Number Of Glasses Research Articles

Effects of chronic drinking on verb generation: an event related potential study

In alcohol dependent individuals, abnormalities in brain functioning have been revealed using event-related potential (ERP) methods. In the present study, we investigated whether in non-alcohol dependent drinkers functioning of the brain is also compromised as a function of recent and lifetime drinking history (LDH). An ERP verb generation task consisting of two conditions (generating verbs describing the use of visually presented nouns versus reading nouns aloud) was used; subtracting ERPs in the latter condition from those in the former should reveal the sequence of brain processes involved in verb generation. Four groups were included, consisting of individuals drinking either lightly, moderately, heavily, or excessively (overall mean age 46.6 years). Participants were sober at the time of testing. Although the excessive group had the highest per cent retrieval errors, there was no continuous relationship between this score and amount of alcohol consumption. However, number of glasses per week affected differential ERPs associated with verb generation both at short (120-220 ms, mid-frontal sites) and at longer latencies (from 700 ms on),left-temporal and right-frontal electrode sites (T7, F6). It is concluded that moderate, heavy, and excessive drinkers, compared to light drinkers, show abnormal brain potentials associated with verb generation over frontal and temporal areas. Moderate to excessive drinking alters some but not all brain processes involved in verb generation. In particular the frontal and temporal brain areas appear to be vulnerable for the effects of chronic lifetime drinking.

Terahertz Transmission Spectroscopy of Nonpolar Materials and Relationship with Composition and Properties

Terahertz time-domain spectroscopy is used to study the properties of non-polar materials. Terahertz absorption spectra and refractive indices are measured in a number of glasses and oils. The results are correlated with material properties.

Application of Urbain's Model for Slag Systems in the Estimation of Viscosity of Some Commercial Glasses

For the estimation of viscosity of glasses and slags several model equations are generally used, most of which involve three or more empirical constants. The most widely used model for slag systems, proposed by G. Urbain, uses two constants, which are interrelated linearly. Urbain examined data for 54 oxides, silicates and alumino-silicates to establish his model. This paper establishes the validity of Urbain's model for a large number of glasses ranging from binaries, ternaries to more complex systems. The paper also examines the possibility of relating the empirical constants to optical basicity with the ultimate objective of estimation of glass viscosity solely from the composition and optical basicity of the melt.

Avaliação de protocolo para obtenção de mudas micropropagadas de bananeira cv. Prata-Anã (subgrupo AAB)

O trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar um sistema de micropropagação para a cultivar Prata-Anã, observando-se os principais fatores de eficiência e limitação no processo produtivo da muda. Os explantes foram estabelecidos em meio nutritivo MS, suplementado com 5mg/L de BAP (benzilaminopurina) e 30g/L de sacarose solidificado com 8g/L de ágar e pH ajustado em 5,7. A fase de multiplicação foi composta pelo mesmo meio de cultura e a de enraizamento constituída pela metade da concentração dos sais de MS e de sacarose, sem regulador de crescimento. Perdas por contaminação bacteriana foram maiores durante o estabelecimento in vitro e por fungos, nos dois últimos subcultivos. As maiores taxas de multiplicação ocorreram entre o 4º e o 5º subcultivos e, ao final do processo, observou-se maior proporção de brotos na classe entre 30 e 60mm. Com relação à eficiência da utilização da mão-de-obra no laboratório, observou-se que o processamento diário de frascos por operador foi baixo nas fases de estabelecimento, primeiro subcultivo e enraizamento, quando comparado com as fases de multiplicação exponencial dos explantes. Apesar de não terem sido constatadas perdas na fase de aclimatação, foi observada a ocorrência de 1% do total das plântulas com anomalias morfológicas.

Stability limits for a liquid of Einstein glasses

The thermal properties of a model liquid are expressed in terms of the properties of the glasses that it samples. Each glass is modeled as an Einstein solid with enthalpy H0 at absolute zero and an Einstein temperature that decreases linearly with H0. The number of glasses with enthalpy H0 is represented by a Gaussian distribution. The range over which the liquid exists is bounded below by a Kauzmann temperature, where it has the same entropy as an individual glass, and bounded above by a heat capacity divergence.

