Number Of Electrical Appliances Research Articles

Towards Efficient Energy Consumption: Audit of Households Electricity Consumption in Ghana

Electricity from national grids remain the most reliable and affordable source of power to many households globally. However, in Ghana, the supply of electricity from the national grid to households is generally unstable with residential electricity tariff skyrocketing. Consumers are unable to quantify the amount of electricity purchased in kwh/month in order to appreciate the tariff band they belong to. The billing authorities only account for the approximate unit (kwh/month) for the nearest cedi spent on electricity. The run-offs lead to over/under-billing of consumers for electricity purchased and, thus, derail the agenda of efficient energy management. Given this background, we proceeded to investigate households’ electricity consumption by first, estimating the exact consumption units of electricity for any amount of electricity power purchased. Subsequently, we explored factors that affected households’ electricity consumption in Ghana. We relied on 8,599 households’ data captured in the Ghana Living Standard Survey 7. The method of maximum likelihood estimation was used to estimate a multiple regression model fitted to the monthly electricity consumption data. The results showed that the fewer are alternative sources of electricity available to households, the greater is the consumption of electricity by the households. Other significant variables found were number of rooms in a household, area (m2) of the house, number of people in the house, categories of tariff bands and number of electrical appliances in use. These variables showed positive relationship with the natural log of the estimated electricity consumed per month for any household.

Modeling the Time Duration Until the Adoption of Residential Rooftop Solar Photovoltaic Systems

Abstract This paper addresses two key decisions by households to adopt rooftop solar photovoltaic (PV) systems and the length of time until the adoption. It is hypothesized that these decisions are controlled by different mechanisms and should be modeled independently. This is the first attempt to formally estimate the length of time until the adoption to the authors’ knowledge. Two models are presented in this paper. The first is a mixed logit to model the respondents’ intention to adopt a solar PV system, and the second is a random parameters ordered probit to estimate the length of time until the adoption. Estimation results show that the number of electrical appliances, the households’ interest to harness economic benefits, and the type and characteristics of the dwelling motivate households to select a shorter duration until the adoption. Results also show that the majority (77.80%) of respondents with electric vehicles are highly likely to adopt a rooftop system and select a shorter time duration until adoption. In addition, a significant proportion (83.23%) of respondents with high monthly electricity bills is more likely to adopt a rooftop PV system and select a shorter time duration. Results show that the average monthly electricity bill for households with a PV system has decreased by 74.04%. Reducing monthly electricity bills is a key instigator for adopting a rooftop PV system. Our results confirm the hypothesis that even if there is an intent to adopt a rooftop solar PV system, the length of time until the adoption is controlled by another mechanism.

Design and Implementation of an Energy Meter System for Optimized Cost using Internet of Things (IOT) Technology

The noticeable rise in electricity bills is one of the most major factors leading to an economic crisis for all parts of the world today. It causes many negative impacts on the economic lifestyle of society. This is due to the depletion of unnecessary energy which leads to financial losses for customers. Moreover, it leads to problems between customers and electric companies. Day by day, electricity bills increase further due to the increase in the number of electrical appliances, which in turn leads to an increase in the daily use of electricity. The absence of an energy consumption monitoring system exacerbates this problem. Therefore, it became necessary to develop a system to monitor energy consumption that can calculate daily consumption and display it to customers so that they can know their energy consumption without facing any difficulties. This paper aims to design and implement an energy meter system for optimized cost using internet of things (IOT) technology. This is to alert customers to take preventive measures that help limit the rise in electricity bills. The main components of system design are Node MCU, Arduino Uno (Atmega 328) Microcontroller, AC Fan, AC Light Bulb, LCD I2C (20x4) and ACS712 Current Sensor, which is responsible for sensing the current of electrical appliances. This system was simulated through the TINKERCAD program, as for the system programming, it was done through the Arduino Integrated Development Environment (IDE). Moreover, the system implementation and testing has been successfully completed, and the required results have been analyzed and successfully reached. The system has performed well and is acceptable, also it can be classified as efficient, simple and easy to use.

