Number Of Financial Institutions Research Articles

Sustainability and Net Zero climate agreements – a transatlantic antitrust perspective

The climate crisis requires a transition to a Net Zero economy. Such a transition is possible only through concerted public and private action. While a number of financial institutions and insurance companies had agreed to align their activities with Net Zero targets, reconsidering support for new coal and fossil fuel projects, these initiatives have come under attack from political groups in the US, who have labelled such agreements ‘collective boycotts’. Such accusations feed a collective action problem, and thus hinder private sector cooperation. This article discusses the background to Net Zero Agreements, and the recent antitrust criticisms, under US, EU and UK antitrust law and precedent. Net Zero Agreements can alleviate market failures, resolve collective action problems, and improve consumer welfare by lowering the potentially huge costs to consumers of an unmitigated climate crisis. Under a rule of reason, antitrust authorities and courts in the US, EU, and UK can and should give room for private sector cooperation between companies pursuing an effective transition to a clean economy, where these agreements correct market failures and resolve collective action problems.

Features of legal regulation of the financial system in the modern world

The article is devoted to the study of complex system analysis of the current state of the financial system and its elements. The current national financial legislation, by-laws and experience of forming the financial system in the European Union are considered. It is noted that the development and implementation of financial policy, the organization of sustainable and stable money circulation in the country is one of the important activities of the state. That is why the issue of the financial system has always, one way or another, been reflected in the constitutions, ie it was and remains one of the objects of legal regulation. As the world economy developed, the relevance and comprehensiveness of its legal regulation gradually increased, growing both in depth and breadth: on the one hand, the number of financial institutions and relations governed by the constitution and other sources of constitutional law increases, and on the other such regulation. In order to understand the points of contact between law and the financial system, the reasons, content and aspects of its legal regulation, it is necessary to try to formulate a general concept of finance and the financial system of the state and its structure. Only on the basis of the analysis of the essence and correlation of the named phenomena it is possible to determine the place and significance of finance in law. There is currently an urgent need for major legal changes regulation of financial and economic relations. Modern financial transformations have covered a wide range of public relations, as evidenced by changes in tax, budget, currency, insurance legislation, banking and credit reforms. However, the reality shows that the improvement of all management systems is taking place in a crisis caused by Russia’s military intervention in Ukraine’s internal affairs, in connection with which the need to use the experience of the European Union is particularly acute. This applies not only to fiscal policy, but also, in particular, issues of taxation, banking, building an effective financial management system, creating an effective structure of financial authorities.

НАПРЯМИ ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ ФІНАНСОВОЇ СТАБІЛЬНОСТІ БАНКІВСЬКОГО СЕКТОРУ В УМОВАХ ВОЄННОГО СТАНУ

Full-scale aggression and the introduction of martial law became a severe challenge to the banking sector's stability. In such conditions, the banks need qualitatively new approaches to ensuring and maintaining financial stability. The article defines the prerequisites and mechanisms for maintaining the stable financial condition of banks in conditions of the unfavorable influence of external factors. We have identified the trends of changes in the number of financial institutions and the main problems faced by banks that ceased their activities. Analysis of the dynamics and structure of banking sector assets showed an increase in the share of state banks in the market, which can be explained both by a specific reduction in the volume of activities of private banks and by the intensification of investment operations of state banks with state securities. The increase in the share of non-performing loans and the application of extension programs harmed banks' financial results. Banks' regulatory capital was sufficient to cover currency, credit, and operational risks. Despite the decrease in regulatory capital in the first half of 2022, the banking sector found resources for its gradual recovery in the second half of the year. According to the authors, the directions for maintaining the financial stability of the banking sector under martial law are: adequate prudential supervision aimed at identifying existing or potential vulnerabilities of the banking system, searching for effective risk management mechanisms, ensuring access to refinancing, maintaining competition in the banking sector; improvement of credit risk management, which involves a qualitative assessment of the potential amount of losses, identification of sources of their coverage, a balanced policy of debt restructuring and effective communication with borrowers; further expansion of the use of digital tools and service channels. An equally important direction is the involvement of banks in the recovery of the economy and the implementation of state and international stimulus programs.

