Number Of Grains Spike Research Articles

Response of Biofertilizer and Molybdenum on Growth and Yield of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

The field experiment was conducted during rabi season, 2023-24 at research farm, Vivekananda Global University, Jaipur. The experiment was layout in Randomized Block Design (RBD). The treatments consisted of biofertilizers like Azotobacter and Phosphate Solubilizing Bacteria (PSB) and three level of Molybdenum (400, 600 and 800 ppm) and control. The soil in the experimental area was sandy loam with pH (7.81), Organic Carbon (0.21%), Available N (132.5 kg/ha), Available P (21.13 kg/ha) and Available K (203.24 kg/ha). Seed rate is 100 kg/ha. The application of biofertilizers + PSB + 800 ppm Mo significantly increased the Plant height (110.46 cm), Dry matter accumulation (542.54 g/m2), No. of tillers/ running row meter (93.51), Number of effective tillers m-2 (199.86), Number of grains spike-1 (53.60), Grain yield (3450 kg/ha) and Straw Yield (6562 kg/ha) of barley over the control.

EVALUATION OF SPRING WHEAT GENOTYPES UNDER WATER STRESSED CONDITION

Pakistan faces severe challenges in wheat production annually due to the devastating effects of drought stress. Therefore, present research was carried out to evaluate 15 exotic bread wheat genotypes along with the local check variety, Khirman for their performance under drought stress. Analysis of variance revealed that all the traits were significantly different (P<0.01) among the cultivars. Based on mean performance, genotype V-18 showed better performance for all the studied characters, while genotype V-14 showed desirable performance for different traits such as early growth vigor, number of grains spikelet-1, number of grains spike-1, number of spikelets spike-1, spike length, peduncle length, and grain yield plant-1. The local check Khirman also produced desirable values for four different traits, namely early growth vigor, number of grains spike-1, peduncle length, and grain yield plant-1. The cluster analysis divided all the genotypes into three distinct clades. The first cluster comprises V-14, V-18, and the local check Khirman, which performed very well under drought conditions compared to the other genotypes. The presence of these genotypes with the local check Khirman is regarded as indicative of drought-tolerant genotypes. The second cluster comprises nine genotypes, namely V-10, V-11, V-12, V-13, V-16, V-19, V-20, and V-23, which performed moderately compared to the genotypes found in the drought-tolerant cluster. The last cluster comprises four genotypes, namely V-09, V-15, V-17, and V-22, which performed very poorly under drought conditions. Overall, the two exotic lines, V-14 and V-18, which were in the cluster with the drought-tolerant variety Khirman, performed very well and can be considered as drought-tolerant genotypes

Genome‐Wide Association Studies Predicted Drought Stress Occuring at Anthesis and Post‐Anthesis Stages in Novel Diverse Germplasm of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

ABSTRACTThis study employed genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) to identify the crucial marker–trait associations (MTAs) for agronomic and physiological traits in bread wheat grown under full irrigation and 40% reduced irrigation. One hundred twenty‐four genotypes derived from three‐way crosses of landraces and synthetic bread wheat were evaluated for 2 years in the field conditions of CIMMYT Obregon, Mexico. Irrigation was not provided at anthesis and post‐anthesis stage for the drought treatment, and data of 12 traits were recorded. Most of the traits were reduced significantly under drought conditions except for vigour, wax and spike length (SL); genotypes were significantly different for the eight traits except for days to heading (DTH), number of grains spike−1 (NGS), normalized difference in vegetation index (NDVI) and canopy temperature depression (CTD); and differences were also significant for five traits between the years. Moreover, GY was significantly and negatively correlated with wax and CTD. Our GWAS results indicated 117 significant (p ≤ 0.001) MTAs distributed on all the wheat chromosomes except chromosomes 4B and 4D explaining 10%–21.5% of the phenotypic variation of the corresponding traits. Moreover, 22 MTAs were recorded for grain yield and explaining the phenotypic variations up to 14.7% with one common association under both irrigated and drought conditions. Additionally, we also identified the associations for NDVI, CTD and SL at chromosome 1B, suggesting that genotypes are sustaining superior grain yield through better values of traits like NDVI, CTD, and SL under the challenging conditions of anthesis and post‐anthesis drought stress.