INVESTIGATING THE DETERMINANTS OF ENERGY EXPENDITURE IN MALAYSIA MAJOR CITIES BY MIDDLE-INCOME HOUSEHOLDS

This paper attempts to investigate the factors that affecting energy expenditure in Malaysia capital city by middle-income households. The aim of this study was to find out the determinants of household spending on electricity and petrol in three major cities (George Town, Kuala Lumpur and Johor Bahru). A survey was conducted in these three major cities and a total of 473 observations are used for estimations by using the censored Tobit model. The results showed that household income is statistically significant and do affect electricity spending. Meanwhile, petrol spending is not significant as households consider petrol as an undesirable purchase in Malaysian domestic market. Also, there is a strong evidence of relationship between the number of electrical appliances and the number of rooms with electricity expenditure, as well as the number of private cars with petrol spending due to the complementarity. The results also proved that race does not play a crucial role in affecting electricity and petrol expenditure in Malaysia. But from a different perspective, electricity spending pattern by households in Johor Bahru, George Town and Kuala Lumpur is completely different, whereas Johor Bahru has different spending patterns in petrol.

A study on household energy-use patterns in rural, semi-urban and urban areas of Nepal based on field survey

Energy use is required for securing a certain living standard. Availability of energy sources, electricity in particular, is the basic requirement for the quality of living. The rationality of household energy use is not only for improving individual living conditions, but also for the economic growth of a nation. To formulate the national energy strategy plan, it is important to know the current energy use and availability conditions. This study describes the current state of household energy use available from related papers and also from a field survey on household energy use including electricity use. We have collected the data in the form of electricity bills, family income, family size, the number of electric appliances, and energy use for lighting, cooking, heating and cooling from 442 households in Kalikot, Chitwan and Kathmandu districts of Nepal. The monthly rate of firewood use was found 2.08 GJ/household/month in rural areas, which is quite higher than other developing countries. The average electricity use of all areas in Nepal was 2.06 GJ/household/year, which is quite low compared to developed and even other developing countries. The electricity is used mainly for lighting purpose in the rural area, while it was also used to run other electric appliances in semi-urban and urban areas. By analyzing the data, it was found that the amount of electricity use was a function of household income level, occupation, family size and educational level of household responsible person. The educational level of people was correlated to the use of light-emitting diode lamps. The result of this series of survey should be useful for future planning of household energy management in the Nepalese society.

Análisis de la demanda del servicio eléctrico de los hogares de la Parroquia Jambelí

Los cambios de comportamiento en la adquisición de servicios básicos han repercutido en los niveles de consumo de cada localidad de la ciudad de Machala, aun cuando las características de los habitantes son diferentes por la calidad de vida, han incidido en el factor social, familiar y renta. Por tal motivo, el objetivo de la investigación es determinar la demanda de servicio eléctrico de los hogares de la Parroquia Jambelí, ciudad de Machala, para cumplir con el objetivo fue necesario establecer la localidad y tipo de instrumento de aplicación que influyeron en la variación del consumo de energía eléctrica. La metodología fue de tipo exploratoria, descriptiva y de alcance correlacional, se aplicó el instrumento de investigación correspondiente a una ficha tipo encuesta dirigida a las familias del sector, los datos fueron procesados mediante modelación econométrica. Los principales resultados demostraron que el modelo aplicado es acertado y las variantes tienen incidencia en la demanda de dicho servicio básico. Las conclusiones generales establecieron que el nivel de ingresos, la edad, número de integrantes por hogar, número de artefactos eléctricos, temporada y tipo de vivienda (edificio) fueron factores claves para el aumento del consumo de electricidad, afectando la capacidad económica de los hogares, así como la necesidad de políticas públicas para mantener un consumo responsable.

