A guided digital intervention to reduce cannabis use: The ICan randomized controlled trial.

Abstract

To test the effectiveness of a digital intervention to reduce cannabis use (ICan) with adherence-focused guidance compared with educational cannabis information. This was a single-blind randomized controlled trial. Follow-up clinical outcome measurements took place 3 and 6months after randomization. The trial was conducted in the Netherlands. The intervention and guidance took place on-line, with recruitment via Facebook/Instagram advertisement campaigns. Inclusion criteria were ≥ 18 years, cannabis use on ≥ 3days/week, the desire to reduce/quit cannabis and using a smartphone. Participants were allocated to either ICan (n =188) or control (n =190) (69% male, mean age = 27.5years). ICan is a mobile (web-)application based on motivational interviewing and cognitive behavioural therapy and includes three main components: screening, brief intervention (six modules) and referral to treatment. The control condition consisted of non-interactive educational cannabis information. Primary outcome was the number of cannabis use days in the 7days prior to the 6-month follow-up measurement. Secondary outcome measures at 3- and 6-month follow-up were the number of grams of cannabis used and attitudes towards seeking professional help for cannabis use related problems. Intention-to-treat analysis showed that 6months after randomization the mean number of cannabis use days in the past 7days was reduced in both conditions (time P < 0.001), with no significant group × time interaction effect [ICan = 4.17 days, control = 4.31 days, Cohen's dbetween = 0.06, 95% confidence interval (CI) = -0.15, 0.26, P = 0.93]. Three months after randomization the mean number of grams used in the past 7days was reduced in both conditions, with a significantly larger reduction in the ICan condition (P = 0.009, Cohen's dbetween = 0.15). At 6-month follow-up the significant group × time interaction effect was no longer present (P = 0.30). In both conditions, attitudes towards seeking professional help remained virtually unchanged over time. A digital intervention to reduce cannabis use (ICan) was more effective than non-interactive educational cannabis information in reducing grams of cannabis used over 3months, but not more effective at reducing cannabis use days at 6-month follow-up. Cannabis use reductions were maintained in both conditions between 3 and 6months' follow-up.