An Empirical Study on the Efficiency of Green Innovation Supported by Urban Financial Development in the Pearl River Delta Cities

Green innovation is the technological innovation under the premise of environmental protection, energy conservation and emission reduction. Both technological innovation and green development need a lot of financial support. Does financial development effectively support the promotion of green innovation? This article selects 2009- 2018 panel data of nine cities in the Pearl River Delta and uses the non-radial direction distance function (NDDF) method of Data Envelopment Analysis to measure their efficiency of green innovation. Then, we use the Tobit model to verify to the effects of financial development on green innovation. The results showed that the index reflecting financial development scale of the Pearl River Delta’s cities, there is significantly negative correlation between the number of financial institutions and green innovation; the number of practitioners in financial institutions, the proportion of fiscal expenditures on science and technology, energy saving and environmental protection in total expenditures showed an evidently positive correlation between them. It indicates that financial development of the nine cities is good for the improvement of green innovation efficiency. Further, this paper uses substitution variables to conduct robustness test, and the above conclusions are still valid.

Impact of Legal Incentives on “Credit Fraud” Criminal Offence

Currently, the number of financial institutions has been increased in Albania, which provides Albanian citizens with access to various financial services, mainly to obtain financing services in the form of microcredit. Given the history of our people, not all the Albanian citizens have had opportunity to have access and to benefit from various financial services. Denial of financial services is an issue that has affected not only Albania, but also other small Balkan countries. The reasons for this denial are numerous, but among them, we can distinguish the lack of lending experience, as one of the common reasons for being excluded in these countries from the development of the financial sector. Taking into consideration that, the growth of financial institutions led to the growth of financial services by raising awareness and financial education of citizens. Finally, the Bank of Albania , as the supervisor of financial activities, intends to set a ceiling on the interest of consumer loans provided by non-bank financial institutions and commercial banks in Albania. This paper aims to present through a professional legal treatment all the challenges of the legal and institutional framework of the Bank of Albania, itself in undertaking this initiative. The questions we intend to answer through this paper are: Is the Bank of Albania legitimized to set a ceiling interest rate for consumer credit? What are the benefits or challenges that this initiative will bring to the financial sector? How will this regulation affect the criminal offense of "Credit Fraud"? How will the financial industry be designed after the implementation of the initiative? Will it have any impact on customer beneficial? etc.

The blockchain impacts in accounting auditing / Os impactos da cadeia de bloqueios na auditoria contábil

This paper aims to identify the main impacts of Blockchain as accounting audit as well the advantages and disadvantages facing future challenges to auditing. The methodology used was basic qualitative research, and review topics with exploratory aims, such as technical procedures. The data collection was in CAPES (Coordination for the Improvement of Higher Education Personnel) and ICAEW (The Institute of Chartered Accountants in England and Wales) websites and the data analysis and interpretation consisted in classifying and deducting. It was identified that Blockchain is little related to accounting auditing. Results show that the number of financial institutions and organizations that invest in Blockchain is rising, considering that it is related to a distributed ledger that provides a major transparency in the financial transactions of the organizations, which suggests that in the very near future financial institutions and organizations will use Blockchain to interact with each other and in this context internal and external auditing might be continuous, having in mind that in Blockchain financial transactions are available in real time for the auditors and available to auditing. In addition, the distributed ledger enables auditors to access information in new formats, and consequently changes in work roles will occur. In this way, corporative reports will have more consistent and reliable information. However, many countries do not know how to regulate Blockchain or do not offer any legal environment to it.