Necessary demand and extra demand of public utility product: identification using the stochastic frontier model

Our purpose is to empirically investigate necessary and extra demand of a consumer for public utility product. Our paper makes three contributions. First, using the stochastic frontier model, we identify necessary and extra demand in a consumer’s consumption. Second, we calculate the rates of necessary and extra demand in a consumer’s consumption and compare the relative importance of the two. Third, we examine the effects of internal and external incentives for extra demand. By empirical investigation using electricity consumption data on 557 Japanese households in 2012, we obtain the following results. First, physical conditions such as house size, the number of electric appliances, and family size surely determine necessary demand. Second, the demand response mechanism alone does not reduce extra demand, while it can reduce extra demand when combined with the consciousness of saving energy. Third, since necessary demand comprises the preponderance of total consumption, investigations into optimizing the physical conditions of consumers are important.

The energy audit process for universities accommodation in Malaysia: a preliminary study

The increase of energy consumption in the Malaysian Universities has raised national concerns due to the fact that its consumption increase government fiscal budget and at the same time contributes negative impacts towards the environment. The purpose of this research is to focus on the process of energy audit conducted in the Malaysian universities and to identify the significant practice that can improve energy consumption of the selected universities. The significant criteria in energy audit may be found by comparing the energy implementation process of selected Malaysian universities through the investigation of energy consumption behavior and the number of electrical appliances, equipment, machinery and buildings activities that have an impact on energy consumption that can improve energy-efficiency in building. The Energy Efficiency Index (EEI) will be used as an indicator and combined with the suggested application of HOMER software to obtain solution and possible improvement of energy consumption during energy audit implementation. A document analysis approach will also be obtained in order to identify the best practice through the selected energy documentations. The result of this research may be used as a guideline for other universities that consume high energy in order to help improving the implementation of energy audit process in their universities.

Power Supply Problems: Proposed Extension Package

This aimed to assess the electric power supply problems of San Francisco, Cebu as perceived by the electrical consumers. Factors considered were: electrical household consumers profile as to the type of electric cooperative membership combined monthly family income, kind/ type and number of electrical appliances, kind and number of electrical lamp, and average monthly electrical consumption; problems related to power supply as perceived by the respondents as to fuel supply, engine breakdown, maintenance operation, and low Voltage. Also considered was the significant mean difference in perception between the consumers and management/ maintenance personnel as to the problems met in the electrical power supply distribution and the extension package that could be formulated. The descriptive method of research was used in this study. The questionnaire was uses as the main instrument for gathering data and was supplemented by direct observation. Simple percentage computation, weighted mean, and Z-test were employed for the treatment of data.

Slowing the Demand for Electricity: California an Example for Saudi Arabia?

When it comes to energy, two things stand out in common between Saudi Arabia and California although at different periods in time. The first is the elevated status of the oil industry: in 1900, California was the leading oil producing state in the country, with its oil industry responsible for California’s physical landscape and culture today. In 2014 California remains one of the top three producers in the USA. Likewise, Saudi Arabia’s wealth and development is based on the oil industry, which started after oil was struck in Dammam in 1938. The second factor in common is the rate of electricity demand growth. During the 1960s, the demand for electricity grew quickly and “[e]ach year Californians [were] using 8 to 8.5 percent more electricity than they did the year before.”Similar to California in the 1960’s, Saudi Arabia now experiences electricity growth rates of about 8% annually in the last two decades. Such a doubling of demand in less than a decade means a compounding effect so that by the third and fourth time of doubling, a very large number of power plants would have had to be built. This rate was seen as unsustainable in California in the 1960s as it is now in Saudi Arabia. Propelled by the oil crisis of 1972, California started to implement major policy changes through regulatory and legal frameworks, especially through the Warren Alquist Act (WAA) 1972, and within a decade, California’s electricity demand growth slowed. This demand growth rate decreased to between 1 and 2% in the three decades 1980-1990, 1990-2000 and 2000-2010. The WAA is responsible, in part, and despite an increase in the sizes of homes and the number of electrical appliances, for slowing the growth of electricity demand through appliance standards, building codes and other energy efficiency programs enacted during the 1970’s. Can California energy policy be a case study for countries such as Saudi Arabia, a large user of electricity with electricity growth rates similar to that of California of the 1960s? This paper presents a high-level overview of the policy and regulatory framework established by California in the 1970’s to, in particular, slow electricity growth. Components of Saudi Arabia’s current energy policy are presented and compared with policies of the WAA 1972. Considering the vast changes to the energy policy landscape of the last two decades worldwide, especially in terms of renewable energy, it appears that now would be a good time for Saudi Arabia to leapfrog from a WAA-like 1972 policy to a WAA 2014-and-beyond policy.

