Number Of Farms Research Articles

Knowledge, Attitude, and Practices of Poultry Farmers in Kwara State Concerning Chicken Coccidiosis and Its Control

This study is aimed at exploring the knowledge, attitude, and practice (KAPs) concerning chicken coccidiosis and to examine the usage of anticoccidials among poultry farmers in Kwara State, Nigeria. Information accessing the KAPs of chicken coccidiosis and its control was collected from one hundred and twenty-three poultry farmers using a semi-structured questionnaire. More number of farmers (121/123; 98.37%) had knowledge about chicken coccidiosis, with 16.26% of them documenting that it is caused by a protozoan. Higher number of the farmers believed chicken coccidiosis is economically important, preventable and treatable. More number of farmers (n = 106, 86.18%) had previously used anticoccidials in their farm compared to those that had not 17 (13.82%). The thiamine analogue alone of anticoccidial was the most used drug (n = 27, 25.47%; 95% CI = 18.14 – 34.52) used by farmers. The frequency of anticoccidial drug usage by farmers decreased as the number of drugs being used increased. Data from this study will assist the government and other relevant stakeholders in identifying areas where farmers in Kwara State need to improve their knowledge, attitude, and practice concerning chicken coccidiosis for more effective disease management and improved productivity.

Evaluating the performance of organic crop, livestock, and beekeeping in the Provinces of Türkiye using the TOPSIS method

In recent times, concerns regarding crop and livestock have gained a new dimension as people are becoming increasingly sensitive to health and environmental issues. Conventional farming methods have become a topic of contention due to their potential to give rise to environmental and health-related problems. Consequently, a growing number of producers and consumers have started to place emphasis on organic crop and livestock practices. In this study, the provinces of Türkiye have been assessed and ranked in terms of their performance in organic crop, livestock, and beekeeping for the 2019-2022 period. This evaluation has been conducted utilizing TOPSIS which is a Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) method. The criteria considered for crop production encompassed "number of farmers", "total production area (ha)", and "production quantity (tons)". For livestock, criteria such as "number of farmers", "number of animals", "meat production (tons)", milk production (tons)", and "number of eggs (units)" were considered. Finally, organic beekeeping activities were assessed based on "number of farmers", "number of hives", and "production quantity (tons)". In conclusion, Aydın province consistently ranked first in organic farming between 2019 and 2022. In organic livestock farming, Çanakkale province demonstrated stability by maintaining a position within the top three across all years. Finally, according to organic beekeeping data, Van province achieved the first place in 2019 and secured the second place in subsequent years, indicating a notable performance.

Adoption of Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana by Farmers in Bikaner District of Rajasthan, India

India's diverse heritage and rich culture are well-known throughout the world. When time passed and the population suddenly increased, farmers were obliged to utilise various agro-chemicals to feed the large population, even though they had previously grown a variety of crops without the use of these pesticides. In Bikaner district of Rajasthan state, coarse cereals are mostly grown without using any chemicals because Bikaner is a water scarce area and prone to crop failure hence farmer generally does not spend so much money on chemicals like fertilizers, insecticide-pesticides, herbicides etc. Looking to the virginity of land, the Rajasthan government has launched the Paramparagat Krishi Vikas Yojana (PKVY) in this district. As a result, the greatest numbers of clusters under PKVY were developed during 2015-18. Thus, the study was carried out in the purposely chosen Bikaner District of Rajasthan state in order to gauge the respondents' level of adoption of PKVY. There are eight tehsils in the Bikaner district; three tehsils, Nokha, Sridungarhgarh, and Bikaner, were specifically chosen for the current study due to the maximum number of clusters formed under PKVY. A total of 180 respondents, out of which 90 beneficiary who were registered in PKVY selected by using proportionate random sampling method and to constitute the other half of sample size same number of farmers i.e. 90 were also selected randomly from the same villages who have not registered in PKVY and they were called as non-beneficiary respondents included in the current investigation. The results of the study concluded that majority of the respondents had medium level of extent of adoption of PKVY in the study area. They had highest extent of adoption on the aspect of “nutrient management” and least extent of adoption of “technical knowledge”. There was significant association found between education, mass media exposure, information seeking behaviour, information sharing behaviour and knowledge of respondents about PKVY.

