Number Of Flies Research Articles

Evaluation of Basil Plant Ocimum Sanctum L. as Attractant to Fruit Flies

An experiment was conducted in mango, guava and vegetables farm located at Chandra Shekhar Azad University of Agriculture and Technology, Kanpur (U P.) on the attraction of fruit flies with basil (Ocimum sanctum L.) plant extracts. The treatments include: leaf extract (T1), stem extract (T2), inflorescence extract (T3), root extract (T4) and methyl eugenol (control). In mango, maximum numbers of fruit flies were attracted with basil leaf extract (mean 12.67) in 21st standard month (SM); and with inflorescence extract it was nil. In guava, maximum fruit flies were attracted to inflorescence extract (51.67) in 50th SM, and the least with stem extract (0.67- 4th SM). In vegetable farm, maximum fruit flies were attracted with leaf extract (65.67- 12th SM), and the least with the stem extract (5.00 in 3rd SM). In general, the leaf extract was superior in attracting the fruit flies in mango and vegetables, while it was inflorescence extract in guava. Basil being the cheapest source of methyl eugenol can decrease substantially the pest attack. This study observed that seven species were attracted to basil plant parts viz., Bactrocera (Zeugodacus) cucurbitae, B. dorsalis, B. zonata, B. (Zeugodacus) diversa, B. correcta, B. caudata and B. nigrotibialis.

Comparative Efficacy of Different Insecticides Against Cucurbit Fruit Fly <i>(Bactrocera cucurbitae)</i> on Bottle Gourd <i>(Lagenaria siceraria) </i>in Sarlahi District, Nepal

The present investigation was conducted to evaluate the comparative efficacy of different Insecticides against cucurbit fruit fly, Bactrocera cucurbitae in Bottle Gourd laid out at farmer’s field in Sarlahi district. The research was designed under RCBD with 6 treatments (T1 = Spinosad @ 200ml/ha, T2 = Dichlorovos 76% EC @2ml/litre water, T3 = Lambda cyhalothrin 5% EC @ 1-2 ml/litre water, T4 = Jholmal @10ml/ litre water, T5 = Multineem (Azadirachtin 0.03%) @ 10ml/ litre water and T6 = Control (water spray) and 3 replications accommodating 12 plants in each plot. The insecticides were applied as first, second, and third sprays at pre-set, post-set, and harvest stage of Bottle Gourd in 10 days intervals between each spray and data collection being done on 3rd, 7th, and 10th day after each spray. The results showed significant variation for studied traits. The maximum number of fruit fly per plant was 8.40 (10DAS-III) during the experiment. Cucurbit fruit flies preferred young fruits and flowers for oviposition and the results obtained high pre-set damage of 43.85% (10DAS-I) and post-set damage of 68.14% (10DAS-II). The highest fruit infestation was 52.41% & 53.71% based on number and weight respectively under control treatment. Under Spinosad treatment, the lowest insect population (1.33 at 3DAS-III) was obtained with least pre-set damage, post-set damage, and minimum fruit infestation of the insect by number (27.29%) and weight (25.90%) followed by Dichlorovos and Lambda-cyhalothrin for similar traits. While, Jholmal and Azadirachtin were inferior in controlling the fruit fly population and reducing the infestation at pre-set, post-set, and harvest stage. However, Azadirachtin and Lambda-cyhalothrin were on par in terms of post-set damage (46.32% and 47.50%), respectively. The results revealed that Spinosad is the best bio-pesticide against Cucurbit fruit fly in Bottle Gourd with Dichlorovos and Lambda-cyhalothrin next in order while Jholmal and Azadirachtin offered a better quality of fruits and higher yield in Bottle Gourd. While chemical insecticides may seem effective for short term, we must opt to use eco-friendly pesticides/botanicals such as Spinosad, Jholmal and Azadirachtin for pest management and thus further study is required to explore the comparative efficacy of bio-pesticides/botanicals against chemical insecticides for fruit fly management in Bottle Gourd.