An Approach to Energy Saving and Cost of Energy Reduction Using an Improved Efficient Technology

The electricity consumption in commercial places like universities has tremendously increased recently. Modern and advanced energy efficient appliances are highly needed to substitute the conventional ones. Energy saving is of great important instead of its wastage, as utilizing the energy efficiently reduces the cost of energy. Energy consumption varies for commercial building due to several factors such as electrical appliance usage, electrical appliance type, management, etc. Due to the advancement in technology, there are new emergence appliances that are of high efficiency and have less energy consumption. A case study is conducted on selected five tutorial rooms, level 4 buildings in the Faculty of Electrical Engineering 19 A, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia. The paper proposes new emergence equipments with high efficiency and less power consumption to replace the existing ones. A survey is conducted on the number of electrical appliances used for each of the tutorial rooms, time table for each tutorial room and the Tenaga Nasional Berhad pricing and tariff are taken into consideration in the analysis of the energy consumption and the cost of energy. This paper aims at reducing the amount of energy consumption by replacing the existing electrical equipments with high efficient electrical equipments; it also tends to reduce the cost of energy paid to the utility. By observing the results, it shows that the proposed efficient electrical equipments are more efficient, less power consumption and less cost compared to the existing electrical equipments.

Trends in Cooling Degree Days for Building Energy Estimation in Latvia

Calculation of cooling degree days (CDDs) and hours (CDHs) is one of the simplest methods to describe the effect of outside air temperature on building cooling energy consumption. Calculations of CDD numbers and analysis of trends were performed using 10-year data of outdoor temperature, measured at the meteorological station in Riga (Latvia). Values of CDDs and CDHs for seven base temperatures (from 19.0°C to 26.0°C) are provided in a tabular form. Results showed an increase in CDDs by the year 2020. Findings of this study could be further used for energy management in Riga region. I. INTRODUCTION Nowadays the building sector in member states of the European Union accounts for about 40% of final energy consumption and about a third of greenhouse gas emissions, of which about two-thirds are ascribed to residential and one- third to commercial buildings (1). Even though most of energy in eastern European buildings is used for space heating, e.g., about 70% in Latvian households (2), special attention should also be directed towards space cooling, since the energy consumption it accounts for (mostly electrical energy) is growing rapidly. It is expected that energy demand for cooling will increase even more in the future due to global warming, higher demands for quality of life and comfort, an increased use of glazing in architecture, increased number of electric appliances etc. and generally due to economic growth (3). Heating and cooling energy consumption in buildings is mostly affected by outdoor temperature changes (4; 5), where spatial and temporal considerations also play an important role. Several methods are available for energy analysis and estimation of energy demands. These methods differ in complexity, in amount of ambient condition data that needs to be taken into account, time increment used for calculations, detail of description of the building geometry and its characteristics etc. (6). Degree day method is currently the simplest and well-established technique for energy analysis, providing adequate results for simple systems and applications. It is appropriate in cases when the use of building, efficiency of HVAC equipment, indoor temperature and internal gains are relatively constant. Degree day method allows for the comparison of building current and past energy performance, as well as the comparison of buildings in different climate zones. In (7) cooling degree day data for 171 countries was summarized, where Mali and Nigeria were ranked 1 st and 2 nd for having the highest number of cooling

Towards understanding consumption in multi‐user solar energy systems: the cases of villages in Argentina and Cuba