Yield Gap Analysis in Adoption of Production Technology and Economics of Coconut at Farmers Field of Tumkuru District, India

The study was conducted with analysis of yield gap in adoption of production technology and economics of coconut through frontline demonstrations(FLD) at farmer’s field of Tumkur district, Karnataka state during the year from 2017-18 to 2019-20.The demonstrated plot yield obtained through frontline demonstrations was higher (9,932 nuts/ha) than the actual yield obtained by the farmers on their farm under own management practices (7,852 nuts/ha), but lower than the potential yield of coconut (12,300 nuts/ha).The data revealed that the total yield gap between potential yield and actual yield of coconut was 36.16 per cent, in which 20.92 per cent of yield gap between demonstration plot and actual farmers plot yield and 19.25 per cent of technological gap. The maximum number of coconut growers adopted intercropping system (90.00 %) followed by irrigation method (86.66 %), whereas lesser adoption of harvesting of coconuts by coconut climber (26.67 %). More number of farmers were found to increase in adoption per cent of growing of green manure crops & incorporation (56.67 %) and soil sample analysis from coconut plot (53.33 %) and also improved soil fertility status of demonstrated plot as compared to farmers practices. There was significantly increased the yield of coconut (26.49%) after conducted the frontline demonstrations. The gross return, net return and B:C ratio was also found to increased in demonstrated plots as compared to farmers’ practice. The adoption of different production package of practices in coconut shows positive impact on yield and economics of coconut through adoption of demonstrated technology.

Narrowing the gaps between perception and adoption behavior of integrated pest management by farmers: Incentive and challenge

Integrated Pest Management (IPM) is an important strategy in global agriculture, aimed at maintaining the growth trend of food production without compromising environmental integrity or human health. Despite various measures taken by the government to encourage farmers to adopt IPM technologies, the adoption rate of IPM in China remains insufficient. This study finds that the number of farmers who adopt IPM to a high degree is significantly lower than those who view IPM as a win-win solution for profits and the environment. To address the gap between attitudes and behaviors, this research utilizes data from a survey of 480 households in Dengkou County, Inner Mongolia, China, employing structural equation modeling to analyze the impact of farmers' perceived factors on IPM adoption rates. Additionally, a generalized linear mixed model is used to assess farmers' attitudes toward financial subsidies, while an Ordered Logit model conducts an empirical analysis of the factors influencing barriers to IPM adoption. The findings indicate that: (1) Farmers' overly optimistic expectations regarding the initial costs of IPM hinder their adoption; (2) Farmers who are skeptical about the economic benefits of IPM demonstrate greater interest in cash subsidies; (3) Land characteristics and farmer attributes influence farmers' evaluations of barriers to IPM adoption. To develop reasonable and effective policies aimed at narrowing the adoption gap for IPM, it is essential to thoroughly understand the characteristics of farmers and their perceptions of IPM, and to design incentive measures that account for group differences. Findings of the study provide information regarding the IPM adoption gap among farmers in China, thereby offering practical insights and empirical evidence to assist policymakers in developing appropriate policies. It also provides a framework for countries in similar situations globally to examine and address the adoption gap.