YOLO-Based Deep Learning Framework for Olive Fruit Fly Detection and Counting

The olive fruit fly can damage up to 100% of the harvested fruit and can cause up to 80% reduction of the value of the resulting olive oil. Therefore, it is important to early detect its presence in the olive orchard to take the appropriate chemical or biological countermeasures as early as possible. Traps filled with attractant pheromones are typically deployed across the orchard to attract and capture the flies. Traditionally, the captured flies were manually counted which is error prone. Recently, the traps are employed with cameras and communication devices to send pictures of the captured flies to experts for analysis which is also error prone and inefficient. Consequently, machine and deep learning have been exploited to develop fully automated and accurate detection that does not include human in the loop. Such a learning problem is challenging due to the small size of the detected object, the differences in the light conditions at which pictures were taken, and the lack of enough data to train the learning model. In this paper, we present a deep learning framework for detecting and counting the number of olive fruit flies that exploits data augmentation to increase the dataset size, includes negative samples in the training to improve the detection accuracy, and normalizes the images to the color of the trap background, i.e., yellow, to unify the illumination conditions. The results of the proposed framework show a precision of 0.84, a recall of 0.97, an F1-score of 0.9 and mean Average Precision (mAP) of 96.68% which significantly outperforms existing pest detection systems.

Stable Isotope Labeling of Amino Acids in Flies (SILAF) Reveals Differential Phosphorylation of Mitochondrial Proteins Upon Loss of OXPHOS Subunits

Drosophila melanogaster has been a workhorse of genetics and cell biology for more than a century. However, proteomic-based methods have been limited due to the complexity and dynamic range of the fly proteome and the lack of efficient labeling methods. Here, we advanced a chemically defined food source into direct stable-isotope labeling of amino acids in flies (SILAF). It allows for the rapid and cost-efficient generation of a large number of larvae or flies, with full incorporation of lysine-[13C6] after six labeling days. SILAF followed by fractionation and enrichment gave proteomic insights at a depth of 7196 proteins and 8451 phosphorylation sites, which substantiated metabolic regulation on enzymatic level. We applied SILAF to quantify the mitochondrial phosphoproteome of an early-stage leucine-rich PPR motif-containing protein (LRPPRC)-knockdown fly model of mitochondrial disease that almost exclusively affects protein levels of the oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS) system. While the mitochondrial compartment was hypo-phosphorylated, two conserved phosphosites on OXPHOS subunits NDUFB10 and NDUFA4 were significantly upregulated upon impaired OXPHOS function. The ease and versatility of the method actuate the fruit fly as an appealing model in proteomic and posttranslational modification studies, and it enlarges potential metabolic applications based on heavy amino acid diets.

Determine the Gamma Radiation Technique to Sterilization of Insects from Risk Factor

The sterile insect technique (SIT) is an environment-friendly blighter management technique with application within the area-wide integrated management of key pests, together with the suppression or elimination of introduced populations and therefore the exclusion of recent introductions. Procreative sterility is often evoked by radiation, a convenient and consistent technique that maintains an inexpensive degree of aggressiveness within the discharged insects. The price and effectiveness of an effective program integration of the SIT rely on the balance between sterility and aggressiveness, but it seems that current operational programs with an associate SIT element aren't achieving an associated, applicable balance. In this paper, we will discuss how to improve the sterilization method as well as a simple model and procedure for determining the optimum dose. The work in the gift was focused on an association analysis of the electromagnetic wave technique for insect sterilization as a risk issue. Discharge of enormous numbers of gamma-radiated male flies over the complete island caused concern regarding sterilization as an attainable technique for the dominant insects' public health. Several studies on the sterilization of varied insect vectors of sickness have been conducted since then. The study's goal was to check if electromagnetic waves were an efficient insect management mechanism. Insect sterilization is commonly used to create safe environments for fruit homes, manage blighters, and avoid livestock health issues. The sterilization insect technique entails mass-rearing of the target species, sterilization of the male, and unharnessing in sufficient numbers to equal wild male flies in the natural environment. It's species-specific, with no results for any of the 'non-target' species.

