Number Of Grains Spike Research Articles

Effect of Jelly and Planting Depths on the Traits of Two Barley Verities

A field experiment was conducted in two separated environments in Nineveh Governorate, northern Iraq: the first in Telkef district and the second in Mosul district. Each experiment featured the growing of two barley varieties (Var) [Local black (LB) and Local white (LW)] at different sowing depths (SD) (4 and 8 cm), as well as the addition of three levels of hydrogel (HL) (0, 100, and 200) kg.ha-1. Traits studies: plant height (PH), leaf area of the flag (LAF), spike length (SL), Spike No. m2 (NS.m2), Number of grains/spike (NG/S), 1000 weight grains (1000WG), Biological yield (BY), Straw yield (SY), Grain yield (GY), Harvest index (HI). The results indicated that the (LB) variety superiority the (LW) variety in characteristics of (SL), (NS/m2) and (GY), whereas the local white variety superiority it in characteristics of (LAF), (NG/S) and (GY) in both sites. The (SD) show that the depth (8 cm) was superior in the traits of (PH), (NS/m2), (BY), (SY) and (GY), while the depth (4 cm) was significantly superior in the trait of (1000WG) for the two experimental sites. For the two experimental sites, the treatment of adding (200 kg.ha-1) of hydrogel was superior in characteristics (LAF), (NS/m2), (NG/S), (1000WG), (BY), (SY), (GY) and (HI). The majority of the binary and triple interactions revealed substantial differences between them and for the majority of the attributes investigated, as well as for both locations.

Seed priming influences on yield and protein content of wheat sown at different time

The aim of this field experiment conducted at the Agronomy Field Laboratory, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh, was to investigate the impact of different seed priming techniques and sowing dates on the yield and quality of wheat. The study aimed to identify the most effective seed priming technique and optimal sowing date to enhance wheat productivity and minimize yield reduction. The experiment employed a split plot design with two factors: seed priming techniques (no priming, hydropriming with distilled water, osmopriming with PEG, and halopriming with CaCl2) and sowing dates (November 20, December 05, and December 20). The trial was conducted from November 2019 to April 2020 at the research field. The study consisted of three replications for each treatment combination. Osmopriming exhibited the most favorable results among all priming techniques, showing significantly higher values for effective tillers hill-1 (3.91), number of grains spike-1 (43.82), number of spikelets spike-1 (16.16), grain yield (3.87 tons hectare-1), biological yield (6.02 t ha-1), and harvest index (39.03%). No priming condition resulted in the highest protein content (12.11%), while osmopriming had the lowest protein content (11.77%). The sowing conducted on November 20 yielded the highest number of effective tillers hill-1 (3.57), number of grains spike-1 (42.49), number of spikelets spike-1 (15.75), grain yield (3.71 t ha-1), biological yield (9.70 t ha-1), and lowest protein content (11.74%). Sowing on December 20 resulted in the highest protein content (12.20%). Based on the study's findings, it can be concluded that the osmopriming technique, combined with sowing on November 20, offers the most promising approach to mitigate the yield reduction of wheat. This combination demonstrated the highest grain yield (4.23 t ha-1) compared to other treatments. Therefore, farmers and agricultural practitioners are recommended to adopt the osmopriming technique with a sowing date of November 20 for optimizing wheat production and enhancing overall crop quality.

Improvement in Wheat Productivity with Integrated Management of Beneficial Microbes along with Organic and Inorganic Phosphorus Sources