Agricultural Strategies of Young Farmers on Small-Scale Land in Sriharjo, Bantul

Abstract: The agricultural situation in the Special Region of Yogyakarta is becoming increasingly concerning. The number of farmers is declining, and young people are showing less interest in agriculture. This has led to problems with production output and a food security crisis. A solution to these challenges is to empower youth to engage in farming. The aim of this study is to identify groups of young farmers and the efforts made to address current challenges. The unit of analysis in this study is youth groups involved in farming activities on limited land. The research was conducted with a youth farming group called Taruna Tani Hijaunya Cinta in Sriharjo Village, Bantul. A case study design was employed, using in-depth interviews conducted both in person and via telephone. The research was carried out from January to June 2022, with limited observations and interviews due to the COVID-19 pandemic. To supplement the data, document and photo collection from the farmer group was also conducted. Thematic analysis was used to analyze various data sources. The findings of this study indicate that the majority of the group's members are children of farmers aged 17-35, with educational backgrounds ranging from secondary school to university students. The results show that the use of technology in farming, the development of social media for marketing, and the creation of agro-tourism have enhanced the competitiveness of young people in the agricultural sector, created new business opportunities, and stimulated local economic growth. For long-term sustainability, it is recommended that the government and educational institutions strengthen training and education programs for youth to enable them to continue innovating and adapting to market changes. Keywords: Limited Land Agriculture, Young Farmers, Youth

From ban to balance: How agricultural climate policies reshape rural asset allocation?

Environmental regulation on climate risk for promoting sustainable development is an important research topic that requires further attention. In response to the increasing awareness of agricultural climate and environmental protection, the implementation of the straw burning ban policy has been adopted in China. To gain a deeper understanding of the implications and effectiveness of the straw burning ban policy on rural households assets allocation behaviors, and this study utilizes China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) during 2010 to 2018 and employs the Difference-in-Differences (DID) estimation strategy to identify the causal effect. Accordingly, we draw several empirical findings. First, the straw burning ban policy has a significant impact on the assets allocation behaviors of rural households, leading to an increase in both risk and non-risk assets. Specifically, a preference for risky investments strongly exist following the occurrence of the straw burning shock. Second, we reveal significant reductions in the number of farmers and farming production costs, including expenses related to irrigation, seeds, and land usage. Conversely, we observe a significant increase in land renting and farmer machinery leasing activities. These effects are found to change the income patterns and thus affect household assets allocation behaviors. Third, the straw burning ban policy has a significant decline impact on household expenditures, specifically in total and housing expenditures, while welfare expenditure shows a positive increase as the preventive motivation. Finally, rural households affected by straw burning ban policy are significantly induced to increase allocation in short-term saving and non-financing assets, as well as in financing fixed-assets and financial investments.

Factors Affecting Application of Modern Agrochemicals and Observance of Pre-Harvest Interval in Khat, Catha edulis (Miraa) Crops in Igembe South Sub County

In Kenya, agriculture plays a crucial role in the economic development as well as alleviating poverty in the households. Strengthening the agricultural sector will call for provision of requisite extension services and ensuring necessary agricultural inputs readily available to the farmers. Evidently, agrochemicals have boosted agricultural productivity over time. Categorized broadly as fertilizers and pesticides, agrochemicals were introduced to enhance crop yields and minimize crop losses due to soil infertility, pests, and diseases. However, use of agrochemicals has been associated with various issues including effects on the environment and specifically, problems related to human health, biodiversity, and the entire ecosystem. Thus, this study investigated factors affecting application of modern agrochemicals and the observance of Pre-Harvest Interval (PHI) in Khat (Miraa) crops protection in Igembe south sub county. The specific objectives that guided the study were to investigate the effect of environmental factors on application of agrochemicals in Khat (Miraa) crops protection and whether farmers observed recommended Pre-Harvest Interval in application of agrochemicals in Khat (Miraa) crops protection in Igembe south sub county. A descriptive research design was utilized with a target population comprising Khat (Miraa) farmers in Igembe south sub county. Purposive sampling technique was adopted in selecting the sample. Stratified sampling was adopted in selecting individual respondents from the various wards to with the strata being the ward. Yamane (1967) formula was utilized to estimate the sample size of 399 respondents. Primary data was collected using a structured questionnaire with a response rate of 79.4%. Data analysis was done using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 20 and presented in figures and tables. From the analysis, the correlation between environmental factors in the application of modern agrochemicals and the protection of Khat (Miraa) crops was positive and statistically significant (?=0.546, P=0.000). The regression coefficient of environmental factors in the model was positive (r=.221) and statistically significant (P=0.000). Based on the calculated averages and PHI risk factors, majority of the farmers are categorized as high risk or very high-risk users of agrochemicals. Further statistical analysis indicated that the coefficient of the risk factor is positive (r=0.572) and statistically significant (P=0.000). Therefore, the risk factor in observance of the PHI has a significant effect on the number of farmers using specific agrochemicals. The study concluded that environmental factors and non-observance of recommended PHI, positively and significantly affects the protection of Khat (Miraa) crops. The study recommends targeted extension to sensitize Khat (Miraa) growers on importance of observing recommended PHI. Finally, the study recommends that the national and county governments ought to formulate policy guidelines that identify agrochemicals suitable in Miraa crops protection, the recommended application rates, and Pre-Harvest Intervals.

