Number Of Descendants Research Articles

The number of descendants in a random directed acyclic graph

AbstractWe consider a well‐known model of random directed acyclic graphs of order , obtained by recursively adding vertices, where each new vertex has a fixed outdegree and the endpoints of the edges from it are chosen uniformly at random among previously existing vertices. Our main results concern the number of vertices that are descendants of . We show that converges in distribution; the limit distribution is, up to a constant factor, given by the th root of a Gamma distributed variable with distribution . When , the limit distribution can also be described as a chi distribution . We also show convergence of moments, and find thus the asymptotics of the mean and higher moments.

Genetic variation in released gametes produces genetic diversity in the offspring of the broadcast spawning coral Acroporatenuis

All coral species in the genus Acropora are broadcast-spawning hermaphrodites. Fertilization in the ocean requires sufficient numbers of gametes from conspecifics and the contact time for fertilization is thought to be limited by the rapid diffusion of sperm. Many studies have reported a positive correlation between sperm concentration and fertilization success, but it is not clear how gametes diffuse in seawater to produce mixtures of gametes from many colonies, leading to fertilization that improves genetic diversity. To elucidate this, we analyzed the changes in sperm concentration of A.tenuis in situ after spawning and genotyped sperm and fertilized eggs from seawater using seven microsatellite (MS) markers. Results showed that most of the eggs were fertilized at below 106 sperm/mL in situ. MS genotyping showed that the alleles of released sperm were diverse and those alleles also appeared in the fertilized eggs. The MS fragment peak height in released sperm, which presumably reflects the allele frequency of the sperm, was positively correlated with the allele frequencies of the fertilized eggs. Collectively, synchronous spawning populations composed of highly fecund and genetically diverse colonies potentially increases genetic diversity and the number of descendants.

АНАЛИЗ ВОСТОЧНЫХ ЛЕТОПИСЕЙ XIV-XVI ВВ.ПО ГЕНЕАЛОГИИ ЧИНГИСХАНА И ЭМИРА ТИМУРА

This article provides a comprehensive and step-by-step study of the Eastern chronicles of the XIV-XVI centuries in order to restore data on the genealogy of key historical figures, who contributed to the state-building of Kazakhstan and neighboring countries, as well as science, culture, art, etc. The article compares the eastern sources by the number of descendants, the date and circumstances of their compilation. The main task of the article is to analyze the sources in order to determine their reliability, and to recreate the true family ties between historical figures and, as a result, certain historical events. Such a reconstruction of the genealogy will allow later to determine the origin of new historical figures, until now little known to a wide range of researchers. The analysis is carried out in order to fully and comprehensively study the history of the Golden Horde, as the predecessor state of the Kazakh Khanate.

Phenology-mediated effects of phenotype on the probability of social polygyny and its fitness consequences in a migratory passerine

Why females engage in social polygyny remains an unresolved question in species where the resources provided by males maximize female fitness. In these systems, the ability of males to access several females, as well as the willingness of females to mate with an already mated male, and the benefits of this choice, may be constrained by the socio-ecological factors experienced at the local scale. Here, we used a 19-year dataset from an individual-monitored population of pied flycatchers (Ficedula hypoleuca) to establish local networks of breeding pairs. Then, we examined whether the probability of becoming socially polygynous and of mating with an already mated male (thus becoming a secondary female) is influenced by morphological and sexual traits as proxies of individual quality relative to the neighbours. We also evaluated whether social polygyny is adaptive for females by examining the effect of females’ mating status (polygamously-mated vs monogamously-mated) on direct (number of recruits in a given season) and indirect (lifetime number of fledglings produced by these recruits) fitness benefits. The phenotypic quality of individuals, by influencing their breeding asynchrony relative to their neighbours, mediated the probability of being involved in a polygynous event. Individuals in middle-age (2–3 years), with large wings and, in the case of males, with conspicuous sexual traits, started to breed earlier than their neighbours. By breeding locally early, males increased their chances of becoming polygynous, while females reduced their chances of mating with an already mated male. Our results suggest that secondary females may compensate the fitness costs, if any, of sharing a mate, since their number of descendants did not differ from monogamous females. We emphasize the need of accounting for local breeding settings (ecological, social, spatial, and temporal) and the phenotypic composition of neighbours to understand individual mating decisions.