A Method of Estimating the Rate Constant for Diffusion Interaction between Glass and Solution (Melt)

The interdiffusion is analyzed in a large number of glasses treated with various solutions and melts under different conditions. It is demonstrated that the effective interdiffusion coefficient of ions is the geometric mean of individual diffusion coefficients of ions. The individual diffusion coefficients are calculated by extra-polating the concentration dependences of the reciprocal of the interdiffusion coefficient, which is determined according to the Matano–Boltzmann technique.

Self-assessment of inebriation from external indices.

The objective was to study people's judgments, through the use of external indices, of their expected degree of inebriation and to characterize the cognitive processes involved in making these judgments. The participants were 143 adults living in France. In accordance with N. H. Anderson's functional theory of cognition (1982, 1996), their primary task was to read 64 cards depicting drinking situations characterized by three parameters: number of glasses, type of drink, and temporal relation to eating; to associate with each situation a certain degree of personal intoxication; and to indicate this degree of expected intoxication on linear scale anchored by Not at all drunk and Extremely drunk. Participants were able to judge the general direction and combination of effects. They indicated incorrectly, however, that incremental effects decrease at higher levels of consumption (4 or more glasses) and at higher concentrations of alcohol in a drink. On the other hand, they indicated correctly that eating food decreases the impact of drinking alcohol. Drinkers and nondrinkers used different rules for self-assessment from external indices. IMPICATIONS: The systematic errors in both drinkers' and nondrinkers' use of external clues could, unless corrected, result in their becoming more inebriated than intended.

Study of the second-order susceptibility from the cathode-side face of poled glasses

Two different techniques are proposed to distinguish the second-harmonic generation from the anode-side and the cathode-side faces of poled glasses. The first one is based on the poling of multi-pieces of three types of glasses including pure silica. The second one is based on the generation of second-harmonic light at 266 nm from the face of glass facing toward the detector. In that configuration, the signal from the opposite face cannot be transmitted through the glass. Pyrex glass and lead silica are new materials for the production of second-harmonic generation by poling. We found that the second-harmonic signal from the poled lead silica glass increases exponentially with an increase in lead content. The second-harmonic signal from the cathode-side face is two orders of magnitude less than that from the anode-side face, while those from the middle interfaces are much less. Additionally, we have observed that the second-harmonic signal increases with the number of glasses included in a poled set of multiple pieces. An explanation of this increase is provided in the present paper.

Structural Role of PbO in Li2O–PbO–B2O3 Glasses

Thermal and spectroscopic studies have been carried out on a number of glasses with wide ranging compositions in the pseudoternary glass system Li2O–PbO–B2O3 in order to understand the structural role of PbO in these glasses. Infrared, Raman, and 11B MAS-NMR results indicate that PbO behaves as a network former in these glasses and is possibly incorporated in the network as [PbO4/2]2− units. The formation of [PbO4/2]2− units leads to the creation of neutral three-coordinated boron (B03) which, in turn, leads to the reformation of four-coordinated boron (B−4) in the structure at the expense of two-coordinated (B−2) and singly coordinated (B2−1) boron atoms. The variations of glass transition temperatures (Tg) and molar volumes also support this model.

Studies on the Effect of Li2SO4 on the Structure of Lithium Borate Glasses

Thermal and spectroscopic investigations have been carried out on a number of glasses with a wide range of compositions in the pseudoternary glass system, Li2SO4−Li2O−B2O3, to understand the role of sulfate ions in modifying the borate glass structure. Both nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and infrared (IR) spectroscopic results indicate that four-coordinate boron atoms are retained in the glass structure to a greater extent in sulfate-containing glasses than in pure lithium borate glasses. There seems to be some evidence for the existence of sulfoborate-type units in Raman spectra in the region of 800−960 cm-1. These conclusions are supported by the observed behavior of glass transition temperatures and molar volumes. The possibility of formation of sulfoborate-type units is discussed from bonding and thermodynamic points of view.