Phosphorus (P) unavailability in agricultural soils is a primary cause of the poor development and yield of field crops in arid and semiarid regions. The primary goal of this research project was to investigate the influence of integrated management of beneficial microbes or biofertilizers (BF), organic P-fertilizers, and inorganic P-fertilizers on wheat productivity in a wheat–maize cropping system. Field experiments were carried out during the two consecutive seasons of 2020/2021 (Y1) and 2021/2022 (Y2) according to the two-factorial randomized complete block design with three replications. Factor one consisted of twenty-one treatments of organic and inorganic P-fertilizer combinations, while factor two consisted of two different BF (PSB and Bioaab). One overall control where no P or BF was applied was also included in each replication for comparison. The experiment consisted of six treatments of sole P sources (sheep manure (SM), cattle manure (CM), legume residues (LR), non-legume residues (NLR), single super phosphate (SSP) and rock phosphate (RP)), each applied at a rate of 90 kg P ha−1. Different combinations of organic and inorganic P sources (giving 15 treatments) were applied at a rate of 50% P from each source (i.e., 45 kg P ha−1 applied from different sources in combination). The results revealed that the combined application of SSP+SM produced a significantly higher number of grains spike−1 (23.9%), spikes m−2 (4.5%), and grain yield (40.9%) over the control. Application of PSB produced the maximum number of grains spike−1 (23.9%), spikes m−2 (4.5%), thousand-grain weight (8.3%), grain yield (40.9%), and biological yield (17%) in the wheat crop as compared to Bioaab. It was concluded from the two-year study that integrated use of organic P-fertilizers (animal manures) plus inorganic P-fertilizer (SSP) along with PSB ranked first in terms of higher wheat productivity in a wheat–maize cropping system.

Effect of Trichoderma Harzianum and Algae Chara sp and Levels of Mineral Fertilizer on Plant NPK Concentration and Wheat Yield Triticum aestivum L.

A factorial experiment was conducted in alluvial mixture soil using the design (RCBD in research) Agricultural Research and Experiment Station - in the Al Bandar area located on the banks of the Euphrates River, affiliated to the College of Agriculture / University of Al-Muthanna for the winter agricultural season (2021-2022), with the aim of studying the effect of adding Trichoderma fungus harzianum and alga Chara sp and chemical fertilizers (0, 25, 50, 75) and the interaction between them in the concentration of NPK in the plant and the yield of the plant, and the results indicated the moral superiority of the double addition of the fungus T.harzianum and the alga Chara sp in all the studied traits of nitrogen concentration in the plant. (2.04%) the concentration of phosphorous in the plant (0.632), the concentration of potassium in the plant (2.235%), the number of grains of a spike (62.17 grains of a spike-1), and the weight of 1000 grains (52.36 g) of an enzyme, as significant differences were recorded. As a result of adding mineral fertilizer at different levels, level 75 recorded the highest values in nitrogen concentration in the plant (1.82%), phosphorous concentration in the plant (0.534%), potassium concentration in the plant (1.865%), the number of grains spike (56.94 grains of a spike-1) and weight 1000 tablets (51.39 g).

Evaluation of some Barley Genotypes under Saline Soil Conditions

This study examined ten barley genotypes under both normal and saline soil environments at Sakha Agricultural Research Station, during two growing seasons 2019/2020 and 2020/2021. A randomized complete block design with four replications was used for each experiment. Some traits were recorded i.e. days to maturity, plant height (cm), spike length (cm), number of spikes m-2, number of grains spike-1, grain yield (t ha-1), biological yield (t ha-1), chlorophyll, K, Na content and K/ Na ratio. Analysis of variance for years, locations, genotypes and interaction were significant and highly significant for all studied traits. Results revealed that, the evaluated genotypes revealed a wide variation in salinity sensitivity. Line-1 and Line-6 gave the most desirable values of yield and related traits as well as physiological parameters under studied environments in both seasons, so we can recommend those genotypes under salinity conditions.

Optimizing Cow Urine Application Rate at Varying Fertility and Zinc Levels on Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Productivity under Dairy Based Farming System in Varanasi Tract

This field investigation was carried out in two consecutive years of 2016-17 and 2017-18 at the Agricultural Research Farm, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi (U.P.) to assess the effect of cow urine application at varying fertility and zinc levels on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under irrigated condition of Varanasi. Results showed that application of the fertilizer at 100% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) recorded significantly higher growth parameters viz. plant height, number of tiller m-1 row length; yield attributes viz. number of effective tiller m-2, spike length, grains spike-1 and test weight as well as grain and straw yield than 75% RDF during both the years. Among the zinc levels, zinc applied at 10 kg ha-1 though remained comparable to 5 kg Zn ha-1, recorded significantly higher values of these parameters over control. Cow urine at the rate of 12000 l ha-1 applied equally at sowing, CRI (Crown Root Initiation) and spike emergence (SE) stages gave higher values of plant height, number of tiller m-1 row length, spike length and number of grain spike-1 which being at par with 4000 l ha-1 cow urine each at sowing and CRI, both recorded significantly higher values than control. However, with respect to effective tillers m-2, grain and straw yield, significant increase was noticed with each increment of cow urine, recording maximum at 12000 l ha-1 during both the years.