Genetic Variability and Character Association Analysis in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) in Saline Water Condition

The study was conducted to evaluate eight germplasms/varieties of wheat during the rabi season (November-April, 2022–23) using a randomized block design with three replications at the research farm of Agricultural Research Sub-Station (ARSS), Nagaur (Rajasthan), India to estimate the variability parameters and characters association for nine characters. The results were revealed that mean sum of squares due to genotypes showed significant differences for all the nine characters under study, suggested that the genotypes were genetically divergent. The phenotypic coefficient of variation values was higher than genotypic coefficient of variation values for all the nine traits which reflect the influence of environment on the expression of traits. Spike length and number of spikelets were showed higher PCV and medium GCV. High heritability estimates were recorded for all the nine characters. High genetic advance as percentage of mean along with high heritability was observed for number of spikelets, spike length, number of effective tillers plant-1, seed yield and number of grains spike-1. This indicated the existence of lesser environmental influence and prevalence of additive gene action in their expression and these traits possessed high selective value. These characters could be further improved through individual plant selection. Grain yield had highly significant and positive genotypic and phenotypic correlations with plant height, number of effective tillers plant-1, spike length, number of spikelets and number of grains spike-1. These characters can be considered as criteria for selection for higher grain yield as these were mutually and directly associated with grain yield.

Effect of Herbicides Application on Weed Growth and Subsequent Important on Yield of Three Wheat Varieties

This field experiment aimed to study the positive effect of some herbicides (Atlantis, Tonic + 2.4 D, Granstar + Tonic, and control, on weed plants to improve the growth and yield of three wheat varieties (Hasad, Wafia, and Rezan) under the rain-fed condition of both locations. The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design, arranged according to a split plot with three replicates. At the Grdjan location, herbicide treatment caused a significant reduction in the number of weeds at sampling (100 DAS) compared with the control treatment by 87.98%. While, at the Qaladze location, the reduction values in the number of weeds by herbicides at sampling (120 DAS) was 60.77%. At the Grdjan location, herbicide treatment significantly decreased flag leaf area as compared with the control treatment. However, at the Qaladze location herbicides significantly increased, plant height and a number of grains spike-1, whereas significantly reduced the flag leaf area biological yield and wheat grain yield, compared with the control treatment. At the Grdjan and Qaladze locations, the Rezan variety surpassed the Hasad and Wafia varieties in plant height, spike length, number of grains spike-1, 1000-grain weight, wheat grain yield and biological yield. The interaction among Granstar + Tonic application with the Rezan variety increased plant height and wheat grain yield at the Qaladze location. The interaction among Tonic + 2.4 D treatment with Rezan increased the number of grains spike-1 1000-grain weight and harvest index.

Reaction of some hollow stem bread and durum wheat cultivars to wheat stem sawfly (Cephus pygmaeus L., Hymenoptera: Cephidae) infestation in Southeastern Anatolia

Wheat stem saw fly (WSS) (Cephus pygmaeus L.) is a notorious pest causing significant yield reductions in wheat crop. The use of tolerant cultivars is the most important management tactic against WSS. However, the reactions of frequently cultivated hollow-stemmed bread (Triticum aestivum L.) and durum (Triticum durum Desf.) wheat cultivars to WSS in southeastern Anatolia region of Türkiye are unknown. This study investigated the reactions of hollow-stemmed bread and durum wheat cultivars (twelve each) to WSS in Diyarbakir and Adiyaman provinces in southeastern Anatolia region during 2021-22. The cultivars were tested under field conditions and data relating to number of infested stalks (NIS), infestation ratio (IR), stalk wall thickness (SWT), spike length (SL), number of grains spike-1 (NGS), grain weight spike-1 (GWS), grain yield (GY) and grain yield loss were recorded. The tested wheat cultivars significantly differed for the NIS and GY at both locations. Similarly, SWT, NGS, SL, and GWS significantly differed among cultivars and higher values of these traits were recorded for healthy stalks than infested stalks. Overall, bread wheat cultivars i.e., ‘Kale’ (7127 and 5642 kg ha-1), ‘Dinç’ (6788 and 5628 kg ha-1 and ‘Hazar’ (6249 and 5821 kg ha-1) and durum wheat cultivars i.e., ‘Zühre’ (6261 and 5272 kg ha-1) and ‘Hasanbey’ (6038 and 5141 kg ha-1) with higher SWT recorded the highest grain yield at Diyarbakir and Adiyaman locations. Yield losses varied from 2.5% to 5.3% for bread wheat and 1.57% to 8.39% for durum wheat cultivars at Adiyaman and Diyarbakir, respectively. It is recommended that wheat cultivars with high GY and SWT should be planted to lower WSS infestation and yield losses in the region and breeding solid stem cultivars.

