Number Of Grams Research Articles

Guiding people to take less food from the buffet: Two survey experiments that introduce a new simulated buffet scenario

Reducing portion sizes, has great potential to reduce food intake and plate waste. At all-you-can-eat buffets people tend to take larger portions of food than they would at home or at a general restaurant. Increased portion sizes can lead to people leaving uneaten food behind – contributing to food-related greenhouse gas emissions. This study develops and evaluates, in two online experiments, a meal guidance intervention to assist consumers with their meal choices. To measure behavioural intentions, we created a simulated buffet scenario where participants see a range of food items (as they would at a buffet) and are then asked to choose which foods and how many portions of each food item they would take. Compared to a control group, offering meal guidance did not appear to significantly decrease the number of grams or calories taken from the simulated buffet. However, there were significant differences in the number of grams and calories taken from the buffet when comparing those who at least followed the guidance in some way, and those who did not. Our research has methodological implications: it presents a novel and easy to implement measure of hypothetical buffet food choices and portioning that can be used in survey experiments. Future research could focus on developing strategies to prompt guests to follow meal guidance.

Executive functions and behavioral economic demand for cannabis among young adults: Indirect associations with cannabis consumption and cannabis use disorder.

Behavioral economic demand for cannabis is robustly associated with cannabis consumption and cannabis use disorder (CUD). However, few studies have examined the processes underlying individual differences in the relative valuation of cannabis (i.e., demand). This study examined associations between executive functions and cannabis demand among young adults who use cannabis. We also examined indirect associations of executive functions with cannabis consumption and CUD symptoms through cannabis demand. Young adults (N = 113; 58.4% female; mean age 22 years) completed a Marijuana Purchase Task. Participants also completed cognitive tasks assessing executive functions (set shifting, inhibitory control, working memory) and semistructured interviews assessing past 90-day cannabis consumption (number of grams used) and number of CUD symptoms. Poorer inhibitory control was significantly associated with greater Omax (peak expenditure on cannabis) and greater intensity (cannabis consumption at zero cost). Poorer working memory was significantly associated with lower elasticity (sensitivity of consumption to escalating cost). Lower inhibitory control was indirectly associated with greater cannabis consumption and CUD symptoms through greater Omax and intensity, and poorer working memory was indirectly associated with greater cannabis consumption and CUD symptoms through reduced elasticity. This study provides novel evidence that executive functions are associated with individual differences in cannabis demand. Moreover, these results suggest that cannabis demand could be a mechanism linking poorer executive functioning with heavier cannabis use and CUD, which should be confirmed in future longitudinal studies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2024 APA, all rights reserved).

606-P: The Effect of a Dietary Intervention on Insulin Requirements in Type 1 Diabetes—A 12-Week Randomized Clinical Trial

Background and Objective: A plant-based has been shown to improve glycemic control and insulin resistance in people with type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to test the effect of this diet in people with type 1 diabetes. Methods: Fifty-eight people with type 1 diabetes were randomly assigned to follow a low-fat vegan diet (vegan group, n=29), or a standard portion-controlled diet (control group, n=29) for 12 weeks. All meals were tracked, using the Cronometer mobile application. Insulin sensitivity was assessed, using the carbohydrate to insulin ratio, which was calculated as the number of grams of total dietary carbohydrate to total units of insulin administered. Total insulin dose was calculated as a sum of basal and bolus insulin units injected per day. Results: The consumption of carbohydrates increased in the vegan group by an average of 118 g/day (p=0.002), compared with no significant change in the control group (−18 g/day; p=0.11; treatment effect +137 [95% CI, +65 to +208]; p<0.001). Insulin sensitivity, assessed by the carbohydrate to insulin ratio, increased in the vegan group by 6.2 on average (p=0.002), compared with no significant change in the control group (−0.8; p=0.32; treatment effect +7.0 [95% CI, +3.1 to +10.9]; p=0.001). Total daily dose of insulin decreased by 12.1 units/day in the vegan group (p=0.007), compared with no significant change in the control group (−18 units/day; p=0.66; treatment effect −10.7 [95% CI, −21.3 to −0.2]; p=0.046). Conclusions: This study suggests that a low-fat vegan diet may have beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity and insulin requirements in people with type 1 diabetes. Larger trials are needed to confirm these findings. Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT04944316 Disclosure H.Kahleova: None. Funding Physicians Committee for Responsible Medicine (330072)

A guided digital intervention to reduce cannabis use: The ICan randomized controlled trial.