ОЦІНКА РИЗИКІВ ВИКОРИСТАННЯ БАНКІВСЬКИХ ГРУП У ТІНЬОВИХ ОПЕРАЦІЯХ

Анотація. У статті наведено результати аналізу показників, які характеризують ризики використання банківських груп у тіньових схемах. За результатами кластерного аналізу сформовано чотири кластери банківських груп. Це дозволить у подальшому більш системно та обґрунтовано проводити компаративний аналіз показників банківських груп на предмет виявлення спільних якісних та кількісних характеристик, що описуватимуть їх ризики участі у нелегальних операціях. На другому етапі методом головних компонент виявлено показники, які найбільш істотно впливають на потенційні ризики участі банківських груп у тіньових операціях. На третьому етапі сформовано статистично значущу регресійну модель, що підтверджує вплив кількості фінансових установ у складі банківської групи і загальної кількості учасників банківської групи на потенційний ризик використання банківських груп у тіньових операціях. Отримані результати у подальшому можуть також використовуватись для формування інтегральної оцінки потенційного ризику використання банківських груп у тіньових операціях, а також для покращення банківського нагляду.
 Ключові слова: тіньова економіка, банківські групи, показники ризику, кластерний аналіз, аналіз головних компонент.
 Формул: 2; рис.: 1; табл.: 2; бібл. 12.

Trends and Development Factors of the Non-banking Financial Sector in Ukraine

The article describes the trends and factors of development of non-banking financial institutions in the Ukrainian economy. The authors analyze the current state and dynamics of the market development of the non-banking financial sectors on the basis of data on the number of financial institutions in the market, the volume of their assets, and the volume of services provided by them during 2013–2019. The article determines that the trend of decreasing or increasing the market participants is not generally traced, but it can be determined by individual types of institutions. In particular, financial institutions such as insurance companies, credit unions, pawnshops, and non-state pension funds had a declining trend in terms of the number, but the number of financial companies, on the contrary, increased. The article determines that most of the assets of the non-banking financial sector belong to financial companies, the second largest part of the sector is the insurance market, and institutions such as non-state pension funds, pawnshops and credit unions had small shares of the market assets during this period. With regard to services provided by non-banking financial institutions, it is determined that the main activity is attributable to financial companies and their services of “non-bank loans (micro loans)”, which occupies 51 % of the total market of services. The authors also describe the impact of macroeconomic indicators in Ukraine (GDP – gross domestic product, population income, public expenditure, inflation and unemployment) on trends and changes in the structure of non-bank financial intermediaries in the period of 2013–2019. JEL classіfіcatіon: G20-23, G29 Manuscript received 21.04.2020

Ownership Structure, Bank Stability and the Financial Performance of Commercial Banks in South Sudan

Since independence in 2011, the Republic of South Sudan has witnessed growth in the financial systems and the overall economy. This has led to growth in the number of financial institutions in the country. There is however minimal research on their overall performance. Hence the current research sought to determine the effect of ownership structure, bank stability and the financial performance of commercial banks in South Sudan. The population for the study was all the 29 commercial banks in South Sudan. Secondary data was collected for the period 2012-2017 from audited annual financial reports of individual banks and the Central Bank of South Sudan reports while primary data was collected by the use of a semi-structured questionnaire. Collected data was edited, sorted and coded into SPSS 23 for subsequent data analysis using SPSS 23 statistical analysis tool. This research utilized both descriptive and inferential statistical methods in the analysis. Statistical tests to be utilized in the study included t-tests, f-test, regression models and ANOVA models. Findings of the research were presented using frequencies, percentages, means, standard deviation, correlation coefficients, charts, tables, and other statistical measures. Results of the study indicated there was a statistically significant moderating effect of ownership structure on the financial performance of commercial banks in South Sudan. This study recommends that the government should adopt better measures to safeguard public-owned commercial banks to improve their efficiency and performance.

Preferensi Petani terhadap Pembiayaan Syariah di Kabupaten Jember

Islamic financing system continues to evolve, which can be observed from the increase in the number of financial institutions that employ Islamic financing models from bank level to cooperative level. Islamic financial institutions were initially related to large industrial sector but then began to enter the field of agriculture, so it is necessary to conduct research on farmers’ preference on Islamic economic financing. This research has three objectives: to understand the significance influence of easiness factor, knowledge factor, and trust factor on farmers’ preference on Islamic financing. The method of SEM (Structural Equation Modeling) was used as a tool in order to solve problems in this research through calculation using of AMOS 21 application. Results of the research shows that there is only one factor that has significant effect on Islamic financing, which is the trust factor with a coefficient of 0.090. Meanwhile the knowledge factor and easiness factor has no significant effect