Effects of Different Nutrient Management Methods on Growth and Yield of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

A field experiment was conducted during the Rabi season of the year 2022-2023 at the KVK Farm, Mahendergarh of CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar during Rabi season 2022-23 with the objective to study the effect of different nutrient management practices on growth and yield of barley. The experiment containing eleven treatments viz. Control, 100% RDF (60 kg N + 30 kg P2O5 + 15 kg K2O ha-1, 100% RDF) + Azotobactor + PSB, 50% RDF + Azotobactor + PSB, 50% RDF + 50% RDN through Vermicompost, 50% RDF + 50% RDN through Vermicompost+ Azotobactor + PSB, 75% RDF + Azotobactor + PSB, 75% RDF + 25% RDN through Vermicompost, 75% RDF + 25% RDN through Vermicompost + Azotobactor + PSB, 100% RDN through vermicompost and 100% RDN through vermicompost + Azotobactor + PSB. All the growth and yield parameters increased significantly with75% R.D.F + 25% N through Vermicompost. The growth characters like plant height (cm) and number of tillers/mrl were significantly higher under 75% R.D.F + 25% N through Vermicompost + Azotobactor + PSB as compared to other nutrient combinations. The yield components like spike length (cm), number of grains spike-1, grain yield (kg ha-1) and straw yield (kg ha-1) were significantly higher under 75% R.D.F + 25% N through Vermicompost+ Azotobactor + PSB. Harvest index and 1000-grain weight (g) were not influenced significantly due to different nutrient combinations The nitrogen and protein content in grain were obtained higher with 75% R.D.F + 25% N through Vermicompost + Azotobactor + PSB which was significantly higher than rest of treatments. Thus, it can be concluded that a dose of 75% R.D.F + 25% N through Vermicompost + Azotobactor + PSB may be most suitable nutrient combination for achieving higher growth and yield of barley.

The Effect of Mannitol and Nano Urea on Terminal Heat Stress on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The present investigation was conducted during Rabi season, 2022-23 & 2023-24 at the student instructional farm (SIF) of Acharya Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Kumarganj, Ayodhya- 224229 (U.P.). The experiment was conducted in randomized block design with three replications, seven treatments and wheat variety (HD 2967). The treatment was comprised of control distilled water spray, Mannitol 25, 50, 100 ppm and Nano urea 25, 50, 100 ppm respectively, which was foliar sprayed at 30 DAS. The observations have been studied on growth, bio-chemical, yield and yield attributes of wheat. Observations were recorded at 60, 90 DAS and at maturity stages for timely sowing (15 November) and late sowing (15 December). However, yield and yield parameters were taken at the time of harvesting of the crop. Foliar spray of mannitol and nano urea were performed well at 60, 90 DAS and at maturity parameters. Foliar application of nano urea with 25 ppm was recorded superior on plant height (cm), dry weight plant-1 (g), chlorophyll content in leaves (SPAD value), Catalase activity (g-1 fresh weight min-1), Peroxidase activity (mg g-1 fresh weight min-1), Super oxide dismutase activity (mg g-1 fresh weight min-1) However, yield and yield attributes viz length of spike, number of tillers plant-1, number of grains spike-1, grain yield plant-1 It is concluded from the result that foliar spray of nano urea 25 ppm was found most effective to increasing all characters and yield parameters of wheat.

