase in HIV cases, in the studied period of time, was recorded among people examined for clinical indication — 6,2 times (from 140 to 862 cases), among foreign citizens an increase of 4,3 times was registered (from 10 to 43 cases), among the population referred to the group «other» — an increase of 4,2 times (from 111 to 469 cases). The average detection rate of HIV-infected people, common for all groups of the population increased 4,4 times, in 2003–2007 it averaged 81,8, in 2013–2017 — 356,9 per 100 000 testing. The highest increase of detection of HIV infection was registered among prisoners from 299,5 to 2644,0 per 100 000 testing (8,8 times), among the people examined for clinical indications from 68,6 to 409,1 (6,0 times), among drug addicts — from 805,9 to 4356,4 (5,4 times), among the population referred to the group «other» — from 45,4 to 244,5 (5,4 times). In the structure of HIV detection during the study period there were also changes, the average percentage of the group examined on clinical indications increased significantly from 19,69±1,49% in 2003–2007 to 32,16±0,90%, in 2013–2017, this category was in the first place in the structure among all population groups. There was an increase in the average percentage of the population referred to the group «other» from 15,61±1,36% to 17,50±0,73%, this category occupied the second place in the structure. In the structure of HIV detection, the average percentage of pregnant women decreased significantly from 11,39±1,19% to 6,60±0,48%. The study of the dynamics of indicators of detectability of HIV infection among various groups of the population allows us to determine the trends in the spread of the disease in society, which further makes it possible to apply the data in the development of preventive measures

Common mental disorders among HIV-uninfected women living in HIV serodiscordant setting: A clinic-based study in Pune, Maharashtra, India.

India is home to 2.1 million people living with HIV with an estimated 44% people having an uninfected partner. Living in HIV serodiscordant setting can be stressful, especially for women and can lead to several common mental disorders (CMDs). However, the occurrence of CMD in this population is not studied in India. The study aimed to assess the occurrence of CMD in HIV-uninfected women living in HIV serodiscordant setting. A sample of 152 HIV-uninfected women who are wives of HIV-infected men attending an HIV clinic were interviewed by trained interviewers. The International Classification of Diseases-10 diagnosis of any of the CMDs was done using standard structured diagnostic interview MINI 5.0.0. Current, past, and lifetime occurrence was estimated for various CMDs. Chi-square and point-biserial correlation coefficients were used to understand the relationship between various sociodemographic and HIV-related factors with current CMD. The current, past, and lifetime occurrence of at least one CMD was 35.5%, 49.3%, and 62.5%, respectively. Common diagnoses were mixed anxiety-depressive disorder, major depressive disorder, and posttraumatic stress disorder. Of the women with CMD, 22% had accompanying suicidality. The high rate of occurrence of CMD observed among the study population calls for more attention on the policy and program level to address the mental health needs of this population. Globally, more number of HIV-infected people are now linked to the care. This provides an opportunity to incorporate mental health care into routine HIV care.

Gender disparity in epidemiological trend of HIV/AIDS infection and treatment in Ethiopia

BackgroundThe HIV/AIDS epidemic has been fuelled by gender inequality and disparity resulted in violation of women reproductive right. The “feminization” of the pandemic is more apparent in Sub-Saharan Africa where the larger numbers of HIV infected people are living. Although they carry the higher proportion of HIV cases; access to care and treatment is lower among women. In Ethiopia where HIV is prevalent and gender violence is common, the disparity may be higher. Therefore, this research aimed to assesses trends in gender disparity in the HIV/AIDS epidemic in Ethiopia to bring evidence for action.MethodsThis study was conducted using aggregates of HIV/AIDS indicator data from 1990 to 2016 of UNAIDS data bases. The data was compiled and analyzed with excel and STATA Version 11. The trend was assessed, gender difference was measured and rate of change was compared between genders and specific age groups.ResultAdult females (age 15+) accounted 61.5% of the HIV cases and new infection among adults. While, adolescent females (age 10-19) and young women (age 15-24) accounted 52.3 and 57.5% of prevalent cases and 74 and 68% of new infection in their age category respectively. HIV is 1.62 times more prevalent among adult women than men. Since 1990, HIV cases among adults has risen markedly in the first decade with 24 and 20%, then declined by 41.5% in the second decade and rose again by 5 and 8.7% among women and men respectively. The overall prevalence is declined by 72.4 and 71.5% from the maximum record. Women and men have equal access for ART; 62% of men and 61% of women from all adults living with HIV were on ART. While 61% of deaths were among adult women and the death rate is similar among adolescent women and men. AIDS- related death has been declined by 76% from the maximum record.ConclusionHIV/AIDS prevalence, new infection and AIDS-related death are by far higher among adult women than men. While the coverage of treatment and HIV care is equal among both genders. Vulnerable age groups (adolescent females and young women) take the lion’s share of the new infections and prevalent cases. Therefore due attention is needed to avert gender disparity with a particular emphasis for adolescents and young women.