Response of Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) to Different Tillage Practices and Nitrogen Levels in a Clay Loam Soil

We can overcome this global challenge by minimizing input costs and optimizing yields by employing appropriate tillage techniques and balanced fertilizer application. Appropriate tillage practices together with balanced fertilizer may be a promising practice of soil management to improve soil properties and crop production. The present study was carried out in wheat-maize cropping pattern (in the year 2019-20) at agricultural research farm of Gomal University, Dera Ismail Khan, Pakistan. The experiment was set up in a split-plot layout with a randomized complete blocks design. The nitrogen levels of 0, 90, 120, 150, and 180 kg N ha-1 were assigned to subplots. Tillage and nitrogen treatments separately had a significant impact on growth and yield characteristics, but the interaction between them had minimal effect, according to the findings. The tallest heights were found in the conventional tillage plots and the high N input (N180) plots, with heights of 101 and 104 cm, respectively. The spikes per m2 were found 242 in zero tillage plots, while the highest number of spikes per plot (265) was recorded in N180. The yield contributing factor number of grain spike-1 was 48.7 in zero tillage, while the nitrogen fertilizer @ 180 kg ha-1 yielded 52, 1000-grain weight of 35g was measured in conventional tillage and 38.8g in nitrogen fertilizer plots. Deep tillage where the nitrogen @ 150 kg ha-1 was applied gave the maximum grain yields, with 3113 kg ha-1 and 3415 kg ha-1, respectively. The benefit-cost ratio of different treatments was highest in zero tillage plots, with nitrogen @ 150 kg ha-1, at 1.65. Hence, it may be concluded from the study that both tillage and nitrogen levels influenced the agronomic properties of wheat, influenced the economics of farmers, and soil fertility.

Effect of Sowing Methods and Irrigation Levels on wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

The field experiment was carried out at agricultural research farm of IFTM University Moradabad (U.P.), India during rabi season 2018-19 to study the effect of sowing methods and irrigation levels on wheat. Sowing method and irrigation being a major constraint to reduces the potential of wheat yield. The treatments were arranged in split plot design in three replications, sowing methods in main plots and irrigation levels in sub-plots. The experiment treatments included two sowing methods, i.e. [S1 – conventional sowing method and S2 - furrow irrigated raised bed (FIRB) system] in main plots and six irrigation levels [I0 – (control), I1 – (one irrigation at CRI stage), I2 – (two irrigation at CRI and tillering stage), I3 – (three irrigations at CRI, tillering and late jointing stage), I4 – (four irrigations at CRI, tillering, late jointing and milking stage) and I5 – (five irrigations at CRI, tillering, late jointing, milking and dough stage). Wheat crop was sown by traditional method and furrow irrigated raised beds (FIRB) method. Raised beds were accommodating 3 rows of wheat at 20 cm wide. Furrows that are in between the beds are used for irrigation. This system permits adequate saving of irrigation water. Results indicated that sowing of wheat on FIRB system surpassed the conventional method of sowing for plant height, number of tillers plant-1, dry weight (g plant-1), number of effective tillers plant-1, spike length, number of grain spike-1, 1000 grain weight, grain yield, straw yield and biological yield followed by conventional sowing method. On the other hand irrigation levels I5 - (five irrigations at CRI, tillering, late jointing, milking and doughing stage) recorded the highest values for most of growth, yield components and yield of wheat. In FIRB system beds gave the opportunity for mechanical weeding and fertilizer placement and also improved the fertilizer and water use efficiencies. The role of sowing methods and level of irrigation in plant health and growth has been investigated in crop and it seemed significantly affecting with treatment.

Tillage and residue management on nutrient uptake by wheat under rice-wheat cropping system

A 2-year field experiment was carried out to investigate the effects of tillage and residue management practices on yield and NPK uptake by wheat under rice wheat cropping system at Birsa Agricultural University, Ranchi, Jharkhand. There were four tillage practices and four residue management practices arranged in split plot design with three replications. Higher NPK uptake by wheat, protein productivity, grain and straw yield as well as yield attributes viz., number of spikes m-2, number of grains spike-1 and 1000-seed weight (g) recorded under conventional tillage wheat sown after conventional tillage rice (CTCT) and residue retained in both crops (R-R) whereas lower recorded under zero tillage wheat sown after zero tillage rice (ZT-ZT) and without residue retained in both crops (NR-NR) during both the year of experimentations.