Effect of Different Levels of Nitrogen on Growth, Yield and Productivity of Wheat (Triticum estivum L.) Cv. Koshan-02

The field experiment was conducted to study the effect of different levels (0, 50, 70, 90 & 110 kg N ha-1) of Nitrogen (N) on growth, yield and yield related parameters of wheat (cv. Koshan-02) in Kabul agro-climate condition at the Agricultural Research Farm of Kabul University, during spring 2020-21. The experiment was laid out in Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications, each replication consisted of five treatments. Total treatments were (15). The size of each plot was (2mx3m=6m2). The result of our study revealed that the plots treated with highest level (110 kg N ha-1) of N fertilizers produced the highest plant height (85.97cm). maximum number of grains spike-1 (35.74), the highest dry matter (3.937t ha-1), The highest number of tillers m-2 (152.76 m-2), 1000-grain weight (48.94g), grain yield (2891.1kg/ha) large spike length (10.52), number of grains spikelet-1 (2.98), Spikelet number spike-1 (11.54), followed by T4, T3 and T2. It was concluded that all treatments have ranked regarding their efficient effects as ((T5 (110 kg N ha-1> T4 (90 kg N ha-1> T3 (70 kg N ha-1> T2 (50 kg N ha_1> TControl) for all growth, yield and yield helping attributes such as plant height, number of grains spike-1, dry matter (kg ha-1), number of tillers plant-1, 1000-grain weight(g), grain yield (kg ha-1), spike length (cm), number of grains spikelet-1, number of spikelet spike-1, spike number m-2 and number of leaves plant_1. So, for obtaining aimed and desirable yield the application of (110 kg N ha-1) is recommended under research area conditions (Agro-Climatic Condition).

Effect of Sowing Direction and Wheat Cultivars on Growth and Yield in Indo-Gangetic Plains of India

A field experiment was carried out during rabi season where different wheat cultivars (PBW-343, HUW-234 and NW-1012) and direction of sowing (E-W and N-S) were taken in Factorial Randomized Block Design replicated four times. All the yield attributing characters like number of effective tillers, spike length, number of grains spike–1, grain weight spike–1 were significantly higher under East-West direction of sowing over North-South direction of sowing. Among the all cultivars PBW-343 was found significantly superior over NW-1012 and HUW-234. The grain yield, straw yield and light intensity were increased significantly under East-West direction of sowing and among the cultivars PBW-343 recorded significantly higher value of above characters over NW-1012 and HUW-234. Maximum heat unit requirement and days taken to 50% ear emergence and maturity was recorded under North-South direction of sowing and among the cultivars it was found maximum in PBW-343. The maximum net return and B:C ratio were obtained in E-W direction of sowing along with PBW-343 cultivar. Thus it may be revealed that sowing in East-West direction with cultivar PBW-343 was found most suitable for cultivation under Indo-Gangetic Plains of India.

Field and Economic Evaluation of Barley Productivity as Affected by Seed Rates and Slow-release Nitrogen Fertilizer Levels under Rainfed Conditions