Влияние распространенности наркомании среди населения Приморского края на проявления эпидемического процесса ВИЧ-инфекции

Objective. The epidemiological assessment of influence of drug addiction prevalence rate among Primorskiy Territory population on manifestations of the epidemic process of HIV infection was given. Methods. Retrospective analysis for 2000-2016 was conducted with monitoring data of Regional Clinical Hospital No. 2, Regional Clinical Center for the Prevention and Control of AIDS and Infectious Diseases, and reports and records of Regional Drug Abuse Clinic (form No. 11: 'Report on drug addiction diseases'). Results. The parenteral use of psychoactive narcotic substances prevails (69 %) in the structure of the infection channels of cur rently registered HIV-infected people. During the study, the administrative territories of the region with high and low prevalence of HIV infection and drug addiction were identified. A strong direct relationship (r = 0.72) was established between the levels of drug addiction and HIV infection. Conclusions. The main way of HIV transmission in the Primorsky Territory is parenteral, which affects injecting drug users, remains relevant to this day. At the same time there is a tendency to increase the share of the sexual way of transmission of the human immunodeficiency virus, and often injecting drug users or people, who have ever used narcotic substances, sexually contaminate their partners. The number of HIV-infected people in the group of injecting drug users is also growing steadily.

Associated factors to attitudes and perceptions toward HIV/AIDS: a study of ethnic minorities in Buon Ma Thuot City, Dak Lak Province, Vietnam

Background: In Central Highland of Vietnam, number of HIV infected people in the Highlands region was 2,869, with 654 cases of AIDS. There are very few researches on HIV/AIDS, especially, research in community [14]. The ethnic minority populations are the source of differences from other regions of in the country. Negative attitude and misperception toward HIV/AIDS are remaining among this group. To improve the perception and attitude towards HIV/AIDS among Ethnic minorities. This study aims to illustrate attitude and perception towards HIV/AIDS among ethnic minority in Buon Ma Thuot City and determine factors related to attitude and perception towards HIV/AIDS in this population.Methods: We performed a cross-sectional survey of collected from 810 ethnic minority aged 15-49 in Buon Ma Thuot city, Vietnam in 2012. Face-to-face interviews were conducted to collect information regarding HIV knowledge, HIV perception and attitude towards people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWHA). The mean score was calculated. Multivariate analysis performed to analyze the influence of socio-demographic, HIV information sources and HIV knowledge on attitudes and perception towards HIV/AIDS.Results: We identified the mass media channel is common HIV information resource (92.8%), but the respondents received HIV information through mass media channels had lower perception and attitude towards HIV/AIDS. The multivariate analysis showed that the socioeconomic-demographic characteristic, HIV information, and HIV knowledge significantly associated with perception and attitude towards HIV/AIDS. But the HIV information provided by health officers, who are ethnic minorities had more effectiveness of improving attitude towards PLWHA in community (p<0.05).Conclusion: Based on these data, we recommend improving quality of HIV massage through mass media channel with adequate HIV information combine with social messages. Besides, the role of multichannel mass media and the role of health officers is need to combine together.

Sulfated Glycans in HIV Infection and Therapy.

The Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) is the infectious agent causative of the Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndrome (AIDS). The number of HIV-infected people in the globe is incredibly large. Contrary to the big contamination rates, the incidence rate recently reported of AIDS-related deaths is fairly lower, less than 5% of the total infected population. The reduced rates of the AIDS-associated deaths rely primarily on the growing availability, variety and efficiency of the antiretroviral treatments. During the initial molecular events of the HIV infectivity, the glycoprotein gp120 on the HIV envelop must interact with CD4 and Heparan Sulfate (HS) proteoglycans on the surface of the host cells in order to enable HIV attachment, fusion and entry into these cells. In addition, the Trans-Activator Transcription (Tat), capable to enhance transcription and HIV virulence during infectivity, also binds to HS proteoglycans. The HS binding enables translocation of Tat proteins into the host cells. Certain chemokines and HS competitors such as exogenous glycosaminoglycans and other sulfated glycans, including those isolated from marine organisms, have been extensively studied as potential antiretroviral agents. This article is centered on revisiting the three above-mentioned functions of the sulfated glycans in the HIV infectivity and therapy: the essential roles played by HS in interactions with (1) gp120 during the HIV-host interaction, and (2) with Tat for its translocation into the host cells, and (3) the potential antiretroviral effects exerted by exogenous sulfated glycans of varying structures and origins.

Editorial: HIV Infection and AIDS in Africa - Issues, Lessons Learnt and Next Steps.

Editorial: HIV Infection and AIDS in Africa - Issues, Lessons Learnt and Next Steps.

The dual impact of antiretroviral therapy and sexual behaviour changes on HIV epidemiologic trends in Uganda: a modelling study

ObjectivesAntiretroviral therapy (ART) availability in a population may influence risky sexual behaviour. We examine the potential impact of ART on the HIV epidemic, incorporating evidence for the impact that ART...