INFLUENCE OF NITROGEN RATES ON THE PERFORMANCE OF WHEAT (Triticum aestivum L.) VARIETIES IN NORTHERN GUINEA SAVANNA ECOLOGICAL ZONE OF TARABA STATE NIGERIA

Influence of nitrogen rates on the performance of Wheat varieties were investigated to determine the effects of nitrogen rates on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) in the study area. The experiments were laid out in split plot design with seven nitrogen rates. The treatments were replicated three times. The sub plot size was 3 m x 2 m. The crop was planted in the middle of November, at the beginning of the dry season. Half of each nitrogen rate was applied at sowing and the other half splited into two and top dressed at early tilling and flowering stage. Data were collected on number of tillers, Plant height, number of spikelets spike-1, number of grains spike1, weight of 1000 grain, biomass yield, grain yield and harvest index. All the data collected were subjected to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) and Least Significant Difference (LSD) using Genstat version 4.0. The results revealed that nitrogen fertilization had significant effect (P<0.05) on wheat yield and yield components. Number of tillers was highest at 180 kg N ha-1 and variety Linfen. Similarly, Plant height was best at 180 kg N ha-1 and variety Reyna-28 while number of spikelets spike-1 was highest at 150 kg N ha-1 and variety Reyna-28 which was at par with Linfen. All the yield characters and final grain yield performed best at 120 kg N ha-1 and Reyna-28. These results indicate that, Nitrogen rate of 120 kg N ha-1 and Reyna-28 proved to be the best rate and variety for higher grain yield. Thus it is recommended that 120 kg N ha-1 and Reyna-28 be used for irrigated wheat production in the study area.

Effect of Date of Sowing on Yield Attribute, Yield and Profitability of Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Varieties in Central Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh, India

To investigate the Effect of Date of Sowing and Wheat varieties on Yield Attributes, Yield and the profitability of wheat. A field experiment was conducted at the Students’ Instructional Farm of Agronomy, Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur, Utter Pradesh (UP) during Rabi 2021-22 growing seasons. A split plot design with four replications was used in this study. The experimental treatments were date of sowing as main factor (D1-15th November, D2-30th November, D3-10th December) and wheat varieties as sub-factor (V1-DBW-187, V2-K-1006, V3-HD-2967). The result of this study showed the interaction effect of Date of Sowing and Varieties of wheat were non-significant. In the different date of sowing, the 15th November sown crop resulted in significantly higher spike length (10.67 cm), spike weight (3.147g), number of grains spike-1 (53.55), 1000- grain weight (42.06 g), grain yield (52.81 q ha-1), gross income (INR ha-1 118837.667), net income (INR ha-1 49087.66) as well as B:C ratio (1.7), of wheat as compared to 30th November, 10th December.. Among wheat varieties, HD-2967 resulted the highest values of Yield Attributes viz. spike length (10.44 cm), number of grains spike-1 (52.41), 1000- grain weight (40.85 g), Yield viz. grain yield (51.38 q ha-1) and Profitability viz. gross income (INR ha-1 115612.66), net income (INR ha-1 45862.66) as well as B:C ratio (1.65). The greatest grain yield was obtained with HD-2967 variety sowed on 15th November. Thus, it is possible to maximize the Yield attributes, Yield and the Profitability of wheat by sowing HD-2967 variety on 15th November.