Trends and prospects of financial leasing market development in Ukraine

The article substantiates the popularity of financial leasing as an alternative form of bank lending. The dynamics and prospects of financial leasing market development in Ukraine are analyzed in accordance with the following indicators: number of financial institutions and legal entities – lessors; the dynamics of the value and number of financial leasing agreements concluded by financial institutions and legal entities – lessors; cost and structural distribution of financial leasing agreements by industry; cost of financial leasing agreements by equipment; the structural division of the value of financial leasing agreements by the term of their operation. Trend models of the number of financial institutions and legal entities ‒ lessors in Ukraine are constructed and their forecast values for 2019 are determined with using correlation and regression analysis according to the data for 2007–2018. An analysis of the value dynamics and number of financial leasing agreements concluded by financial companies and legal entities ‒ lessors that are not financial companies, allowed us allowed to distinguish two periods, which became a critical in the upward trend formation. The changes in the value distribution of financial leasing agreements by branches during the analyzed period of 2008–2018 are revealed and characterized based on the systematization and analysis of statistical data. The trends in the distribution of the cost structure of financial leasing agreements by their validity period and value of financial leasing agreements by equipment are determined. The main restraining factors of leasing industry development in Ukraine are presented.

CHANGING INSTITUTIONAL DESIGN OF THE FINANCIAL SERVICES MARKET IN UKRAINE IN THE CONTEXT OF POST-CRISIS RECOVERY

The article determines the changes having taken place in institutional design and identifies trends in the recovery of the financial services market as a complex systemic phenomenon. The essence of current tendencies on the market of financial services of Ukraine as well of those in the period of crisis is revealed. Their influence on the financial system of our country is also determined. The research conducted showed that the vast majority of subjects of the Ukrainian financial services market have experienced a significant decrease. This is especially true of banks and credit unions, though the number of financial companies is growing. The growth in the number and amount of the activities of financial companies suggests that the microcredit sector is also growing. Slowing down real salary increases indicates a loss of public confidence in banks and in the future may lead to a decline in effective demand of the population. This has led to the conclusion that the credit market of Ukraine is becoming non-institutionalized. These processes have led to a concentration of capital in the credit segment of the financial services market. The decline in the number of financial institutions is not critical to the market while the growing number of non-bank financial intermediaries is considered to be a negative trend. The deep socio-political crisis has caused capital outflows from the Ukrainian stock market and the reduction in the volume of contracts at the domestic stock exchanges. This is clearly a negative trend, since the decrease in the volume of contracts on the stock market is one of the factors that affect the investment climate and reflect investors’ interest in buying securities of domestic companies. State regulation of the financial services market needs to be reformed in two stages: the first is to reduce the number of regulators to two and move to a task-based patter with the division into licensing activities and macro-prudential supervision; the second is the transition to a single regulator. This is in line with current global trends and will make government regulation of the financial services market comprehensive and systematic in order to avoiding hyper-regulation and lack of regulatory influence in certain market segments.

Federal Guidance to Enhance the Availability of Financial Services for, and the Financial Transparency of, Marijuana-Related Businesses: The Distinctly Separate Federal Approaches Between Marijuana-Related Businesses and Marijuana-Related Business Banking

In general, state licensed marijuana related businesses (“MRB”) have difficulty obtaining standard banking services from financial institutions since marijuana remains illegal under federal law. The prevailing notion that additional federal action is necessary to open banking services to the marijuana industry is inappropriate. Since MRB banking is inherently high-risk, the argument for additional legal or regulatory leeway to encourage MRB banking is not a sound solution. Federal guidance is in place for all state and federal chartered banks and credit unions to provide banking services to MRBs. A limited number of financial institutions follow the federal guidance and offer MRB banking services in an open and transparent manner, yet the number of such financial institutions does not meet the overall demand of the marijuana industry. Reinforcement of the federal guidance and awareness of the current best practices within marijuana banking could encourage additional financial institutions to service MRBs. As more financial institutions make the business decision to enter MRB banking under existing regulatory expectations, greater transparency of the marijuana ecosystem will be made available to all stakeholders.