A field experiment was conducted at the north western coast of Egypt under rainfed conditions to study the effects of seed rates (70, 95 and 120 kg ha-1) and nitrogen fertilizer treatments (0, 35, 70 and 105 kg N ha-1) of Ensiabeen-40% N as slow-release fertilizer compared with 105 kg N ha-1 as Ammonium nitrate (33.5%N) on productivity of barley cultivar Giza134. This investigation was conducted during 2019/2020 and 2020/2021 winter growing seasons. The treatments were laid out in a split plot design, with three replications. Plant height, spike length, number of grins spike-1, number of spikes per m2, 1000 grain weight, biological and grain yield were recorded. In addition, total income and net return (LE)/hactare were calculated. The results indicated that mean squares due to seasons, seed rates, nitrogen levels and their interactions were significant for most studied traits. Mean performance of the studied traits as affected by seasons, seed rates and nitrogen levels showed that, the most desirable values were obtained by SR1 for spike length (6.13cm), number of grains spike-1 (48.78 grain) and 1000 grain weight (42.15g), from SR2 for Biological yield (6.02 ton ha-1) and grain yield (1.85 ton ha-1) and from SR3 for plant height (78.28cm) and number of spikes m-2 (180.11 spike). For nitrogen level effects, N4 recorded the most favorable values for all studied traits; plant height (81.48cm), spike length (6.33cm), number of grains spike-1 (49.99 grain), number of spikes m-2 (187.60 spike), Biological yield (6.88 ton ha-1), grain yield (2.12 ton ha-1) and 1000 grain weight (42.89g). Grain yield exhibited highly significant and positive correlation with each of plant height (r= 0.833**), spike length(r=0.621**), number of grains spike-1 (r=0.768**), number of spikes m-2(r=0.880**) and weight of 1000 grains (r= 0.661**). The most contributing variable in the total variation of grain yield were number of spikes m-2, number of grains spike-1 and spike length. These variables contributed by 92.9% in the grain yield variation. The results also indicated that, the highest values in the total income were 19149 and 24990 pound.hec-1 respectively, and net return were 9492 and 15498 pound.hec-1 obtained from the interaction between seed rate of 5kg ha-1 (SR2) and 105 unit of slow release fertilizer (N4) during the two growing seasons. It could recommend this treatment to maximize the total income for the farmers in such location.

An Agronomic Efficiency Analysis of Winter Wheat at Different Sowing Strategies and Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates: A Case Study in Northeastern Poland

This study was undertaken to examine the influence of the sowing date, sowing density, and split spring application of nitrogen (N) fertilizer on plant density, tillering, yield components, and grain yields of winter wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) grown in northeastern Poland between 2018 and 2021. The experiment had a split-plot design with three sowing dates (early (3–6 September), delayed by 14 days, and delayed by 28 days), three sowing densities (200, 300, and 400 live grains m−2), and three split spring N rates (40 + 100, 70 + 70, and 100 + 40 kg ha−1 applied in BBCH stages 22–25 and 30–31, respectively). The number of spikes m−2 increased by 11% on average when winter wheat was sown with a delay of 14 days (17–20 September) and 28 days (1–4 October). The number of spikes m−2 was highest when winter wheat was sown at 300 and 400 live grains m−2. The application of 100 + 40 kg N ha−1 (BBCH 22–25 and 30–31, respectively) increased the number of spikes m−2. An increase in sowing density from 200 to 300 to 400 live grains m−2 decreased the number of grains spike−1 by 5% and 7%, respectively. Thousand grain weight (TGW) increased by 1% and 2% when sowing was delayed by 14 (17–20 September) and 28 days (1–4 October), respectively. In northeastern Poland, grain yields peaked when winter wheat was sown between 17 September and 4 October (10.52–10.58 Mg ha−1). In late-sown winter wheat, grain yields increased due to a higher number of spikes m−2 and higher grain weight. The highest sowing density (400 live grains m−2) induced a greater increase in grain yields than the lowest sowing density (200 live grains m−2) (10.25 vs.10.02 Mg ha−1). In winter wheat sown at a density of 400 live grains m−2, the increase in grain yields resulted in a higher number of spikes m−2. Grain yields peaked in response to 100 kg N ha−1 applied in BBCH stages 22–25 and 40 kg N ha−1 applied in BBCH stages 30–31 (this split N rate increased the number of spikes m−2). In turn, the highest straw yield (6.23 Mg ha−1) was obtained when the second split of N fertilizer was applied in BBCH stages 30–31 (40 + 100 kg N ha−1). Straw yields decreased significantly (by 6%) when winter wheat was sown late (early October). Delayed sowing (mid-September and early October) increased the harvest index (HI) of winter wheat by 5–7%. Split spring N application influenced grain and straw yields, but it had no effect on the HI of winter wheat.