To test the effectiveness of a digital intervention to reduce cannabis use (ICan) with adherence-focused guidance compared with educational cannabis information. This was a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Follow-up clinical outcome measurements took place 3 and 6months after randomization. The trial was conducted in the Netherlands. The intervention and guidance took place on-line, with recruitment via Facebook/Instagram advertisement campaigns. Inclusion criteria were ≥ 18 years, cannabis use on ≥ 3days/week, the desire to reduce/quit cannabis and using a smartphone. Participants were allocated to either ICan (n =188) or control (n =190) (69% male, mean age = 27.5years). ICan is a mobile (web-)application based on motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioural therapy and includes three main components: screening, brief intervention (six modules) and referral to treatment. The control condition consisted of non-interactive educational cannabis information. Primary outcome was the number of cannabis use days in the 7days prior to the 6-month follow-up measurement. Secondary outcome measures at 3- and 6-month follow-up were the number of grams of cannabis used and attitudes towards seeking professional help for cannabis use related problems. Intention-to-treat analysis showed that 6months after randomization the mean number of cannabis use days in the past 7days was reduced in both conditions (time P < 0.001), with no significant group × time interaction effect [ICan = 4.17 days, control = 4.31 days, Cohen's dbetween = 0.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.15, 0.26, P = 0.93]. Three months after randomization the mean number of grams used in the past 7days was reduced in both conditions, with a significantly larger reduction in the ICan condition (P = 0.009, Cohen's dbetween = 0.15). At 6-month follow-up the significant group × time interaction effect was no longer present (P = 0.30). In both conditions, attitudes towards seeking professional help remained virtually unchanged over time. A digital intervention to reduce cannabis use (ICan) was more effective than non-interactive educational cannabis information in reducing grams of cannabis used over 3months, but not more effective at reducing cannabis use days at 6-month follow-up. Cannabis use reductions were maintained in both conditions between 3 and 6months' follow-up.

Laws of Physics Define the Insignificant Warming of Earth by CO2

This study provides temperature estimates about the effect of carbon dioxide (CO2) in warming the Earth’s atmosphere using readily available information. It compares the grams of water vapor per kilogram (kg) of dry air with the number of grams of CO2 per kg of dry air. This comparison is over a year for 20 representative areas of the Earth. It shows the grams of water vapor range from 0.1 to 44.0 times that of CO2. The increased heat content (enthalpy) of the atmosphere by CO2 causes a maximum temperature increase of 0.006oC from the Poles to the Equator. This amount is too small to measure. These quantitative results indicate that the Tropics, representing 39.8% of the Earth’s surface, contain almost three-quarters of the atmosphere’s water vapor. In contrast, the Arctic and Antarctic areas at the Poles have an estimated 0.9% of the atmosphere’s water vapor. Water vapor is the significant greenhouse gas that keeps the Earth from being a frozen planet.

An examination of the diversity of beer and cider products sold in Irish supermarkets in the context of health promotion advice

Aim: Current health promotion advice relating to the consumption of beer and cider in Ireland is very firmly based on nominal pints and half pints of beer. This study sought to determine if the assumed alcohol strength of beer and cider available in a sample of mainstream supermarkets was appropriate. This study also sought to examine if the assumed size of containers of beer and cider was accurate. Methods: All beer and cider products in a purposive sample of Irish mainstream supermarkets was examined. Data was input into SPSS and examined. Results: There is a substantial level of variation in the container size and alcohol content of beer available in mainstream supermarkets in Ireland. Discussion: Current health promotion advice in Ireland is out of date and does not enable people to easily monitor their drinking and follow healthy drinking guidelines. The obvious answer is the enactment of the Public Health (Alcohol) Act, 2018, that has already been passed requiring alcohol containers to display the number of grams of alcohol contained. However, this element of the legislation, despite being passed into law, has yet to be either enacted, or even given a date for enactment.