Agro-Morphological, Yield and Biochemical Responses of Selected Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) Genotypes to Salt Stress

Wheat is affected by various biotic and abiotic stresses, especially salinity, which reduces the growth and yield drastically. With this view, an experiment was conducted to observe genotypic differences in agro-morphological, yield, and biochemical responses to salinity. Experimental variables consisted of five salt-tolerant genotypes (G 13, G 20-1, G 9, G 22, G 20-2), one susceptible genotype (G 24) and one standard check variety (BARI ghom 25), which assigned to four levels of salinity with electrical conductivities 0, 4, 8 and 12 dS m−1. Irrespective of genotypes, salinity stress significantly decreased the yield and yield attributes. However, maximum total tillers plant−1, effective tillers plant−1, number of grains spike−1, and grain yield plant−1 was found in salt tolerant genotype G 20-2, followed by genotypes G 13, G 20-1, and the lowest was observed in salt-susceptible genotype G 24. The lowest reduction percentage of yield and yield attributes were also observed in salt tolerant genotype G 20-2 followed by genotypes G 13, G 20-2, and the maximum reduction percentage was found in salt-susceptible genotype G 24. Results showed that the highest amount of proline, glycinebetaine, soluble sugar and soluble protein content were observed in salt-tolerant genotype G 20-2, followed by genotypes G 13, G 20-1, and the minimum was found in salt-susceptible genotype G 24. On the other hand, the lowest hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and melondealdehyde (MDA) accumulation was detected in the same salt-tolerant genotype G 20-2, followed by G 13, G 20-1, and the maximum was observed in salt-susceptible genotype G 24. Therefore, higher accumulations of compatible solute in the tolerant genotypes reduce the oxidative stress, and provide the higher yield.

Influence of Long-term Application of Fertilizers and Manure on Growth, Yield Attributes and Yield of Wheat

A fertilizer experiment was conducted on wheat (GW 366) during Rabi session 2020-21 and 2021-22 under all India Coordinative Research Project on Long Term Fertilizer Experiment at College of Agriculture, Jawaharlal Nehru Krishi Vishwa Vidyalaya, Jabalpur, to study the effect of long-term application of fertilizers and manure on growth, yield attributes and yield of wheat. Eight treatments comprised of T1 (50% NPK), T2 (100% NPK), T3 (150% NPK), T4 (100% NP), T5 (100% N), T6 (100% NPK + FYM), T7 (100% NPK - S) and T8 (Control) were replicated four times in a randomized block design. The application of 50% NPK, 100% NPK and 150% NPK successively and significantly increased plant height, number of tillers plant-1, number of effective tillers plant-1, number of grains spike-1 and grain yield. While the test weight and straw yield at 150% NPK was found significantly superior to 50% NPK but it was found at par with 100% NPK in both the cases. The application of 100% NPK was found significant over 100% NPK - S for grain yield. The application of 100% NPK + FYM significantly increased the plant height, number of tillers plant-1, number of effective tillers plant-1, number of grains spike-1, test weight, grain and straw yield over 100% NPK, 100% NPK - S, 100% NP and 100% N, but it was found at par with 150% NPK for all the growth and yield attributes. Growth and yield attributes were found significantly and positively correlated with grain and straw yield of wheat.

Grain yield, chlorophyll and protein contents of elite wheat genotypes under drought stress

BackgroundDrought stress at different growth stages significantly alters growth, yield, and quality traits of wheat. However, great variability exists among genotypes regarding their response to drought stress. Therefore, determining the impacts of drought stress on yield and quality traits would help to select the superior genotypes. MethodsThis study investigated the effects of drought stress on wheat grain yield, chlorophyll, and protein contents. Fourteen (14) recently developed elite bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) genotypes were used in this study for evaluation under irrigated (full irrigation) and drought conditions (half of normal irrigation). The data relating to growth, yield and protein contents were recorded. ResultsSignificant differences (P ≤ 0.01) were noted among genotypes for all recorded traits. Drought stress significantly reduced the days to 50 % heading, days to 50 % maturity, grain filling, plant height (cm), number of spikes per m2, chlorophyll index (SPAD), peduncle length (cm), number of grains spike-1, thousand grain weight (g) and grain yield (kg ha−1). However, protein contents were increased under drought stress. Correlation analysis showed significant positive association of grain yield with thousand grain weight, number of spikes per m2, spike length, chlorophyll index, grain filling period and number of grains spike-1 under both irrigated and drought stress conditions. The protein contents expressed positive and negative relationship with yield under drought stress and irrigated conditions, respectively. Bioplot analysis revealed that genotype ‘V-19618′ and ‘V-19600′ proved superior under drought conditions regarding grain yield and related traits, while genotype ‘V-19574′ proved better under both irrigated and drought conditions. ConclusionsThese identified genotypes, i.e., ‘V-19618′ and ‘V-19600′ can be utilized in future wheat breeding programs to induce desirable characters for producing drought tolerant wheat genotypes.