Genetic Stability of Different Genotypes of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Grown Under Levels of Nitrogen Fertilizer

Obtaining highly productive and stable varieties through different environments is one of the most important goals sought by plant breeders. A field experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of different nitrogen fertilizer levels on the stability of growth and grain yield in eight cultivars of bread wheat during two growing seasons (2020-2021 and 2021-2022), using split plot arrangement in randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications. The results showed that there was a significant response of some genotypes to the levels of nitrogen fertilizer for grain yield and its components during the two growing seasons. The Iba99 genotype was characterized by the highest mean of grain yield, number of grains. spike-1 and spike length, followed by the Baghdad2 genotype. The genotypes under study differed in the stability of traits in different environments. Baghdad2 showed the highest stability for important traits such as grain yield, weight of 1000 grains, number of grains spike-1 and spike length, while unstable and responded to different environments for plant height and a number of spikes.m-2. Whereas, Iba99 showed good stability for the spike length and the number of spikes.m-2, with its response to the environments for the other traits under study. Both stability phenotypic and genotypic resultant method and the stability triangle method showed very similar results with Eberhart and Russell method, therefore it is possible to rely on these two methods to estimate the stability of genotypes due to their lower complexity. Consequently, the stable genotypes traits in different environments can be selected and introduced directly into future breeding programs for the purpose of adopting new varieties. Although other genotypes showed superior characteristics of grain yield and its important components, they suffer by responding to different environments, thus they can be included in hybridization breeding programs with local varieties to transfer their desirable traits.

Effects of Herbicides and Nano Urea Mixture on Weeds, Yield Attributes and Yield of Wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Wheat (Triticum aestivum) is second most important staple crop in India after rice. Weeds have emerged as the major biotic stress in wheat. Post-emergence herbicidal combinations are used widely to control the complex weed flora in wheat crops. A field experiment was carried out to study the “Effects of herbicides and nano urea mixture on weeds, yield attributes and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum)”. The experiment was performed in randomized blocked design with three replications and fourteen treatments in Rabi season 2022-23 at Agronomy Research Farm, CCS Haryana Agricultural University, Hisar. Significantly minimum weed count (1.52 m-2) and dry weight (1.49 g m-2) and maximum weed control efficiency (88.6%) of Phalaris minor and broadleaved weeds (87%) was recorded with application of clodinafop + metribuzin 60 + 210 g ha-1 with nano urea 3 ml L-1 followed by clodinafop + metribuzin 60 + 210 g ha-1 at 90 DAS. In case of yield attributes i.e. number of effective tillers per meter row length (92.5), spike length (11.4 cm), number of grains spike-1 (55.9) and 1000-grain weight (43.8) were higher with application of clodinafop + metribuzin 60 + 210 g ha-1 with nano urea 3 ml L-1 followed by clodinafop + metribuzin 60 + 210 g ha-1. Grain yield (5876 kg ha-1) and B:C (1.94) was recorded higher with application of clodinafop + metribuzin 60 + 210 g ha-1 with nano urea 3 ml L-1 followed by clodinafop + metribuzin 60 + 210 g ha-1 which was significantly higher than weedy check but at par with the weed free treatment.

Varietal Effect of Different Nitrogen Levels on Yield Attributing Characters and Quality Parameters of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Crop

The field experiment was conducted at Agronomy Research FaTArm, Narendra Deva University of Agriculture and Technology, Narendra Nagar (Kumarganj) Faizabad (U.P.), during Rabi season of 2014-2015. The yield components like number of spikes m-2, spike length (cm), number of grain spike-1, grain weight spike-1(g), grain yield (kg ha-1), straw yield (q ha-1) and nitrogen contain in grain (%), nitrogen contain in straw (%), nitrogen uptake in grain (kg ha-1), nitrogen uptake in straw, protein content in grain (%) were maximum under 160 kg N ha-1 and among the varieties over PBW-373, NW-1014 being at par with HD-2327. The main aim of trial conducted that to know the different varietal parameters of wheat crop.