Lower Strength Alcohol Products-A Realist Review-Based Road Map for European Policy Making.

This paper reports the result of a realist review based on a theory of change that substitution of higher strength alcohol products with lower strength alcohol products leads to decreases in overall levels of alcohol consumption in populations and consumer groups. The paper summarizes the results of 128 publications across twelve different themes. European consumers are increasingly buying and drinking lower strength alcohol products over time, with some two fifths doing so to drink less alcohol. It tends to be younger more socially advantaged men, and existing heavier buyers and drinkers of alcohol, who take up lower strength alcohol products. Substitution leads to a lower number of grams of alcohol bought and drunk. Although based on limited studies, buying and drinking lower strength products do not appear to act as gateways to buying and drinking higher strength products. Producer companies are increasing the availability of lower strength alcohol products, particularly for beer, with extra costs of production offset by income from sales. Lower strength alcohol products tend to be marketed as compliments to, rather than substitutes of, existing alcohol consumption, with, to date, the impact of such marketing not evaluated. Production of lower strength alcohol products could impair the impact of existing alcohol policy through alibi marketing (using the brand of lower strength products to promote higher strength products), broadened normalization of drinking cultures, and pressure to weaken policies. In addition to increasing the availability of lower strength products and improved labelling, the key policy that favours substitution of higher strength alcohol products with lower strength products is an alcohol tax based on the dose of alcohol across all products.

Thromboelastometry-based algorithm and transfusion management during orthotopic liver transplantations

Thromboelastometry-based algorithm and transfusion management during orthotopic liver transplantations

Фармакоэпидемиологический анализ применения антимикробных препаратов при заболеваниях нижних дыхательных путей в пульмонологическом отделении многопрофильного стационара Республики Таджикистан

Aim. Assessment of the use of antimicrobial drugs (AD) in the pulmonary department of a multifield hospital (MH), the Republic of Tajikistan. Materials and methods. A retrospective analysis of medical prescriptions of patients who were treated in the pulmonary department of the Sughd Regional Clinical Hospital (city of Khojend, the Republic of Tajikistan) in 2011–2018 was carried out. The use of AD was evaluated in total, by groups in accordance with the WHO ATC/DDD index: penicillins, cephalosporins, aminoglycosides, fluoroquinolones, tetracyclines, and other antibiotics, as well as separately by international nonproprietary names of drugs. The measurable unit was the number of grams of an active substance, followed by the calculation of the indicators DDD/100 bed-days and percentage of total DDD. Results. Significant changes in the structure of AD used for the initial antibacterial therapy of respiratory tract infections during the study period were revealed. There is a marked tendency to reduce the use of AD of the penicillin family and macrolides, with the transition to monotherapy with cephalosporins of the 3rd generation (ceftriaxone) and partially with fluoroquinolones. Conclusion. Monitoring the use of AD in hospital departments on basis of the ATC/DDD methodology allows to make strategic decisions regarding the tactics of antibacterial therapy, determine the orientation of administrative measures and improve the range of antibacterial agents with the introduction of the modern effective drugs into practice in the future.

Grau de pertencimento como insumo para classificação automática de textos: uma abordagem sintática

Grouping documents into categories is one of the solutions adopted to streamline the information retrieval process, which is increasingly relevant due to the large amount of information available today. The manual localization of documents of a specific theme, available in digital repositories, involves reading the title, abstract and keywords, in addition to further detailed evaluation in order to identify whether the publication belongs to the desired thematic axis. Considering the number of publications in a digital repository, manually locating all the desired texts on a given topic can be laborious and time-consuming. This research proposes an architecture for automatic classification of texts that is based on syntactic questions, that is, it undertakes a comparison of n-grams, which are combinations of n-pairs of words that are identified throughout the text. An exploratory applied research was carried out, which applied a type of supervised learning, fundamentally based on the document representation model called bag-of-words (BoW). The paper’s macro objective was to classify texts in general, according to pre-defined categories, by generating and comparing degrees of belonging between texts, as one of the key criteria. The results of these comparisons, using n-gram = 3, demonstrate that in the use of classifications by n-grams, the greater the number of grams, and with the removal of the stop words, we obtain a reduced degree of belonging, demonstrating greater rigor in identifying the match during the classification. In order to have greater confidence in the results, a larger training corpus is necessary to expand the number of words that characterize the pre-defined categories, to be used in the classification of the texts.