AbstractResearch on the electrification of remote villages by means of decentralized renewable energy systems increasingly requires consideration of the characteristics of the user communities. Particularly for communities with multi‐user systems (MUS), in order to achieve optimal design and sizing of the system and efficient energy distribution among users, it is important to consider the social characteristics of the community in addition to technical and economic aspects. The solar energy supply is always limited, and distribution of the energy among the users is mainly a matter of coordinating who can use how much at what time, which is influenced by various factors. What we need first of all is knowledge of the actual power needs of each household over a period of time. With the aim of determining typical patterns of energy consumption in households with similar characteristics, the present preliminary research study uncovers the factors that determine energy consumption in five solar power villages in Cuba and Argentina. Correlation and regression analysis of data from surveys and energy consumption measurements showed that type and number of electrical appliances are the most important, but not sufficient, factors for explaining differences in household energy consumption. Demographic factors, occupations, daily routine and other social factors also have an impact on the development of a household's energy consumption. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Preliminary assessment of U.K. human dietary and inhalation exposure to polybrominated diphenyl ethers.

This study reports concentrations of BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153, and 154 in outdoor air [median sigmaPBDE (sum of BDEs 47, 99, 100, 153, and 154) = 18 pg m(-3)] in air from a range of office and home indoor microenvironments (median sigmaPBDE = 762 pg m(-3)) and vegan and omnivorous duplicate diet samples (median sigmaPBDE = 154 and 181 pg g(-1) dryweightforvegan and omnivorous diets, respectively). Median daily human exposure to sigmaPBDE via inhalation is 6.9 ng/person and 90.5 ng/person via diet but the relative significance of these pathways may vary considerably between individuals. Median concentrations in indoor air were higher in workplace (sigmaPBDE = 1082 pg m(-3)) than in domestic (sigmaPBDE = 128 pg m(-3)) microenvironments, and substantial differences in concentrations in air from different rooms in the same office building were found. When data from the only mechanically ventilated room was excluded, a significant positive correlation (p < 0.001) was observed between PBDE concentrations and both the number of electrical appliances and polyurethane foam-containing chairs. Concentrations of sigmaPBDE and BDEs 47 and 99 were significantly higher (p < 0.1) in omnivorous diet samples than in vegan diet samples, implying that while plant-based foods contribute appreciably, higher exposure occurs via ingestion of animal-based comestibles.

Feasibility study of the co-generation system with direct internal reforming-molten carbonate fuel cell (DIR-MCFC) for residential use

The possibility of introducing a co-generation system with a direct internal reforming-molten carbonate fuel cell (DIR-MCFC) for residential use is examined by a feasibility study. First, the structure of a system, which can maintain the cell temperature (650 °C) without the heat supply, is constructed by calculating heat and material balances among the system components. Secondly, a model family, which might use the co-generation system with a DIR-MCFC, is constructed from the results of a questionnaire on room layout, number of family members, and the number of electric appliances and consumption of electric power in Osaka. Thirdly, calculating the electric power and hot-water demand supply balance optimizes the scale of the co-generation system with a DIR-MCFC for residential use. Finally, the running costs of this optimum system using city gas or propane gas are considered. As a result, the optimum scale of a co-generation system a with DIR-MCFC and using city gas is 3 kW, while it is 6 kW for the case using propane gas. The co-generation system using city gas is suitable for a house. On the other hand, the system using propane gas is suitable for an apartment.

Energy‐saving attitudes and the behaviour of women in the use of electrical household appliances in Turkey

In this study, 270 women with different levels of education were investigated to determine energy‐saving attitudes and the behaviour of women in the use of electrical household appliances. Their attitudes were measured by Likert‐type sentences, and their behaviour by evaluating their answers to 33 questions that were oriented to energy saving. The effects of variables on attitudes and behaviour, such as number of individuals in the family, education level of the woman, length of marriage, employment status, family income and the number of electrical appliances were determined by analysis of variance. Effects of family income, education level of women, employment status and the number of electrical appliances on positive attitude, and effects of educational level of woman and employment status on positive behaviour were both found to be significant (P &lt; 0.05).