The early stages of marine biofouling and its effect on two types of optical sensors

This paper records the results of an investigation into the effects of biofouling on optical marine sensors and the organisms responsible for the deterioration in sensor accuracy. Two kinds of commercial sub-surface optical marine sensor, commonly used to measure water quality, were operated in a natural marine environment and allowed to foul while measurements of the actual conditions were made daily using clean instruments. A number of glass and acrylic coupons were placed in the same environment and were removed at intervals throughout the trial. These coupons were examined and the biological population quantified. Deterioration in the optical properties of the coupons was measured using image analysis and UV-visible spectroscopy. The results from the coupons were compared with the results from the commercial instruments. It was observed that the major deterioration in instrumental accuracy occurred when a bacterial population exceeding 10 5/mm 2 was found on the coupons. The algal population had little effect on the instruments over this time period. The acrylic coupons supported a lower fouling population, apparently due to the increased solubility of acrylic in seawater. The two optical techniques returned similar patterns of results for the surface area fouled, although the numerical values returned by each technique were different. Neither of these two techniques returned values directly comparable with the deterioration in accuracy of the commercial instruments. The trial took place on the Isle of Cumbrae in the Firth of Clyde on the west coast of Scotland, U.K.

Milk--a better drink? Relationships with total serum cholesterol in a cross-sectional survey. The Nordland Health Study.

Cross-sectional studies have not consistently shown a positive association between milk drinking and serum cholesterol. We studied this relationship in a cohort of 7506 men and women aged 40-42 years in the county of Nordland in northern Norway (72% of all subjects in the age-bracket living in the county). We found a positive relationship between the percentage of fat in the milk and total serum cholesterol, but no positive relationship between whole fat milk consumption (number of glasses per day) and serum cholesterol. The findings were, however, to some extent influenced by effects of present atherosclerotic disease, or perceived threat of this.

Anharmonic resonant modes and the low-temperature specific heat of glasses

For disordered solids it is shown that anharmonic resonant modes can contribute both a linear and a cubic term to the temperature-dependent specific heat. The linear dependence is associated with resonant-mode diffusion while the excess cubic term comes from the stationary resonant-mode component. Both features are derived from the vibrational anharmonicity of the solid with the resonant mode frequency as the one important model parameter. When its value is fixed with the measured linear term then the enhanced resonant mode density of states has the correct order of magnitude and frequency position to account for the excess ${T}^{3}$ specific heat observed in a number of glasses. The same mechanism also can account for both the presence and absence of the observed linear specific-heat contribution in solid $^{3}\mathrm{He}$.

Brillouin scattering intensities in glasses: Theory and experiment

Abstract The interpretation of light scattering data in homogeneous disordered solids, as far as the intensities and positions of the Brillouin peaks are concerned, is reviewed on the basis of the existing phenomenological theories. A microscopic, fully electrodynamic theory is presented, which allows the calculation of Brillouin intensities. The theory, when expanded in terms of fluctuations from the average reference structure, yields zero-order expressions for the elasto-optical coefficients entirely in terms of the refractive index of the medium. A comparison is made with recent data obtained with a new high-resolution high-luminosity high-contrast monochromator and with already published data on a number of glasses. The discrepancies encountered and the role played by higher-order terms in the fluctuations are discussed. It is suggested that the intensity of the depolarized longitudinal and transverse components contains relevant dynamic and structural information on these systems.

Crystallization of NiB metallic glasses with high boron contents

Crystallization of melt-spun NiB metallic glasses in the concentration range from 30 to 36 at.% B has been investigated systematically by means of optical and electron microscopy. In all NiB glasses nucleation occurs preferentially at the free surface of the ribbon. The strong {001} fibre texture of the Ni 2B phase (C16 structure) might result from nickel enrichment at the surface, since the Ni 2B structure contains nickel layers parallel to the (001) plane. Histograms of the crystal diameter distribution reveal quenched-in nuclei with a scatter in growth rates of about 10% rather than heterogeneous nucleation with transient rates. For the polymorphic crystallization Ni 66B 34 → Ni 2B growth rates in the [110] as well as in the [001] direction have been found to be controlled by an Arrhenius-type equation. For the growth into the ribbon in [001] direction a pre-exponential factor u 0 = 6 × 10 11 m s −1 and an activation energy Q = 263 kJ mol −1 have been estimated; growth in the plane is slower by a factor of about 4. NiB glasses with lower or higher boron contents exhibit eutectic crystallization reactions with slightly slower growth rates. In a number of glasses with boron contents below 34 at.% crystallization of the metastable boride Ni 7B 3 (hexagonal: a = 0.696 nm; c = 0.438 nm) has been observed.