Waterless Hand Cleansing with Chlorhexidine during the Neonatal Period by Mothers and Other Household Members: Findings from a Randomized Controlled Trial.

Observational data suggest maternal handwashing with soap prevents neonatal mortality. We tested the impact of a chlorhexidine-based waterless hand cleansing promotion on the behavior of mothers and other household members. In rural Bangladesh in 2014, we randomized consenting pregnant women to chlorhexidine provision and hand cleansing promotion or standard practices. We compared hand cleansing with chlorhexidine or handwashing with soap before baby care, among mothers and household members in the two groups, and measured chlorhexidine use in the intervention arm. Chlorhexidine was observed in the baby's sleep space in 97% of 130 intervention homes, versus soap in 59% of 128 control homes. Hand cleansing before baby care was observed 5.6 times more frequently among mothers in the intervention arm than in the controls (95% CI = 4.0-7.7). Hand cleansing was significantly more frequently observed in the intervention arm among women other than the mother (RR = 10.9) and girls (RR = 37.0). Men and boys in the intervention arm cleansed hands before 29% and 44% of baby care events, respectively, compared with 0% in the control arm. The median number of grams consumed during the neonatal period was 176 (IQR = 95-305 g), about 7.8 g/day (IQR = 4.2-13.8 g). Promotion of waterless chlorhexidine increased hand cleansing behavior among mothers and other household members. Discrepancy between observed use and measured chlorhexidine consumption suggested courtesy bias in structured observations. A waterless hand cleanser may represent one component of the multimodal strategies to prevent neonatal infections in low-resource settings.

Impact of low and no alcohol beers on purchases of alcohol: interrupted time series analysis of British household shopping data, 2015–2018

ObjectiveTo assess the impact of new low and no alcohol beers and reformulated beers in Great Britain on household purchases of grams of alcohol.DesignInterrupted time series analysis.SettingPurchase data from Kantar...

Immediate impact of minimum unit pricing on alcohol purchases in Scotland: controlled interrupted time series analysis for 2015-18

ObjectiveTo assess the immediate impact of the introduction of minimum unit pricing in Scotland on household alcohol purchases.DesignControlled interrupted time series analysis.SettingPurchase data from Kantar Worldpanel’s household shopping panel for...

Influence of the Use of Co-Substrates on the Anaerobic Co-Digestion of Municipal Solid Waste, Cocoa Industry Waste and Bottled Beverage Industry Waste

Colombia generates large quantities of organic waste that are not used or deposited in the correct way. Therefore, this project seeks to harness the organic load of these residues using anaerobic co-digestion, which is a biological process that allows the recovery and the biochemical potential of methane (BPM) from waste, thus, achieving adequate treatment for the control of environmental pollution. In this project, three residues were evaluated: Municipal solid waste (MSW), cocoa industry waste (CIW) and bottled beverage industry waste (BBIW). To these residues, a physical-chemical characterization was realized prior to the BMP test, in which the following was determined: values of solid volatile particles, total solids, organic matter and nitrogen Kjeldahl. With the characterization obtained, we prepared the mixtures in which the carbon nitrogen (C/N) ratio was varied in three levels: 25, 35 and 45. The number of grams of volatile solids (gVS) was also varied in three levels: 0.5, 1.25 and 2. Likewise, the co-substrate was varied in two: sewage sludge and pig manure. It was found that mixtures having a C/N of 35 grams of volatile solids of 0.5 and using as co-substrate the pig manure generate a greater production of methane (364 mLCH4/gSV). The anaerobic co-digestion technique allows the efficient development of the process due to the synergistic behavior of the co-substrates used, which compensate for the shortcomings that each presents when performing the process separately. It is also important to mention that the mixtures that have cocoa industry waste and bottled beverage industry waste increase the biochemical potential of methane. Although this may change when the bottled beverage industry waste is replaced with the municipal solid waste since the composition is the same.