Online Adaptation to "Gotcha! Which fly trap is the best? An introduction to experimental data collection and analysis"

We present here a simple and engaging experiment capitalizing on the universal need to rid our homes of fruit flies to teach experimental design and analysis. In an earlier <a href="https://doi.org/10.24918/cs.2019.35">paper</a>, we described an experiment in which students learn the scientific process by attempting to answer the question, &quot;what is the best way to catch fruit flies?&quot; The experiment was designed to be easily adaptable to the resources available to the instructor. With the recent increase in schools opting for the online delivery of courses, we are updating the paper with suggestions on how students can complete the fly trap experiment from home. Traps are made with common items and baited with materials found in most kitchens and placed near open windows for up to five days during temperate seasons. Students are encouraged to creatively modify trap designs and baits based on their resources. Students then count and record the number of flies captured in each trap/bait combination and share their data across the class to create a large data set to analyse and explore for trends. Online video conferencing platforms, such as Zoom, can be used before and after the experiment to facilitate group discussion and maintain student engagement. Datasets can also be pooled across classes and we have included a sample dataset created through a Twitter callout for participants. The experiment is easily adaptable to allow students to have a valuable hands-on experience with experimental design, data collection, data analysis, and effective peer communication without leaving their own home.<!--pagebreak--> <em>Primary image:&nbsp;</em>Fly trap experiment using common household items. From left to right, the plastic wrap trap with red wine, the plastic wrap trap with mashed banana, the paper funnel trap with red wine, and the paper funnel trap with mashed banana. Original published lesson:&nbsp;<a href="https://doi.org/10.24918/cs.2019.35">Gotcha! Which fly trap is the best? An introduction to experimental data collection and analysis</a>

Record of melon fruit fly, Zeugodacus cucurbitae (coquillett) (diptera: tephritidae) on tomato: A case of host range expansion

Survey in different tomato fields from June, 2019 to February, 2020 revealed that the severity of fruitfly damage varied across locations as well as different tomato hybrids. Abhinav has recorded highest mean per cent fruit infestation (57%) followed by Saaho, US-448 and Alankar. Meghdoot hybrid recorded lowest mean per cent fruit infestation (26.50 %) by fruit fly among five major hybrids studied. The pest load of Z. cucurbitae in tomato was maximum in Abhinav with highest mean number of flies (71) emerged from ten sampled fruits followed by US-448, Saaho and Alankar. Lowest mean number of flies (45) were emerged from Meghdoot. At two APMC yards, Kolar and Chintamani, the data collected from tomato growers also showed that highest mean per cent fruit infestation was observed in Abhinav (62.70%) followed by Saaho, US-448 and Alankar.

Seasonal Abundance of Fly Species in the Animals Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, Sohag University, Sohag Governorate, Egypt

The present study was carried out in the Faculty of Agriculture, Sohag University, Sohag Governorate, Egypt during 2018-2019. The results recorded that the spring season was the most suitable for the activity of flies in different species, followed by summer, then autumn, and then the population decreased during the winter season. The incidence rates of flies were recorded as follows: 47.1, 30.1, 16.1 and 6.7% during spring, summer, autumn and winter respectively. These differences in the numbers of flies during the different seasons are mainly due to climate change, especially temperature. The house fly was the most common species found in Farm throughout the year by 69.7%, while the rest of the species ranged from 4.1 to 10.9% during 2018. The same trend of results was recorded on the same farm in 2019. These results are useful for determining the time of fly control programs in animal farms.

Evaluation of IDM modules for tomato leaf curl disease management in Madhya Pradesh

Comparative suitability assessment field trials of fourdifferent IDM modules for the management of leaf curldisease of tomato were conducted at farmer’s field. The trialcites were located in Chorgarhi, Mankesher and Upani villageof district Sidhi, Madhya Pradesh. The trials were conductedduring 2014-15, 2015-16 and 2016-17 as On Farm Trial. Trendof results obtained during past three years of experimentationindicated that all the management modules tested were foundsuperior over predominant farmer’s practice (M1). Themodule M4 having tolerant variety, seed treatment withinsecticide, nursery raising in nylon net cages of 40 mesh,root dip of seedling with systemic insecticide Imidacloprid,as to enable nursery to be transplanted, remain uninfestableby white flies and thrips at least up to 2 weeks aftertransplanting. Further, initial roughing at 3 weeks aftertransplanting and two subsequent sprays of systemicinsecticide before flowering, at 25 and 45 DAT was foundeffective not only in reducing disease incidence butdecreased total number of white fly per plant as well. Thispackage of practice was also able to enhance tomato yieldwith favorable cost benefit ratio. Module 4 was followed bymodule T3, where most of the measures mentioned in module4 were followed except use of nylon net. Therefore, it is verymuch evident that the seed treatment with insecticide andseedling dip measures along with physical intervention todeploy nylon net to prevent assess of vectors to nurseriesinside the cage, hold the great promise to have an almostleaf curl free crop.