A Study on Correlation and Path Coefficient Analysis for Yield and Associated Traits in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) is the world's most important cereal grain which contains carbohydrate, protein, fat, minerals and significant amounts of vitamins. A study was conducted in Augmented Block Design with 105 genotypes of bread wheat with four checks (HD-2967, DBW-222, DBW-107, and HD-2733) for estimation of means, range, correlations and path-coefficient. A wide range of variations were observed for different characters under study. The genotype RAJ-4549 (16.35), UP-3056 (15.78), DBW-344 (15.78), produced highest grain yield plant-1 followed by NW-8076 (15.36) and NW-8019 (15.14). In case of correlation study, grain yield plant-1 had a highly significant and positive correlation with tillers plant-1, biological yield plant-1, peduncle length, and spike length; whereas a non-significant negative correlation was found with days to 50% flowering, plant height and days to maturity. In path coefficient analysis, major positive direct effect on grain yield plant-1 was exerted by biological yield plant-1, followed by harvest-index, number of grain spike-1, peduncle length, number of tillers plant-1, test weight, days to 50% flowering and spike length. Tillers plant-1 and peduncle length exhibited high order positive indirect effects on grain yield plant-1 via biological yield (0.87) and (0.69) respectively. The characters showing highly significant positive correlation among yield and its components can be further validated and if consistent performance is found in future study; emphasis should be given to those characters while developing high yielding varieties.

Comparison of Desired-Genetic-Gain Selection Indices in Late Generations as an Insight on Superior-Family Formation in Bread Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Wheat is one of the most important sources of food worldwide. A selection index helps in making selection decisions and permits the exploitation of information on correlated traits to improve yields. Two cycles of pedigree selection based on the desired-genetic-gain selection index were imposed to identify the best index to isolate promising lines. The base population was composed of 120 families of bread wheat in the F6 generation. Eight combinations were constructed from six traits, i.e., days to heading (DH), number of spikes/plant (NS/P), grain yield/plant (GY/P), number of grains/spike (NG/S), mean spike weight (MSW) and mean grain weight (GW). The narrow-sense heritability of NS/P, NG/S, MSW and GW increased from cycle 1 to cycle 2, revealing an increase in the observed gain and homogeneity of the selected families for these traits from cycle to cycle. After the second cycle, the observed gain in GY/P ranged from 9.5 to 23.75% of the mid-parent. The best index for improving GY/P was index 2 (composed of GY/P, NS/P, NG/S, MSW and GW). The indices involving DH were inferior for improving GY/P. The desired-genetic-gain index was efficient in simultaneously improving several involved traits and was a good method to preserve genetic variability. Furthermore, six superior promising families were identified.

The Effect of Spraying Cytokinin and Planting Dates on Barley Growth and yield

A field experiment was carried out during the winter season 2020-2021 in the AL-Sufia area, east of Ramadi, to estimate effect of spraying cytokinin on the growth and yield of barley (Hordeum vulgare L.). By using the split plot plate arrangement by randomized complete block design (RCBD) with three replications, the study included two factors, the first factor, three concentrations of cytokinin 0 (K1), 30 (K2) and 60 (K3) mg L-1. taken and sprayed on the vegetative part in equal parts for two sprays, each spraying 0, 15 and 30 mg L-1 when the first vegetative branch appeared. The second factor is the planting dates and they were Oct 25th , Nov 10th, Nov 25th and Dec 10th, and the symbols (D1, D2, D3, D4) were taken. Concentration of 60 mg L-1 of cytokinin significantly affected the yield characteristics and its components, as this concentration recorded the highest average in the characteristics number of grains in the spike, weight of 1000 grains, and grain yield was 26.20 grains in the spike-1 and 53.77 g. and 5.633 ton H-1 respectively. The planting dates also had a significant effect on the yield characteristics and its components, second date superior Nov 10th in most of the studied traits, and the yield traits recorded the highest rates in the trait of the number of spikes 402.7 spikes m-2 and number of grains spike 26.17 grain spike-1, and grain yield amounted to 6.198 ton h-1