Analyzing deep learning algorithms with statistical methods

A number of farmers use human inspection to classify the quality of their fruits visually; this process could be done automatically with a Learning algorithm. This paper investigates the classification of apples, peaches, and oranges and verifies the quality of classification with the density of the edges detected in each image by the Sobel filter. The novelty of the study consists of comparing the classification accuracy of a convolutional neural network (CNN) and the statistical analysis of edge histograms. The edges are the main elements of what the CNN learns; this was the reason for verifying the deep learning algorithms with skewness, kurtosis, and standard deviation metrics extracted from the histogram of edge density detected by the Sobel filter. In the empirical process, four algorithms were proposed: a CNN with one convolutional layer, a DNN without convolutional layers, and two pre-trained networks, AlexNet and GoogLeNet. From clustering of the row data and analyzing the accuracy, the best classification is obtained by simple CNN for 20 epochs when the apples vs. oranges were classified.

MENJAGA SUMBER DAYA TANAH DENGAN KONSEP HOLISTIC AGRICULTURE SUSTAINABLE, INTEGRATED DAN SUSTAINABLE FARMING, GREEN AGRICULTURE TECHNOLOGY

Sustainable agricultural development is a process aimed at always adding agricultural products to each consumer, while at the same time increasing acceleration, business productivity through the addition of skills and capital. The current implementation of development emphasizes the goal of economic progress. In essence, the concept of sustainable agricultural development has an integrated concept through a holistic approach. In the context of sustainable agricultural development, it basically means the ability to remain productive while maintaining resources. Agricultural development without any continuous effort, farmers will remain marginalized, trapped in debt, middlemen, and have no power to determine the economic value of the harvest. The impact of this is that the number of farmers will decrease, in the end Indonesian Food sovereignty will be difficult to achieve. Sustainable agricultural development through a holistic approach that is multidimensional from upstream to downstream. This article aims to provide new ideas in sustainable agricultural development through a holistic approach with the concept of holistic agriculture sustainable, integrated and sustainable farming, green agriculture technology from upstream to downstream as an effort to develop sustainable agricultural concepts and improve the welfare of farmers.

Persepsi Petani Terhadap Program Kartu Tani Di Desa Golo Kantar Kecamatan Borong Kabupaten Manggarai Timur

One of the benefits of using a farmer card is to access subsidized fertilizers. Farmer cards are those programmed by the government and can function to ease all farmers' affairs in making loans, transactions, savings and regarding the acquisition of subsidized fertilizers. This research was motivated by problems in the farmer card program which according to the community was less useful for them, especially in terms of accessing fertilizer. The farmer card is expected to be able to overcome the problem of fertilizer distribution that is not on target and is expected to be able to provide welfare for every farmer owned by farmers with the fertilizer obtained, so that the farm that is run produces satisfactory production for the farmers themselves. The results showed that, on average, the number of farmers who did not understand the farmer card was 60%, while those who understood the farmer card were 37%. This is due to the lack of socialization from related agencies, causing a lack of understanding of farmers towards the farmer card program, especially given the fact there are some farmers who have not studied at all. This farmer card has also not been benefited by farmers, so farmers have difficulty getting subsidized fertilizer and have to spend expensive costs to obtain fertilizer.