Analysis of Genetic Architecture for Ten Genotypes of Bread Wheat Using Half Diallel Crosses Under Nitrogen Stress

This study included 10 genotypes of bread wheat are M45, Yakora, Giza168, Sids 12, SK95, Misr2, Giemiza 9, Sahel 1, Sids14, and Silano. The genotypes (parents and F1 crosses) were cultivated at the research station of the Department of Field Crops of the College of Agriculture at the University of Kirkuk, during the season (2021-2022) in two separate experiments on sufficiency and insufficiency of the nitrogen element using a Randomized Complete Block Design (R.C.B.D) and with three replications, to estimate the general and specific combining ability, gene action and some genetic parameters. The results of the statistical and genetic analysis showed that there are highly significant differences for the general and specific combining ability values and that the ratio of the combining ability variance components to the specific combining ability variance components was less than the one for nitrogen sufficiency and insufficiency for all the studied traits. Sids14 variety excelled in its desirable effects of general combining ability, followed by Sr. (Sids12). The hybrid (M45 × Sids14) had the highest desired values for the effects of the special combining ability at nitrogen levels for all the traits studied, followed by the cross (Sahel 1 × Sids 12) also for all the traits studied except for The number of spikes plant-1 when there was insufficient nitrogen. The heritability broad sense was high with sufficient and insufficient nitrogen, while heritability narrow sense was high with sufficient nitrogen in the number of grains spike-1 and grains yield plant-1 (gm) and medium in The number of spikes plant-1 and the weight 1000 grains (gm) and the biological yield in the insufficient amount of the nitrogen element, the heritability narrow sense was medium in all studied traits. The average degree of dominance was greater than one when nitrogen was sufficient and insufficient, which indicates the existence of Over dominance, and the expected genetic advance as a percentage was low except for the number of grains spike-1 when nitrogen was sufficient and the grains yield plant-1 (gm) when nitrogen was insufficient, as it was medium. (11.908 and 12.250), respectively, these parents that are superior in the general combining ability with high phenotypic significance can be included in wheat breeding programs to produce hybrids that are superior in the specific combining ability that can be invested in the following generations with in the breeding programs to reach the best promising varieties with future nitrogen insufficiency.

Using α -amylase enzyme with the seed pre-soaking to develop emergence and yield of triticale

In order to investigate the efficiency of stimulating stored seeds of Triticale (X Triticosecale wittmack) by α -amylase enzyme, a field experiment was carried out using split plot arrangements according to a randomized complete block design in three replications. The storage period of seeds 6 months, 1.5 years, and 2.5 years represented the main plots. The stimulation treatments was secondary plots included dry seeds (control), stimulated seeds with distilled water, 1 and 2 mg L-1 of α -amylase enzyme. The results showed a significant decrease in the percentage of emergence, plant leaf area, plant dry weight, number of tillers m-2, number of spikes m-2, weight of one thousand grains, and grain yield with the increasing of storage period. The enzyme concentration of 1 mg L-1 was the superior in % emergence (85.02), Plant leaf area (244.88) cm2, plant dry weight (2.087) g, number of tillers (448.8) tiller m-2, number of spikes (372.9) spike m-2, number of grains spike-1 (44.13) grain spike-1 and grain yield (5.842) ton h-1. However, there was on significant differences between the two concentration 1 and 2 mg L-1 of enzyme in leaf area, plant dry weight, 1000 grain weight and grain yield.

Yield Attributes and Yield of Wheat Affected by Irrigation Schedules and Varieties under HAT Zone Conditions of Andhra Pradesh, India

Aims: A field experiment was conducted to assess the impact of various irrigation schedules and wheat varieties on yield characteristics and yield of wheat in Andhra Pradesh's high altitude and tribal area (HAT) zone.
 Study Design: Split-plot design was used to conduct the research experiment.
 Place and Duration of Study: Regional Agricultural Research Station, Chintapalle, Visakhapatnam, ANGRAU, Andhra Pradesh. The study was conducted during Rabi season 2021-22.
 Methodology: Split-plot design was used to conduct the experiment in which as main plots, there were three irrigation schedules—irrigation at CRI, maximum tillering, jointing, flowering, and milking stages (M1); irrigation at CRI, flowering, and milking stages (M2); and irrigation at CRI and milking stages (M3)—and four varieties—DBW-252(V1), HI-1544(V2), HI-8759(V3), and HI-8713(V4)—as subplots. The parameters of Spike length, Spike weight, number of productive tillers m-2, number of grains spike-1, number of filled grains spike-1, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, straw yield, biological yield, and harvest index were found to be superior with five irrigations scheduled at CRI, maximum tillering, jointing, flowering, and milking stages. Among the varieties, HI-8759 recorded the highest values, which were comparable to HI-8713.
 Results: Spike length, spike weight, no. of productive tillers m-2, no. of grains spike-1, no. of filled grains spike-1, 1000 grain weight found superior with five irrigations schedules. The highest values among the variations were achieved by HI-8759 and were comparable to HI-8713.The five irrigation schedule resulted in higher grain and straw yields. Despite the fact that there was a reduced grain yield with two irrigations, the straw yield was statistically equal with three irrigations. With five irrigations, the harvest index (%) was much higher, while with two irrigations, it was significantly lower. However, HI-8759 had a much greater grain and straw production than the other cultivars. The straw yield remained at HI-8713 levels. The HI-8759's harvest index outperformed all other kinds by a wide margin. With HI-1544, the lowest grain and straw yields were noted.
 Conclusion: Wheat yield was dramatically increased by five different irrigation regimens applied at various phenological phases. The maximum yield was recorded by variety HI-8759, which was comparable to variety HI-8713 in terms of biological and straw yields.