Using Evolutionary Trees for the Colorectal Cancer Prognosis Prediction

The measurement of tree similarity based on structure comparison has been long used in diverse fields. We applied the evolutionary tree method to study the cancer genome. Cancer evolutionary trees, representing cancer diversity, provide information on the clonal evolution and the clinical outcome of cancer patients. This study considered 107 colorectal cancer (CRC) patients who received deep targeted sequencing of cancer tissues. The evolutionary trees of individual cancer patients were reconstructed from genome sequencing data based on variant allele frequencies (VAFs) of point mutations and small insertions or deletions (indels). The main purpose of this study was to predict cancer recurrence. We mapped the structure of a cancer evolutionary tree to a rooted tree and developed a canonical-form transformation for solving tree isomorphism to ensure that each patient has a unique tree structure. We proposed an algorithm for comparing tree similarity in terms of cost calculation between evolutionary structure trees. The cost was calculated using the node position, tree size (or number of nodes), tree height, node depth, number of descendants of the node (the size of the subtree with the node as a root), and relationship of the node with other nodes. After tree similarity comparison, the cancer patients were clustered into two groups through k-means clustering. The clustering information indicated that the evolutionary structure trees were associated with gender and tumor invasion stage. Several machine-learning strategies including random forest, support vector machine (SVM), bagging, and boosting were used to predict cancer recurrence in these patients. Our results revealed that combining the clustering information of evolutionary structure trees increased the prediction performance compared with using clinical information alone, and tree similarity comparison can help in the prognostic analysis of cancer patients.

PERBEDAAN STRAIN DAN UMUR BETINA TERHADAP JUMLAH KETURUNAN LALAT BUAH (Drosophila melanogaster Meigen)

A study was conducted on the differences in strain and female age on the number of descendants of fruit flies (Drospohila melanogaster Meigen) to determine the effect of strain and female age on the number of D. melanogaster offspring in normal, taxi and sepia strains. Five D. melanogaster ♂ normal crossed with 5 D. D. melanogaster ♀ normal, 5 D. melanogaster ♂ taxi crossed with 5 D. D. melanogaster ♀ taxi, 5 D. D. melanogaster ♂ sepia crossed with 5 D. D. melanogaster ♀ sepia. Age of the crossed female is 8-10 hours, 12-14 hours, 16-18 hours, 20-22 hours, and 24-26 hours after hatching from the pupa. Each group of crosses was repeated five times. D. melanogaster crossing was carried out at 25oC. Data were analyzed with factorial anava and then tested further with LSD (Least Significant Difference) of 5% significance level. Based on the results of the study note that there is an influence of strain and female age on the number of offspring. It is also known that normal strains produce the highest number of offspring, whereas taxi strains produce the fewest offspring. Age of females 20-22 hours produces the most number of offspring and is not significantly different from females 24-26 hours, while ages 8-10 hours produce the fewest number of offspring and are not significantly different from ages 12-14 hours.