Development of ITC E- Choupal Based Rural Financial Inclusion Model

It wouldn't be wrong if one says that India lives in villages. More than 70% of Indian citizens are located in rural areas. For India's economy to be strong, the rural India needs to grow. Financial inclusion is a crucial driver for such growth by providing the financial products/services and information to large sections of society and ICT (information and communication technologies) has an imperative role to play. Usage of ICT in rural financial arena would help in attaining the goal of financial inclusion at an affordable timely and efficient manner. Various ICT based interventions/models have been initiated by RBI and a number of financial institutions in the industry. But there is lack of financial intervention that has been co-created in conjunction with local farmers/ people. Inspired by the success of one of such co- developed participatory model in rural procurement and marketing infrastructure that is popularly known as E-Choupal, we attempted to replicate the experience in the financial sector. The study conceptualized an E-Choupal Rural Financial Intervention Model with an aim to deliver financial products/services and information by leveraging ITC's E-Choupal network that must be tested for feasibility, efficiency, and sustainability. The proposed rural financial inclusion model would use the E-Choupal and Choupal Sagar networks to increase admittance to various financial products/services and information in the intervention areas. The proposed ICT - enabled innovative rural financial solution might facilitate intriguing the banking services to unbanked farmers/poor people in far - flung rural areas.

(A Study on the Loan Decision Behavior and Debt Retention Characteristics and Financial Service Demands According to the Current State of Multiple Debt of Financially Excluded Households)

Korean Abstract: 본 연구는 금융소외자의 대출결정행동과 부채보유 특성 및 금융서비스 요구사항을 살펴보고, 더 나아가 다중채무현황에 따라 대출결정행동과 부채보유 특성 및 금융서비스 요구사항이 어떠한 차이를 보이는지 파악하여 금융소외자의 금융생활 안정을 도모하고자 하였다. 이를 위해 서울복지재단에서 2014년 8월 1일부터 9월 15일까지 희망플러스통장과 꿈나래통장 가입자를 대상으로 조사한 설문조사 자료를 이용하였으며, 응답자들 중 부채를 보유하고 있는 627명(62.4%)을 최종 분석에 이용하였다. 분석대상자들 중 대출받은 이용기관이 1개인 집단은 347명(55.3%), 2개인 집단은 187명(29.8%), 3개 이상인 집단은 93명(14.8%)이었다. 주요 연구결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 금융소외자의 90% 이상이 금융교육을 받은 경험이 있다고 응답하였으며, 대출검색수단으로서 조사대상자의 약 1/4정도가 관공서를 통해 정보를 얻는다고 하였다. 이를 볼 때 금융소외자를 대상으로 하는 금융교육의 질적 향상을 위해 교육 및 실무 전문가들은 관공서 등과의 협력이 요구된다. 둘째, 첫 번째 이용한 금융기관이 시중은행(1금융권)인 금융소외자가 2개 이상의 금융기관에서 재대출을 한 비중은 13.8%였으나, 카드회사나 보험회사, 상호금융기관 등 제2금융권에서 1차 대출을 받은 금융소외자의 경우에는 20% 내외가 첫 번째 금융기관 이외에 2곳 이상의 금융기관에서 추가대출을 받은 것으로 나타났다. 이는 금융소외자 중 제1금융권에서 소외당하는 경우 추가 대출을 시도할 가능성이 크며 그럴 경우 계속해서 고금리가 적용되는 제2금융권에 남아있을 가능성이 크다는 점을 시사하고 있다. 셋째, 3개의 금융기관에서 대출을 받은 금융소외자의 경우 1~2개 기관에서 대출을 받은 금융소외자에 비해 PC 인터넷이나 모바일 등을 통해 정보를 탐색하는 비중이 높았고, 신속하게 대출을 받을 수 있다는 이유로 해당 금융기관을 선택한 비중도 더 높았다. 또한 고금리 채무가 총부채에서 차지하는 비중도 3개의 금융기관에서 대출을 받은 금융소외자 집단에서 상대적으로 더 높은 비중을 보였으며, 주된 대출목적은 주거목적자금이나 생활자금이었다. 넷째, 3개의 금융기관에서 대출을 받은 금융소외자는 단기연체나 채무불이행 경험 비중이 다른 금융소외자에 비해 더 많았고 채권추심경험도 더 많은 결과를 볼 때 다중채무 금융소외자가 부채상환을 잘 이행할 수 있는 방법을 강구할 필요가 있다. Korean Abstract: The purpose of this study is to examine financial decision - making behaviors and debt holdings characteristics of financially excluded households and to compare them with the number of financial institutions using debt. The data used in the analysis are the survey data from the Seoul Welfare Foundation on August 1, 2014 to September 15, 2010, for the Hope Plus bankbook and the Dream Nae - rae bankbook subscriber. Among the respondents, 62762.4%) were used for final analysis. 347 (55.3%), 187 (29.8%), and 93 (14.8%) were the subjects of the analysis. The main results are as follows. First, more than 90% of financial under employers responded that they had financial education experience, considering that the target of this study is the participants of low- income asset formation program operated by Seoul City Welfare Foundation, Education and training. About one quarter of the surveyed people were getting information through the government office. Second, the first financial institution accounted for 13.8% of loans from two or more financial institutions, which are commercial banks (one financial institution). However, in the second financial sector such as card companies, insurance companies, In the case of financial underprivers who received loans, around 20% received additional loans from two or more financial institutions in addition to the first financial institution. This suggests that there is a high possibility that additional loans will be tried if the first marginalized banker is alienated from the financial sector, and that there is a high possibility that the second bank will continue to be in high interest rate. Third, in the case of financial aliens who have borrowed from three financial institutions, the ratio of exploring information through PC Internet or mobile is higher than that of financial aliens who have borrowed from one or two institutions. As a result, the proportion of financial institutions selected was higher. In addition, the share of high interest rate debt in total liabilities was relatively higher in the financial underwriting group, which was borrowed from three financial institutions, and the main purpose of borrowing was residential funds or living funds. Fourth, financial alienation, which was borrowed from three financial institutions, had a higher proportion of short-term delinquencies or defaults than other financial under wenters, and had more debt collection experience.