Burn! How implicit and explicit attitudes predict early adolescents’ “hot sauce” aggression toward classroom peers

The current study examined to what extent early adolescents’ implicit and explicit evaluations of a classmate predict (a) their own aggressive behavior toward that classmate and (b) their classmate’s aggressive behavior toward them. Implicit and explicit peer evaluations were assessed among 148 early adolescents (78 boys and 70 girls; Mage = 11.1 years) with an approach–avoidance task and a likeability rating. Adolescents’ aggression was measured by the number of grams of hot sauce administered to the peer in a “taste test.” The analyses with the actor–partner interdependence model showed that girls’ implicit attitude predicted aggression toward their partner and that boys’ implicit attitude predicted their partner’s aggression toward them. Explicit attitudes did not predict “hot sauce” aggression. The current study demonstrates that implicit evaluation of a peer can in fact be even more impactful than explicit evaluation in social interactions among peers.

The DDD-monitoring of consumption of fluoroquinolones when treating community-acquired pneumonia in a multi-specialty hospital in the Republic of Tajikistan

Community-acquired pneumonia is one of the most common diseases and is still the leading cause of death among infectious diseases. Such drugs as β-lactam antibiotics, new macrolides (azithromycin, clarithromycin) and respiratory fluoroquinolones are of the greatest importance in the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in adult patients worldwide.Aim. To analyze and assess the dynamics of consumption of fluoroquinolones for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in a multi-specialty hospital in the Republic of Tajikistan using the DDD-methodology.Materials and methods. A retrospective descriptive analysis of medical prescriptions for pharmacotherapy of patients treated in the Pulmonology department of the Sogdigh Regional Clinical Hospital (Khujand, Republic of Tajikistan) was performed. The consumption of fluoroquinolones was estimated according to the ATC/DDD index of the WHO. The unit of measurement used was the number of grams of the active substance with further calculation of the DDD/100 bed-days and % of the total DDD.Results and discussion. The DDD analysis of consumption of fluoroquinolones in the Pulmonology department of the multi-specialty hospital showed a significant change in the structure of consumption of this group of drugs for the initial antibiotic therapy of community-acquired pneumonia in the last five years. A clear tendency was observed to reduce the consumption of this class of drugs in 2011-2015. There is a significant reduction in the consumption of ofloxacin and levofloxacin against the background of a slight tendency to increase the demand for ciprofloxacin in the treatment of pneumonia in the inpatient drug treatment.Conclusions. Monitoring of the consumption of antimicrobial drugs from the fluoroquinolone group for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia in the Pulmonology department of the multi-specialty hospital using the ATS/DDD-methodology makes it possible to assess the tactics of community-acquired pneumonia treatment in this region, its compliance with the international standards and the risks of developing the drug-resistant microflora, in particular to fluoroquinolones.

ФАРМАКОЕПІДЕМІОЛОГІЧНИЙ АНАЛІЗ ТЕНДЕНЦІЙ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ БЕТА-ЛАКТАМНИХ АНТИБІОТИКІВ ДЛЯ ЛІКУВАННЯ ПНЕВМОНІЇ В РЕСПУБЛІЦІ ТАДЖИКИСТАН

Мета роботи. Провести ретроспективний аналіз споживання р-лактамних антибіотиків для лікування позалікарняної пневмонії в стаціонарах Республіки Таджикистан з використанням DDD-методолопї.Матеріали і методи. Оцінювали споживання р-лактамних антибіотиків згідно з індексом ATC/DDD ВООЗ за 2011-2015 рр. В якості одиниці вимірювання використовувалося кількість грамів активної речовини з подальшим розрахунком показника загальної DDDs, DDDs/100 ліжко-днів та % від загальної DDDs.Результати й обговорення. Проведено ретроспективний аналіз споживання р-лактамних антибіотиків для лікування позалікарняної пневмонії в пульмонологічному відділенні багатопрофільного стаціонару Республіки Таджикистан. Встановлено збільшення споживання р-лактамних антибіотиків для лікування пневмонії за 2011­2015 рр. Виявлена динаміка зумовлена виключно за рахунок збільшення споживання антибактеріальних препаратів з групи цефалоспоринів, а саме цефалоспорину III покоління - цефтриаксону. При цьому знизився інтерес в якості антибактеріальних препаратів для лікування позалікарняної пневмонії до антимікробних препаратів з групи пеніцилінів.Висновки. Спостерігається поступове скорочення застосування для фармакотерапії позалікарняної пневмонії застарілих малоефективних препаратів пеніцилінового ряду (ампіцилін) і невиправдане зниження призначення одного з найбільш ефективних і безпечних антибіотиків - амоксициліну. Позитивним є також зниження призначення цефалоспоринів першого покоління (цефазоліну). При цьому велика популярність цефтриаксона становить потенційну небезпеку зростання резистентності до цього препарату і розвитку побічних реакцій, що вимагає більш ретельного контролю раціональності застосування даного антибіотика.