Effect of Soil Test Crop Response Approach on Yield, Nutrient Content and Uptake by Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

A field experiment was carried out during Rabi season of 2018-19 under AICRP project on Soil Test Crop Response at Agricultural Research Station, Swami Keshwanand Rajasthan Agricultural University, Bikaner to find out the effect of soil test crop response approach on yield, nutrient content and uptake of wheat. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with five treatment combinations viz. general recommendation dose, soil test crop response recommendation for target yield 30 q ha-1, soil test crop response recommendation for target yield 30 q ha-1 with integrated plant nutrient system, soil test crop response recommendation for target yield 40 q ha-1 and soil test crop response recommendation for target yield 40 q ha-1 with integrated plant nutrient system with four replications. Research finding of long term field experiment revealed that application of soil test crop response recommendation for target yield 40 q ha-1 with integrated plant nutrient system gave maximum number of effective tillers m-1 row length, spike length, number of grains spike-1, weight of grains spike-1, test weight, grain yield (4026 kg ha-1) and straw yield (5629 kg ha-1) of wheat which was found statistically at par with soil test crop response recommendation for target yield 30 q ha-1 with integrated plant nutrient system. Application of soil test crop response recommendation for target yield 40 q ha-1 with integrated plant nutrient system also improved the N, P and K content and their uptake by grain and straw of wheat. These study results proved that soil test crop response recommendation with integrated plant nutrient system gave better results of all parameters in the comparison of general recommendation dose and soil test crop response without integrated plant nutrient system.

Multivariate Biplot Analysis for the Diversity in Bread Wheat Genotypes (Triticum aestivum L.)

A field study was conducted during (November–April, 2017–2018) at CCSHAU, Hisar, Haryana, Indiaxxx to evaluate wheat genotypes for diversity analysis by multivariate and biplot analysis.xxx The morphological and agronomic attributes of wheat have been evaluated to measure genetic variation and their close relatives. Diversity analysis of bread wheat genotypes was deciphered by fifteen morphological traits utilizing multivariate hierarchical clustering technique and biplot analysis. Multivariate analyses have been applied to measure the diversity in wheat accessions and to evaluate the relative contributions of morphological traits to the total variability in a collection. Recent analyses enable accessions to be classified into clusters as per their similarity indexes. Good amount of variability had been observed for most of the traits. Maximum range was observed for flag leaf area and plant height. The positive correlation of the grain yield with various traits ensured indirect selection for yield can be done by selecting those characters. Significant positive correlation of grain yield exhibited with number of grains spike-1, thousands grain weight and plant height. Multivariate Hierarchical clustering technique by Ward’s method expressed three clusters with 20.4, 20.5 and 59.1% of total genotypes. The first principal component accounted for 29.4% with major traits number of tillers plant-1, flag leaf area, biological yield plant-1, grain yield plant-1, weight of grain ear-1, flag leaf length. The contribution of second was 15.7% with major six traits number of grains ear-1, ear weight, weight of grain ear-1, number of spikelet ear-1, grain yield plant-1 and number of tillers plant-1.

IMPACT OF CHEMICAL HERBICIDES TO BREAD WHEAT GENOTYPES (Triticum aestivum L)

This study was aimed to investigate effect of wheat cultivates to herbicides. A field experiment was conducted at the Research Station of the Field Crops Department at the College of Agricultural , University of Tikrit during winter season 2017-2018. Factorial Experiment within Randomized Complete Block design with three replicates were used . This experiment contains two variables first was used the herbicide (Atlantis, Pallas, Chevalier) and control. The second variable includes four cultivates (Al-Hashimiyah, Al-Baraka, Nor, and Door 29). The results Al-Baraka revealed that the highest plant height (75.91 cm), number of spikes (372.67 m2) and the number of shoots m2 (355.41), while the cultivate Noor had the highest value, number of grains spike-1 (42.67) and the total grain yield (4.82) ton ha-1. Atlantis herbicide recorded the highest number of tillers square meter-1 (387.50) and the treatment Balas recorded the highest value in the weight of a thousand grains (40.24 g) and total grain yield (2.00 tons . ha-1). The interaction between genotypes and pesticides produced highest grain yield (6.31) tons.ha-1.