KYC Optimization Using Distributed Ledger Technology

The know-your-customer (KYC) due diligence process is outdated and generates costs of up to USD 500 million per year per bank. We propose a new system, based on distributed ledger technology (DLT), for reducing the costs of the core KYC verification process for financial institutions and for improving the customer experience. In the proposed system, the core KYC verification process is only conducted once for each customer, regardless of the number of financial institutions with which the customer intends to work. Thanks to DLT, the result of the core KYC verification can be securely shared by the customers with all the financial institutions that they intend to work with. This system allows for efficiency gains, cost reduction, improved customer experience, customer data ownership, and transparency throughout the process of onboarding a customer.

Has Financial Crisis Affected the Announcement Gains of Indian Cross-border Acquisitions?

The failure of an unparalleled large number of financial institutions during the global financial crisis of 2007–2008 resulted in a freeze of global credit markets. The financial crisis has affected the capital markets around the world. In contrast, the global financial crisis has facilitated the strategic asset-seeking ambitions of emerging market multinationals. The objective of the present article is to examine the market response to cross-border acquisition by Indian companies during 2003– 2015 by conducting event study. We have also compared the acquisition gains before and after the financial crisis. The acquisition gains for the event window (–1, 1) are 2.06 per cent for the entire period 2003–2015 for a sample of 430 announcements. Two-thirds of the acquisitions experienced positive abnormal returns. The abnormal returns are positive and significant for the entire event window of 41 days. The empirical findings also suggest that the CAAR on the event day for pre-crisis period is 4.28 per cent compared to CAAR of 1.70 per cent during post-crisis period. Results are statistically significant. It is evident that market response has muted after the financial crisis.

LEMBAGA KEUANGAN MIKRO SYARIAH: EKSISTENSI DAN AKSESIBILITASNYA BAGI PEMBIAYAAN USAHATANI DI SUMATERA BARAT (Studi Kasus: Koperasi Jasa Keuangan Syariah (KJKS) Baitul Maal Wat Tamwil (BMT))