Spectroscopic studies of the alkali-free aluminosilicate glass structure

The structure base of alkali-free aluminosilicate glasses is formed by a silicon-oxygen framework with [TiO 4], [TiO 5] and [AlO 4] groupings embedded into it. The Sr 2+ and Ba 2+ ions are responsible for the stability of the [AlO 4] groups and embedding of up to 20 mole % Al 2O 3 into the anion structural glass lattice. Besides, in a number of glasses the [AlO 6] and [TiO 6] groups have been identified. In the glasses with a stable MeO and TiO 2 content an increasing concentration of Al 2O 3 affects the structural state of titanium. In multi-titanium glasses there are conditions for the formation of predominantly a titanium-oxygen anion lattice with the [SiO 4] and [AlO 4] groups embedded into it.

Synthesis of glasses for solar-energy concentrators

At the present time a rather large number of glasses with n /SUB D/ higher than 1.8 are known. These glasses are based mainly on oxides characterized by high partial values of n /SUB D/ , particularly PbO, BaO, TiO/sub 2/, La/sub 2/O/sub 3/, Nb/sub 2/O/sub 5/, ThO/sub 2/, Ta/sub 2/O/sub 3/, CdO, Wi/sub 2/O/sub 3/, and so on. The goal of this study is to synthesize glasses with n /SUB D/ higher than 1.8 based on readily available and inexpensive components. For this research the system BaO-TiO/sub 2/-B/sub 2/O/sub 3/ was chosen because of the possibility of synthesizing glasses with high contents of BaO and TiO/sub 2/. Equimolar substitution of B/sub 2/O/sub 3/ by A1/sub 2/O/sub 3/ was carried out, since introduction of increasing quantities of A1/sub 2/O/sub 3/ into the glasses of some systems leads to a continuous increase in n /SUB D/ . At a sufficient excess of BaO both aluminum and boron replace titanium which plays the role of the glass-former in these glasses. The data presented show BT-1 glass to be suitable for the production of solar energy concentrators.

In Vino Veritas: A study of wineglass acoustics

This paper describes an investigation of the natural resonant frequencies of vessels such as wineglasses. Measurements on a number of glasses are interpreted with the help of theoretical predictions based on the analysis of vibrating systems by means of the energy method. Results and analysis are given for empty glasses and for glasses containing different amounts of liquid. Evidence for vibrational modes above the lowest is presented.

Phase transformations in Cu-containing glasses of the SiO2-Al2O2-CaO-K2O system

One of the disadvantages of slag-sitall compositions is the presence of volatile crystallization catalysts (fluorine, sulfur) which lower the stability of the process of production of slag sitall articles. Therefore urgent research studies must be directed towards synthesizing new slag-sitall compositions with nonvolatile crystallization catalysts. Copper-containing compositions seem to be very promising in this direction since metallic copper in a state of colloidal dispersion is capable of stimulating the volume crystallization of a number of glasses [i]. Moreover, as the basis for planning new slag-sitall compositions it is necessary to know the fundamental principles involved in their crystallization in the presence of the actual catalyst, namely metallic copper.

Phosphorescence of anthracene

The phosphorescence spectra of anthracene-h10 and -d10 have been studied in a number of glasses and crystalline matrices. The line widths are very matrix dependent and they range from about 150 cm-1 to 1 cm-1 in n-heptane. There is a correlation between the line width and the wavenumber position of the origin. A study of the relative intensities of fluorescence and phosphorescence from various sites in Shpolskii matrices has shown that the intersystem crossing rate is site dependent. It is postulated that this involves the relative energies of the singlet state and a triplet state, nearly degenerate with it, which are site dependent.