Pathogenic organisms on spring barley in the eastern forest-steppe of Ukraine

Purpose. To detect harmful organisms on spring barley and their variability under the influence of hydrothermal conditions during the crop vegetation period in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine and to improve methods of pathogen detecting on plants and grains.Material and methods. The prevalence of diseases and pests was determined by conventional and special methods in accordance with the existing assessment scales and by methods modified by us in the course of work. We improved methods for determining pathogenic species on spring barley upon spring (optimal) and autumn (simulation of wet conditions) sowing followed by evaluating the disease signs during the tillering phase of plants and selecting nutrient medium for phytoexamination of grain and assessment of its infection rate.Results and discussion. The 2009–2020 assessments of the prevalence of diseases and pests on spring barley plants from seeds sown on different dates (autumn and spring) showed that the autumn sowing was more effective for barley net blotch manifestation on spring barley compared to the conventional method of spring sowing, since the autumn conditions are favorable for development of this fungus. Pathogens on spring barley were mainly represented by head smut (Ustilago hordei), barley leaf stripe disease, root rots and corn flies. The greatest prevalence of head smut (up to 67.0%) was observed in the years when the weather was excessively humid during the growing period (HTC =1.7 in 2020) or slightly arid (HTC =1.1 in 2015). The greatest spread of barley net blotch (100%) was observed on sufficient water supply in 2014 (HTC = 1.4). The numbers of frit flies during the study period were significant (up to 100%), only in 2016 there was a decline to 39%. The pathogen species that develop on spring barley seeds were determined. Alternaria contamination of grain ranged 9.0 to 77.0% from year to year; Drechslera contamination - 4.0 to 55.0%, Fusarium contamination - 0.0 to 12.4%.Conclusions. Head smut (Ustilago hordei (Pers. Lagerh.)) and Drechslera fungi causing leaf blotch and root rot (Drechslera teres Ito, D. graminea (Rabenh.) Shoemaker, D. sorokiniana Subram) were found to be the most common diseases of spring barley in the Eastern Forest-Steppe of Ukraine. Of pests, frit flies (Oscinella frit Linnaeus and O. pusilla Meigen) were most common. Major diseases of spring barley seeds are of fungal etiology (genera Drechslera spp., Fusarium Link. and Altenararia Fries). Two new methods of phytopathological analysis of the prevalence of diseases on spring barley crops have been developed: one of them is carried out by autumn sowing of seeds and evaluating plant damage during the tillering phase; the second method is phytoexamination of seeds for pathogens via germination of caryopses in sucrose solution

Morpho-physiological traits and leaf surface chemicals as markers conferring resistance to sorghum shoot fly (Atherigona soccata Rondani)