<em>Farm financing is one of the factors facilitating the development of agriculture which allow farmers to expand the scale of farming and adopt new technologies. Unfortunately, a number of financial institutions often perceive farmers as "unbankable poor" that is costly to finance. KJKS BMT is one financial institution that is initiated by the government of West Sumatra's mission of poverty reduction in rural areas in particular to improve the access of small farmers to credit. So this study aims to identify and analyze the existence and accessibility of financing KJKS BMT in serving the financing of farming in West Sumatra. This study was conducted in a multi-stage random sampling, cities that randomly selected are Kota Padang and Bukittinggi, and then for each city, one KJKS BMT is also randomly selected. Primary data were collected by interviewing 60 respondent’s farmers. This research uses grounded research methods and data analysis in qualitative descriptive. Period of observation data for 2 years ie 2012-2014. Existence of KJKS BMT to finance farming measured by used five indicator namely a) The number of customers, b) The number of farmer customers, c) credit share for the agricultural, d) The number of farm financing and e) Development of BMT’s human resources. Furthermore accessibility is measured using six indicators, namely: (a) access to information, (b) access to loan procedure, (c) access to the maximum limit, (d) access to the time of disbursement, (e) access to loan repayment, and ( f) facilitation of access to financing. The results show that (1) although the existence of KJKS BMT start respected by rural communities, and even show a positive growth, but the credit share given by KJKS BMT to farm credit is still very small compared to another sectors (like trade and manufactures) which are less than 5%, Even though the level of customer growth of farmers during the past two years is reach 75%, higher than the growth of total customer (2) Accessibility of KJKS BMT to farm financing overall is good, although there are several factor that must be addressed like the availability of information, the number of loan, monitoring and loan supervision.</em>

Development cycle and carrying capacity

Purpose– The purpose of this paper is to examine the development cycle of Brazilian banking sector during the lengthy period between 1889 and 2009, also identifying an equilibrium number of financial institutions based on the carrying capacity of the environment.Design/methodology/approach– The number of institutions in equilibrium is calculated based on the population density dependence model adopted under the organizational ecology theory. Quantitative data of founding and failure and qualitative data (interviews with the directors, officers and chief executive officers (CEOs) of selected companies) were used.Findings– In all three bank segments (commercial, investment and multiple), the total number of banks in operation on December 31, 2009 was below the carrying capacity. However, in the multiple bank segment, the gap between the actual and potential figures is slightly smaller. As indicated by the respondents, there is almost no room for newcomers in the major bank segments. In counterpart, there is still space for new arrivals in the mid-market bank sector.Research limitations/implications– The findings presented here may change, as carrying capacity is determined by political, legal and economic factors, including the availability of resources in niches and constraints imposed through laws, rules and other regulatory aspects. However, raising the life cycle of the entire population offers opportunities for future research on individual organizational trajectories, using new theoretical and methodological perspectives, such as dynamic capabilities and process theory.Practical implications– The main contribution of this paper lies in indicating the growth potential for banking institution populations in Brazil, and may be used not only by potential newcomers eager to enter the sector, but also as a tool for assessing anti-trust policies.Originality/value– The development cycle of Brazilian financial institution populations is unknown, and carrying capacity is a construct less explored by academic literature, particularly in Brazil. This is a unique study since a demography of an entire banking population in a developing country does not exist, besides there is not such a financial institution like the multiple bank in Brazil.

Critiques fondamentales du SRISK

Le SRISK evalue le besoin de recapitalisation d’une institution financiere conditionnelle a un choc boursier de grande importance. Largement diffuse dans la communaute academique, dans les milieux professionnels (analystes, services de recherche economique, regulateurs, etc.) et dans certains medias grand public, le SRISK est publie en ligne pour un tres grand nombre d’institutions financieres avec des mises a jour regulieres sur des sites internet. Nous exposons dans cet article les faiblesses qui constituent des limites fortes de ce modele. Elles concernent notamment l’absence de definition du ratio k, l’application d’une meme approche a des institutions financieres fondamentalement differentes et la prise en compte de la valeur de marche des fonds propres dans un cadre prudentiel. Au confluent de la macroeconomie, de la finance et de la regulation, la mesure du risque systemique ne peut reposer sur un seul critere impose uniformement a l’ensemble des institutions financieres. Au stade actuel de son developpement, le SRISK ne peut donc pas constituer un outil permettant de definir de maniere normative le besoin en capital des institutions financieres.Classification JEL : G21, G28.