EXTENSION MODEL DEVELOPMENT OF COMMERCIAL RICE PRODUCTION IN SAVANNAKHET PROVINCE, LAOS

The government of Laos conducted the climate-friendly agribusiness value chains sector project in the year 2019 to encourage the improvement of competitiveness in rice production and to develop production according to meet the needs and production programs of the government. However, the number of farmers who participated in this project is an insignificant proportion compared to the number of total rice farmers. This study aims: 1) to find the problems and suggestions about commercial rice production, and 2) to develop an extension model for commercial rice production. Using a mixed methods research design, data were gathered from a) structured interviews (n = 177) and b) workshops with extension agents (n = 21). The data was analyzed using such statistics as frequency and percentage. The findings showed that most respondents were concerned with 16 problems and eight suggestions about commercial rice production. The extension model of commercial rice production comprised four main components: developing knowledge and understanding of the farmers; approaches for strengthening attitudes; encouraging the use of modern technology; and government supporting factors that could support commercial rice production. Therefore, all concerned organizations should set a clear policy to increase the capacity of the farmers and continue to develop the market system for increasing competitiveness that the farmers can sell their rice products at a satisfactory price as a result, farmers who do not participate in the commercial rice production extension project will turn to participate in the project more in the future.

Grain agriculture and the end of the fossil fuel era

First paragraphs: A great deal of attention is currently focused on how agriculture in highly industrialized coun­tries contributes to greenhouse gas (GHG) emis­sions, and how certain farming innovations might curb the emissions of nitrous oxide and methane and draw down carbon dioxide from the atmos­phere. What is not being discussed is how agricul­ture in general, and grain agriculture in particular, will need to change as society phases out its dependency on fossil fuels in order to achieve carbon (C) neutrality. Over the last century in the U.S., the number of farmers on the land declined by about 66%, in close proportion to the increase in average farm size (U.S. Department of Agriculture Economic Research Service [USDA ERS], n.d.). Integral to these trends has been the simplification of farming systems in which practices like fertility-generating rotations have been replaced with lower-diversity monocultures maintained by applications of fossil fuel–based fertilizers and pesticides (Crews & Peoples, 2004). Between fossil fuel–powered mechanization and fossil fuel–based input intensi­fication, the energy used by farmers to grow maize in the state of Nebraska is 99.7% from fossil fuels and 0.3% human labor (Grassini & Cassman, 2012; Pimentel & Pimentel, 2008). Even organic farming systems often require prodigious fossil fuel inputs with intensive tractor tillage, manure hauling, and mechanical harvesting (Smith et al., 2015). In con­trast to our modern grain-producing agroeecosys­tems, ancestral agroecosystems and natural ecosys­tems of all types—forests, grasslands, deserts, tundra—have remained productive for millennia with no fossil fuel inputs. In this commentary I explore the dependency of grain agriculture on fossil fuel use in the U.S. set in a global context, and approaches for reducing this dependency, including a shift to perennial polycultures that rely on ecological intensification in place of energy-intensive inputs. . . .

Analysis of the influencing factors of left-behind children's mental health based on python program--Anhui Province as an example

With the rapid development of social economy, the number of farmers going to the cities to work has increased, leading to the problem of left-behind children in rural areas. Left-behind children face physical and mental health challenges due to the lack of parental accompaniment. The state has introduced policies to improve their environment, but uneven educational resources, psychological problems and lagging rural development remain to be solved. Based on the data of left-behind children in Anhui Province during the seven-year period of 2016-2022, this paper collates relevant literature and then empirically analyses the factors affecting the number of left-behind children and their mental health by means of multiple linear regression models. The study shows that the number of left-behind children has a strong negative correlation with economic growth and education problems, which means that improving the economic and educational conditions may help reduce the number of left-behind children, while the family environment and campus environment have a significant positive effect on the mental health of left-behind children. Finally, on the basis of the empirical findings, policy initiatives such as promoting economic growth and employment opportunities, improving the distribution of educational resources, strengthening family care and companionship, optimising the campus environment and teacher-student relationship, and establishing a peer support mechanism and are proposed in the hope of creating a better environment for left-behind children to grow up, and then promoting their psychological health development.