Sorghum shoot fly, Atherigona soccata,causes substantial economic losses in sorghum globally. Cultural practices and host plant resistance are effective measures for mitigating the losses caused by sorghum shoot fly. Therefore, we evaluated 32 sorghum genotypes consisting of a set of 10 restorer lines, 10 CMS (cytoplasmic male-sterile) lines and their respective maintainers exhibiting resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly along with resistant and susceptible checks under field conditions. The traits such as leaf glossiness, leaf sheath pigmentation, percentage plants with shoot fly deadhearts and number of shoot fly eggs per plant were used as morphological markers for selecting genotypes with resistance to shoot fly during the rainy and post rainy seasons of 2016 and 2017. The test material was also subjected to biochemical analysis (total soluble sugars, protein and tannin contents), while the leaf surface chemicals were analysed by GC–MS to identify the compounds associated with resistance/susceptibility to shoot fly. The genotypes differed significantly for all the traits, except percentage plants with shoot fly deadhearts during the 2016 rainy season. The genotypes ICSB 458, ICSA/B 467, ICSA/B 487, ICSA/B 14037, IS 18551 and ICSV 93046 exhibited moderate to high levels of resistance to shoot fly based on number of plants with shoot fly deadhearts, plants with shoot fly eggs and total number of shoot fly eggs. The shoot fly resistant genotypes ICSB 84, ICSA/B 467, ICSB 487, ICSB 14024, and IS 18551 had low shoot fly deadheart incidence, higher amounts of condensed tannins, soluble sugars, phenols and lower protein content as compared to the susceptible genotypes. Thirteen unique compounds were identified from leaf surface extracts by GC–MS which were associated with shoot fly resistance/susceptibility. While HPLC analysis revealed that Protocatechuic and coumaric acids were present in most of the sorghum genotypes, but their amounts were significantly greater in resistant as compared to the susceptible ones. The findings of the study highlight the importance of various morphological and biochemical traits conferring resistance to sorghum shoot fly, and these traits can be used as markers to identify shoot fly resistant genotypes for use in breeding programs.

Development and validation of a neural network for the automated detection of horn flies on cattle

When the number of horn flies that blood feed on cattle exceeds the economic threshold, they can adversely affect the health and wellbeing of their hosts. Excessive horn fly burdens also lead to reduced weight gain and, consequently, diminished profits for livestock producers. Effective management and treatment require reliable surveillance methods for estimating the degree of horn fly burden (i.e., counting the number of flies on cattle). Traditionally, these estimates are obtained through human visual estimation, either in-person or by counting images on a photo; however, these methods are costly both in terms of time and labor and are prone to subjectivity and bias. In contrast, automated methods can expedite the counting process and remove subjectivity and bias. To this end, a 2-stage method is presented here that uses computer vision and deep learning to identify the location of flies in digital images. The first stage segments the salient cow from all other parts of the image to remove flies on neighboring cattle from consideration. The second stage processes full-resolution patches of the original image and produces a heat map at the location of flies in the images. The method was trained on a set of 375 human-annotated images and tested on 120 images, where significant variation was observed amongst the human scorers. Counting results are compared to four separate human scorers and demonstrate that the neural network produces consistent results and that the method is reliable. Thus, the developed method can be used for monitoring changes in horn fly populations over time by anyone and allows for increased rigor and repeatability. An examination of individual images where the method was closest to and farthest from the human counts provides valuable insights regarding photographic processes that lead to success and failure.

Crosstalk between vrille transcripts, proteins, and regulatory elements controlling circadian rhythms and development in Drosophila.

SummaryThe vrille (vri) gene encodes a transcriptional repressor required for Drosophila development as well as circadian behavior in adults. Alternate first exons produce vri transcripts predicted to produce a short VRI isoform during development and long VRI in adults. A vri mutant (vriΔ679) lacking long VRI transcripts is viable, confirming that short VRI is sufficient for developmental functions, yet behavioral rhythms in vriΔ679 flies persist, showing that short VRI is sufficient for clock output. E-box regulatory elements that drive rhythmic long VRI transcript expression are required for developmental expression of short VRI transcripts. Surprisingly, long VRI transcripts primarily produce short VRI in adults, apparently due to a poor Kozak sequence context, demonstrating that short VRI drives circadian behavior. Thus, E-box-driven long VRI transcripts primarily control circadian rhythms via short VRI, whereas the same E-boxes drive short VRI transcripts that control developmental functions using short VRI.