Carbohydrate knowledge in diabetic emergency department patients at an academic institution

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) affects 12.3% of the U.S. population and is responsible for $245 billion in annual costs. Knowledge about their disease is an important part of patients’ self-management.Objective: The objective of this study was to describe the baseline level of knowledge of patients with diabetes in this emergency department (ED), including behaviors related to healthy eating such as carbohydrate counting (CC).Methods: This was a cross sectional interview survey conducted at an academic tertiary center. An 8-item survey was developed to assess areas of diabetes self-care and carbohydrate knowledge. Trained research assistants approached all medically stable, non-pregnant ED patients with a past medical history of diabetes for participation. Descriptive statistics and ANOVA analysis were used.Results: Of the 115 patients approached, 98 were willing to participate; 54% were using insulin and 68% were female. The average age was 55 (SD +/- 14) years and diagnosed for an average of 12 (SD +/- 10) years. Fifty three percent did not check their morning blood sugar. Only 20% could accurately state the target hemoglobin A1c. While 48% of participants could relate the importance of carbohydrates to blood sugar, only 5% could state the number of grams of carbohydrates in a slice of bread. Only 1 participant correctly answered all 4 of the carbohydrate questions. Higher education and more visits with a nutritionist were associated with carbohydrate knowledge.Conclusions: Carbohydrate knowledge among this ED population was poor. Opportunities exist for patient education.

Investigation into the Establishment of Indicators for Pharmaceutical Intervention in Cancer Pharmacotherapy.

The present study was conducted to establish pharmaceutical intervention guidelines to enable hospital pharmacists to provide optimal pharmacotherapy to cancer patients. Many patients who use oral anticancer agents showed favorable drug compliance but insufficient drug adherence. It was demonstrated that in order to improve drug adherence, it is important to conduct interventions tailored to the patients' conditions so as to encourage interest in their medications, as well as to gain their understanding on the necessity and the side effects of their medications. In adjuvant chemotherapy with tegafur/gimeracil/oteracil potassium (S-1) following surgery for stomach cancer, a serum albumin value <3.5 g/dL and a creatinine clearance value <80 mL/min were found to significantly affect S-1 dose reduction or termination of the S-1 intake due to side effects. Furthermore, patients for whom treatment was discontinued or dosage was reduced demonstrated a large reduction in body mass index. When adding insulin to an at-home high-calorie infusion, the insulin retention rate decreased when the number of grams of sugar level per 1 g of sodium bisulfite in the infusion (G/g) was ≤364.6, whereas the insulin retention rate did not decrease when G/g was ≤466.0. Our findings in the present study can serve as highly useful guidelines when pharmacists working in clinical settings conduct pharmaceutical interventions in pharmacotherapy for cancer.

A Novel Azo-Schiff Base Ligand and Its Cobalt, Copper, Nickel Complexes: Synthesis, Characterization, Antimicrobial, Catalytic and Electrochemical Features.

A new azo containing Schiff base were synthesized using 3-amino-3-azabicyclo[3.3.0]octane hydrochloride, salicylaldehyde and aniline. The synthesized ligand were reacted with acetate salts of Cobalt (II), Copper (II) and Nickel (II). Synthesized compounds were characterized using spectral techniques. Metal coordination compounds gave good/moderate results as catalysts in the oxidation reactions of styrene and cyclohexene. Antimicrobial activities of the synthesized compounds showed good suppressor effects on a number of Gram (-) and Gram (+) bacteria. Electronic features of all the compounds were also reported.