‘HIV & TB Drug Resistance & Clinical Management Case Book’ by T Rossouw, R J Lessells, T de Oliveira. Cape Town: South African Medical Research Council, 2013. ISBN 978-1-920014-91-9.

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The oral health of HIV‐infected Brazilian children

The number of HIV-infected people has increased almost continuously. Paediatric dentists should be concerned about the oral findings in HIV-infected children and their aetiologic factors, to promote adequate treatment. To present the oral health aspects of Brazilian HIV-infected children and to verify the aetiological factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted with HIV-infected children. During the medical appointments, children were submitted to visual-tactile exams of oral soft tissues and teeth. All parents answered questions in a structured interview. Data were analysed using the SPSS, release 10.0 (Chicago, IL, USA). Of the 57 children examined, 39 (69.6%) presented one or more oral soft tissue manifestations. More than a half suffered from gingivitis and only 12.5% had no visible dental biofilm. A high prevalence of dental surfaces with active carious lesions was observed; mean DMFS-m and dmfs-m scores were 5.41 ± 5.61 and 16.77 ± 19.52, respectively. Caries activity and gingivitis were correlated with the presence of mature dental biofilm. Prevalence of soft tissue lesions, dental caries and gingivitis in HIV-infected children was high and correlated to lack of satisfactory oral hygiene habits, suggesting the need of therapeutic programmes that allow these children to recover their oral health.

T12-P-03 Psychosexual disturbances in patients HIV infected - preliminary qustionnaire study

Introduction Epidemiologic data suggest that in 2007 the number of HIV infected people in Poland is nearly 11000. The purpose of the study was to assess the psychosexual problems in HIV infected patients. Methods The reaserch was based on personal questionnaire. To assess psychical wellness GHQ-28 scale was used, to assess the sexual problems we used Mell-Krat scale and BSP questionnaire. Results Mean age was 36,2 years, most of respondents were men (75%), average infection period was 8,2 years and most of respondents (37,5%) didn’t know how they had become infected. Most of them were coinfeced with HCV (81.25%). Antiretrovirusal therapy was used with most of patients (51%). The mean result obtained in Mell Krat scale was 35,3 for men (opimal is 39), women result was 46,25 (opimal for women is 55). Mell Krat scale is used to assess the sexual needs and rections. We obtained following mean results in GHQ-28 scale: somatic symptoms - 13,06, anxietyinsomn nia - 10,7, social dysfunction - 11,5, severe depression - 7,38, and were similar in women and men. Most of respondents had permanent partners (81%), in most cases partners were infected with HIV (57%). For nearly 50% patients sex plays a very important thing in their life. Conclusion The preliminary study seems to approve our hipothesis about psychosexual disturbances in HIV infected people. The group of 16 patients is to small to draw a conclusions thus study on bigger group (150 patients) are going to be performed.

AIDS research and its role in China’s AIDS prevention and control policies

By the end of 2005, the estimated number of HIV infected people in China was 650,000. The seriousness of the epidemic calls for effective control measures to tackle the problems in order to avoid the tragedy in Africa from happening in China. “Prevention First” is the cornerstone of the country’s health policy. On 2003 World AIDS Day, Premier Jiabao Wen announced a new national AIDS control policy, “Four Frees and One Care”. This policy clearly shows that the Chinese government has once again taken full responsibility to solve public health problems and has profound impact far beyond the AIDS field. In early 2006, the central government put scientific and technology innovation as a national priority and set the target to build an innovative China by year 2020. Since then, the government has been increasing investment in science and technology with major emphasis on both infectious diseases control and new drug research and development. For the first time, development of 100 new drugs and control of major infectious diseases (AIDS, HBV, TB and other emerging infectious diseases) have been selected as national key scientific projects. China’s best minds in related fields will be pooled to work together in order to remove the technical barriers blocking efficient control of the major infectious disease in China. Knowledge on molecular epidemiology, immunology, pathogenesis, HAART, as well as HIVDR strains will certainly provide urgently needed scientific information for China’s AIDS control program. Only evidence-based strategy from good research will provide long-term effective control of AIDS.

Access To Highly Active Anti-Retroviral Therapy (HAART) For HIV Infection In India

Background: Among millions of HIV infected individuals in India, few receive HAART as a result of high costs. Generic manufacture of drugs here has led to price reductions of HAART. Generic drugs impact multinational pharmaceutical companies' ability to reclaim their costs of research & development. The World Trade Organization's (WTO) Trade Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Agreement (TRIPS) requires patent protection for pharmaceutical inventions, preventing generic competitors from producing cheaper alternatives. Under certain provisions of TRIPS, Indian pharmaceuticals were able to manufacture low cost generic HAART until now. Recently, the Indian government passed a bill regulating pharmaceuticals to comply with TRIPS. Stoppage of generic drug manufacturing can diminish access to HAART for large numbers of HIV infected people. However, several other barriers can also decrease access to HAART.