Efektifitas Ekstrak Bunga Pepaya (Carica papaya) sebagai Bioinsektisida terhadap Kematian Lalat di TPA Ganet, Kota Tanjungpinang

Flies are insect vectors of several types of diseases for humans, such as diarrhea. The number of diarrheal disease sufferers in Tanjungpinang City in 2016 was 2.868. One of flies controlling method is by using bioinsecticide made from papaya (Carica papaya) flower which contains secondary metabolites such as flavonoids, tannins and steroids-triterpenoids. This post-test only designed pre-experiment study was aimed to determine the effectiveness of papaya flower extract as a bio-insecticide against the number of fly deaths. The data were analyzed with one way anova test at 95% confidence level. The number of flies as the study object were 270, which were allocated equally to three dfferent concentration of the papaya flower (25%, 50% and 75%) i.e. each contained 30 flies and repeated three times. The results show that the lowest percen-tage of flies deaths was 76.67% (23 flies) at concentration of 25%, and the highest was 96.67% (28 flies) at concentration of 75%. The results of the one way anova test obtained a p-value less than 0,001. Therefore, it can be concluded that papaya flower extract is effective as bioinsecti-cide for flies.

A pilot study demonstrating the identification of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense in vectors using a multiplexed high-resolution melt qPCR.

Human African Trypanosomiasis (HAT) is a potentially fatal parasitic infection caused by the trypanosome sub-species Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense transmitted by tsetse flies. Currently, global HAT case numbers are reaching less than 1 case per 10,000 people in many disease foci. As such, there is a need for simple screening tools and strategies to replace active screening of the human population which can be maintained post-elimination for Gambian HAT and long-term for Rhodesian HAT. Here, we describe the proof of principle application of a novel high-resolution melt assay for the xenomonitoring of Trypanosoma brucei gambiense and T. b. rhodesiense in tsetse. Both novel and previously described primers which target species-specific single copy genes were used as part of a multiplex qPCR. An additional primer set was included in the multiplex to determine if samples had sufficient genomic material for detecting genes present in low copy number. The assay was evaluated on 96 wild-caught tsetse previously identified to be positive for T. brucei s. l. of which two were known to be positive for T. b. rhodesiense. The assay was found to be highly specific with no cross-reactivity with non-target trypanosome species and the assay limit of detection was 104 tryps/mL. The qPCR successfully identified three T. b. rhodesiense positive flies, in agreement with the reference species-specific PCRs. This assay provides an alternative to running multiple PCRs when screening for pathogenic sub-species of T. brucei s. l. and produces results in less than 2 hours, avoiding gel electrophoresis and subjective analysis. This method could provide a component of a simple and efficient method of screening large numbers of tsetse flies in known HAT foci or in areas at risk of recrudescence or threatened by the changing distribution of both forms of HAT.

Biology of Mushroom Phorid Flies, Megaselia halterata (Diptera: Phoridae): Effects of Temperature, Humidity, Crowding, and Compost Stage.

The mushroom phorid fly, Megaselia halterata (Wood), is a common pest of mushroom production in many parts of the world. Due to the reduced availability of conventional insecticides for mushroom production, M. halterata has recently developed into a major pest in the top mushroom-producing county in the United States (Chester County, PA). Mushrooms are grown entirely indoors, and though larval development of M. halterata occurs in the mushroom-growing substrate, adult flies have been captured both inside and outside of the facilities. Here, we investigated three factors that might contribute to their growth and development. 1) The effects of ambient temperature (15-30°C) and relative humidity (RH; 21-98%) on adult M. halterata lifespan, 2) the effect of spawned compost stage (freshly inoculated with spawn vs 14-d spawned compost) on reproductive output, and 3) the effect of population density on reproductive output. The longevity of adult M. halterata increased under cooler temperatures and more humid conditions (>75% RH), which reflect the conditions inside mushroom-growing facilities. Similar numbers of flies emerged from freshly inoculated and 14-d spawned compost, but flies emerged earlier from 14-d spawned compost. The higher the parental fly density, the more offspring emerged from spawned compost, but the positive relationship reached a plateau beyond 40 parental mating pairs per 100 g of compost. Our findings highlight relevant abiotic and biotic factors that may contribute to M. halterata population dynamics.

Can spinosad be effective for the integrated management of Anastrepha ludens (Tephritidae) in soil and fallen fruit, and be compatible with the parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata (Braconidae)?