Pemasaran Lada Putih (Piper nigrum) Di Desa Majel Kecamatan Bonti Kabupaten Sanggau

This research is to determine the marketing channels and margins for White Pepper in Majel Village, Bonti District, Sanggau Regency. The number of farmers who were respondents in this research was 33 farmers, 2 collecting traders and 1 retailer. The variables observed in this research consist of prices at the farmer level, prices at the trader level, prices at the retailer level, marketing costs at the collector and retailer levels, marketing profits at the collector and retailer levels and marketing margins. The results of the research show that in Majel Village there are several marketing institutions that form 1 marketing channel, namely from pepper farmers selling to collecting traders, then collecting traders selling to retailers, then retail traders selling to consumers. The largest margin in this marketing channel is at retailers, namely IDR 6,000/Kg, Farmer's share in the white pepper marketing channel in Majel Village is 91.18%

Validation of farmers’ on-farm irrigation scheduling for optimal water utilization in Tigray Region, Ethiopia

Unwise use of irrigation water in water-scarce areas exacerbates water scarcity, diminishes crop yield, and leads to resource wastage. In the Tigray region of Ethiopia, where water is scarce and a determinant resource, no regional-level validation of on-farm irrigation scheduling had been conducted until now. The objectives of this study were to (i) validate farmers’ irrigation scheduling practices and (ii) optimize water consumption for increased irrigated area and number of farmers. Eight different irrigation schemes were purposively selected from the Tigray region. Primary data, acquired through field measurements, observations, and discussions, were supplemented with secondary data. Farmers' irrigation scheduling practices were predominantly of the "Fixed" type, characterized by constant irrigation intervals and amounts. Unfortunately, these practices were non-optimal, with 55% over-irrigation and 45% under-irrigation. Over-irrigation instances ranged from 1350 m3in a garlic plot within the Mesima scheme to a maximum of 1,327,067 m3in a maize plot within the Serenta scheme. The excess water could potentially be utilized to irrigate an additional area of 2 to 148 hectares, thereby benefiting 7 to 296 more farmers, respectively. Conversely, instances of under-irrigation in the Fre Lekatit scheme resulted in yield reductions of 10,445 kg for potatoes and 138,499 kg for maize. In the Tigray region, most of the schemes are semi-arid, emphasizing the imperative need for water conservation. Renovating regional-level irrigation scheduling by integrating performance assessment and enhancing water productivity at the field level, and establishing a remote-sensing-based 'Real-Time Irrigation Scheduling System' is deemed necessary to sustain dryland irrigated agriculture.

From Crops to Kilowatts: An Empirical Study on Farmland Conversion to Solar Photovoltaic Systems in Kushida River Basin, Japan

In Japan, rural areas are grappling with population decline and aging, leading to a shortage of labor for farmland maintenance. This has resulted in the abandonment of farmland or its conversion for solar photovoltaic (PV) use. However, this unplanned conversion raises concerns about agricultural productivity decline, landscape degradation, biodiversity loss, water resource maintenance, and disaster prevention. This study focuses on the Kushida watershed, examining (1) accurate farmland classification using remote sensing data, (2) the geographical distribution of farmland converted to PV systems from 2016 to 2021 and concentrated along the river, especially on north-facing slopes, (3) the highest conversion rates in wheat fields, followed by legume fields, tea fields, and paddy fields, and (4) no clear correlation between farmland conversions and changes in the number of farmers, but associations with farmland geography and solar radiation levels. These findings contribute to a nuanced understanding of sustainable rural development in Japan, emphasizing the importance of considering geographical factors in the conversion of farmland to PV.