Sustainable management practices for durum wheat production: Analyzing specific agronomic interventions on productivity, grain micronutrient content, and quality

As compared with single agronomic crop management practices during grain formation, knowledge about integrated agronomic management practices on grain mineral composition and grain technological properties in durum wheat is limited. This knowledge is important for determining management strategies aimed at increasing grain yield without affecting grain nutritional quality. Integrated agronomic practices such as foliar nutrient application × seeding rate × varieties combined with growing locations were investigated to evaluate the dynamics of yield and grain quality traits. Two durum wheat varieties, three-level of micronutrients (i.e. control, FeSO4, and ZnSO4), and four levels of seeding rate (i.e. 100, 125, 150, and 175 kg ha−1) were arranged in split-split plot design under two different growing locations (environments). The main plots were assigned to the varieties, subplots to micronutrients, and sub-sub plots to the seeding rate treatments. Zinc and iron were applied in a form of ZnSO4 and FeSO4 at the early flowering stage, both at a rate of 25 kg ha−1. Results showed a linear increment in biomass (21.5%) and grain yield (23.5%) under a high seeding rate, even though the 1000-grain weight, the number of grains spike−1, spike length, and the number of grains spike−1 were decreased. Higher varietal and environmental response of seeding rate was observed between varieties. The grain protein content, gluten, and zeleyn index decreased as the seeding rate increased. Grain micronutrient content was significantly influenced by seeding rate and varietal difference. The grain protein content was higher in a dryland environment than in a wet environment. A combined use of density-tolerant varieties, high seeding rate, and foliar-based iron application can improve the grain yield from 2.01 to 3.20 t ha−1 under a potential environment. Hence, all stakeholders should consider the genotype (G), environment (E), management (M), and their synergies, as far as grain yield and quality are considered simultaneously.

Effect of Biofortification with Zinc and Iron on Growth Parameters, Yield Attributes and Yield of Barley (Hordeum vulgare L.)

A field experiment was conducted during Rabi season of 2021-2022 at Students' Instructional Farm (S.I.F.) of Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, Uttar Pradesh to evaluate the effect of biofortification with zinc and iron on growth parameters, yield attributes and yield of Barley. The present experiment having 16 treatment combinations replicated thrice in factorial randomized block design. Barley variety Prakhar (K 1055) (K508/NDB1081) was grown with recommended agronomic practices. On the basis of the results emanated from present investigation, it could be concluded that application of 100% RDF + soil application of Zn @ 25 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 + two foliar application of Fe (0.5%) significantly recorded maximum growth parameters such as plant height (102.00 cm) and number of effective tillers (302.00 m-2) and maximum yield attributing characters such as ear length (8.9 cm), number of grains spike-1 (50.75) and test weight (42.497 g). The result showed highest grain yield (59.55 q ha-1), straw yield (69.673 q ha-1), biological yield (129.22 q ha-1) and harvest index (46.08 %) with 100% RDF + soil application of Zn @ 25 kg ZnSO4 ha-1 + two foliar application of Fe (0.5%) in comparison to all the treatments during 2021-2022.