Tephritid fruit flies are susceptible to insecticide treatments when leaving infested fruit to pupate in the soil and when emerging as adults. Laboratory experiments involved placing third instar larvae of the Mexican fruit fly, Anastrepha ludens on sand treated with the naturally-derived insecticide spinosad (SpinTor 12SC). Negative correlations were detected between the concentration of spinosad and pupation and adult emergence. Treatment of pupae significantly reduced adult longevity, which could impact pest reproduction as adult flies require approximately two weeks to reach sexual maturity. Brief immersion of naturally infested oranges in 33–66 ppm spinosad solution also significantly reduced adult emergence. Exposure to spinosad-treated sand (33 ppm) did not adversely affect the foraging behavior or mortality of the braconid parasitoid Diachasmimorpha longicaudata. We conclude that effective control of A. ludens in soil with spinosad is possible but will likely require application of high concentrations of the insecticide, which may not be economically viable under conventional fruit production schemes. In the case of organic orchards surrounded by wild hosts that harbor large fly populations, targeted spinosad soil applications might be desirable as fly numbers could be significantly reduced without harming parasitoids.

Seasonal Impact of Heroin on Rabbit Carcass Decomposition and Insect Succession.

This study investigates the succession of insects and the length of the decomposition of rabbit carcasses injected with heroin. In total, 24 rabbits (2-2.5 kg, Oryctolagus cuniculus domesticus L.) were used in the study. Twelve carcasses were exposed to insect activity in winter (January and February) and 12 in summer (July and August) in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Three replicate experiments were conducted in each season. For each experiment, three rabbits were injected with varying doses of heroin, and the fourth rabbit was used as a control, being injected only with saline solution. Insects belonging to the order Diptera, Coleoptera, and Hymenoptera were attracted to the carcasses. In both of the investigated seasons, heroin appeared to delay the decomposition process but did not have a significant impact on the number of insects. In general, the number of flies in both seasons was substantially higher than that of beetles and ants. During the summer, flies were more attracted to treated carcasses with a higher dose of heroin. Some flies such as Musca domestica L. (Diptera: Muscidae) and Chrysomya albiceps Wiedemann (Diptera: Calliphoridae) and some beetles such as Pimelia boyeri Solier (Coleoptera: Tenebrionidae) were represented on the carcasses by different developmental instars (larvae, pupae, and adults). Overall, heroin has not potential effects on the insect succession patterns of insect, however, influences the decomposition of rabbit carcasses. These findings are important while using insects in medicolegal investigation, since heroin is one of the common poisons used as an addictive agent.

EFEKTIVITAS FLY TRAP TERHADAP Musca domestica

The exist of residential areas close to the Jatibarang landfill in Semarang City can cause the community to become susceptible to infection with diseases carried by house flies. So the need for vector control of house flies, one of which uses fly traps. The purpose of this study was to find the differences in the number of house flies trapped and the effectiveness of fly trap design and variations of bait that have been given. This type of research is a pre-experimental research with post-only design research design. The sample of this study was most house flies in residential areas around the Jatibarang Landfill. The results showed that the number of house flies trapped was 966. The number of house flies trapped in sugar-top water bottle fly trap is 27%, chicken meat top-water bottle fly trap is 22%, coffee top-water bottle fly trap is 14%, yellow sugar-water funnel bottle fly trap is 14%, fly trap bottle of funnel yellow-water chicken meat washing is 11%, fly trap bottle of funnel yellow-water coffee is 12%. The results concluded that the design of the top bottle fly trap with more sugar-water bait and effectively trap the house fly. Key words: Houseflies, Fly Trap, Bait

Seasonal abundance of fly species in the animals farm of Sohag university, Egypt

The present study was carried out in the Faculty of Agriculture, Sohag University, Sohag Governorate, Egypt during 2018-2019. The results recorded that the spring season was the most suitable for the activity of flies in different species, followed by summer, then autumn, and then the population decreased during the winter season. The incidence rates of flies were recorded as follows: 47.1, 30.1, 16.1 and 6.7% during spring, summer, autumn and winter respectively. These differences in the numbers of flies during the different seasons are mainly due to climate change, especially temperature. The house fly was the most common species found in Farm throughout the year by 69.7%, while the rest of the species ranged from 4.1 to 10.9% during 2018. The same trend of results was recorded on the same farm in 2019. These results are useful for determining the time of fly control programs in animal farms.