Gender Inclusive Policy approaches in Agroforestry Management: Some Insights

Agroforestry primarily provides several benefits by growing sustainability, by providing food, wood energy, shelter, fodder and fibre; generating economic gains to allow communities and societies to flourish; and promoting ecosystems. Various literature has shown that in the agroforestry system in connection to gender, policies have been ignored. Discrepancies are addressed in this particular section with few case studies, such as on the lack of clear statistics on the women and men participants engaged in different livelihoods in the agroforestry sector; gender-responsive project activities and policy action plan for sustainable development; commercial agenda of policy-making bodies in agroforestry system; gender blindness of policymakers about women and energy transformation, the right of women to access land; women in the value chain and extension service and concerning forestry associations and forest users' groups; etc. The invisibility of women in the workforce, more particularly in agroforestry scenario is undeniable. Unfortunately, the department of each concerning state have no detailed database on women in agroforestry to increase the job participation of women in the forestry sector and it is also true in the case of agriculture database of women. It is simply not possible to get a true picture for some academic purpose or because of curiosity if anyone checks data from women who work in the agroforestry sector. In the case of the agriculture scenario, documents of agricultural statistics and planning in the state also do not provide any information on the number of farmers or families engaged in the sector.

Factors Influencing Willingness of Farmers to Pay for Agricultural Non-point Source Pollution Control Based on Distributed Cognitive Theory

The analysis of the willingness of individual farmers to cover costs is an important basis for measuring the economic value of agricultural non-point pollution management， and determining the ecological and economic value of rural surface pollution control is a necessary measure to internalize the externalities of agricultural production. Based on the analysis of the hierarchy of factors influencing the cognition of farmers， this study constructed a theoretical framework based on distributed cognition theory to analyze their willingness to pay for agricultural non-point source pollution control from the perspective of individual farmers. On the basis of this framework， we used the Double-Hurdle model to empirically test the overall process of farmers'willingness to pay and their willingness to pay the amount for agricultural non-point source pollution control by combining 531 microscopic research datapoints in Guanzhong， Shaanxi Province. The results showed that： ① the number of farmers with willingness to pay for agricultural non-point source pollution control was 267， accounting for 50.30% of the total sample， and the average value of willingness to pay was 1 469.77 yuan·hm-2； the total economic value of agricultural non-point source pollution control in Shaanxi Province in 2020 was estimated to be 5.791 billion yuan based on the expected value of the willingness to pay level of the research sample. ② Farmers'willingness to pay for agricultural non-point source pollution control was influenced by the combined effects of personal， regional， and cultural forces， and the effects of each dimension were similar； farmers' willingness to pay for agricultural non-point source pollution control was mainly influenced by the cultural force factor， and the effects of personal and regional forces were very limited. ③ The results of the regressions by income level showed that personal and cultural strengths had a significant impact on the willingness to pay among the low-income group but did not contribute to the increase in the willingness to pay.

STRATEGI BERTAHAN HIDUP PETANI PERKOTAAN DI KOTA GORONTALO

Gorontalo City is the capital city of Gorontalo Province; however, in some places in Gorontalo City, there are still scattered agricultural lands and most of the agricultural land is surrounded by buildings and housing. The purpose of this study was to determine the survival strategy of urban farmers in Gorontalo City and analyze income based on the cost of living for farmers and their families. Secondary data in this study were obtained from the Agricultural Extension Center (BPP) and the Badan Pusat Statistik (BPS) or relevant sources in the form of data on the number of farmers in Gorontalo City. This study uses a mixed-methods approach, namely quantitative and qualitative approaches. Primary data were obtained from interviews with research informants, with a limit on the number of informants to as many as 30 farmers. The primary data collection instrument was divided into two types: questionnaire A for all informants and questionnaire B for 10 informant farmers (with the criteria of separate land from other farmers' land) through the in-depth interview method. A qualitative approach with interactive analysis of the Miles and Huberman model. The results showed that the income of rice farmers was Rp. 489.586348 with 27 farmers, tomato commodities were Rp. 20.991.667 with 2 farmers, and mustard commodities were Rp. 5.160.000 with 1 farmer. The total family living cost of the respondents per month is Rp. 87,799,980. In general, farmers use a double-income strategy to meet the needs of their families, such as pulling bentor (ngojek), workshops, and construction workers