EVALUATION OF THE FAMILIES OF DAIRY HERD BY THE PRODUCTIVITY AND BREEDING VALUE

EVALUATION OF THE FAMILIES OF DAIRY HERD BY THE PRODUCTIVITY AND BREEDING VALUE

Evaluation of the pesticide Oberon on a model organism Drosophila melanogaster via topical toxicity test on biochemical and reproductive parameters

Spiromesifen (Oberon® 240 SC), a pesticide widely used to control pests like mites and whiteflies, was investigated using Drosophila melanogaster Meigen, 1830 (Diptera, Drosophilidae) as a model organism. The compound was applied topically at two concentrations (LC10: 21.45 and LC25: 39.53 μg active ingredient/pupa), on newly molted pupae and assessed on morphometric measurements of ovaries and the progeny of surviving adults. Results showed that spiromesifen inhibited the growth and development of ovaries, reducing at the highest dose (LC25) the number of oocytes, the volume of basal oocytes and ovarian weight. Biochemical analysis revealed that the tested compound reduced the ovarian levels of carbohydrates and glycogen during the sexual maturation. Moreover, fecundity, fertility and number of descendants from parents that survived to the treatment of pupae were significantly reduced. The sex ratio determined indicated a significant decrease in treated series and males seemed more sensitive to spiromesifen than females. Lastly, the compound was found to affect the sexual behavior.

Uniform sampling in a structured branching population

We are interested in the dynamic of a structured branching population where the trait of each individual moves according to a Markov process. The rate of division of each individual is a function of its trait and when a branching event occurs, the trait of the descendants at birth depends on the trait of the mother and on the number of descendants. In this article, we explicitly describe the penalized Markov process, named auxiliary process, corresponding to the dynamic of the trait of a “typical” individual by giving its associated infinitesimal generator. We prove a Many-to-One formula and a Many-to-One formula for forks. Furthermore, we prove that this auxiliary process characterizes exactly the process of the trait of a uniformly sampled individual in a large population approximation. We detail three examples of growth-fragmentation models: the linear growth model, the exponential growth model and the parasite infection model.

Drepturile succesorale ale soțului supraviețuitor în Țara Românească și Moldova în secoele XVIII-XIX

The current analysis follows the historical evolution of the succession rights of surviving spouse in the codifications of the ancient written Romanian law. The extent and the nature of the succession rights of living spouse varied according to different elements, such as: the poverty of the partner, the absence of remarriage, the number of descendants born during the marriage, the later’s age of death determined from the moment of the opening to the ascendant’s succession etc. Until the application of Cuza’s Civil Code in 1865, the only matrimonial regime in force in the ancient written Romanian law was the dowry regime. We have conducted an analysis on what was the outcome of the dowry estate in the event one spouse had predeceased, due to the fact that, together with the patrimonial advantages offered by succession law, the surviving spouse had substantial benefits from termination of the matrimonial regime.

Renewal processes, population dynamics, and unimodular trees

AbstractBased on a simple object, an i.i.d. sequence of positive integer-valued random variables {an}n∊ℤ, we introduce and study two random structures and their connections. First, a population dynamics, in which each individual is born at time n and dies at time n + an. This dynamics is that of a D/GI/∞ queue, with arrivals at integer times and service times given by {an}n∊ℤ. Second, the directed random graph Tf on ℤ generated by the random map f(n) = n + an. Assuming only that E [a0] < ∞ and P [a0 = 1] > 0, we show that, in steady state, the population dynamics is regenerative, with one individual alive at each regeneration epoch. We identify a unimodular structure in this dynamics. More precisely, Tf is a unimodular directed tree, in which f(n) is the parent of n. This tree has a unique bi-infinite path. Moreover, Tf splits the integers into two categories: ephemeral integers, with a finite number of descendants of all degrees, and successful integers, with an infinite number. Each regeneration epoch is a successful individual such that all integers less than it are its descendants of some order. Ephemeral, successful, and regeneration integers form stationary and mixing point processes on ℤ.

Fundus photography quality assessment based on topological extinction values

The quality of retina images is important for the diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases. Blur, distortion, low contrast, among other artifacts, inhibit the viewing of regions of interest. This work proposes a global descriptor based on two extinction values (number of descendants and topological height) for direct analysis of fundus photographs and automatic classification as good or poor quality. The method does not require any special filtering, image segmentation or internal retina structure location. It is not substantially affected by rotating, resizing or data set type, and is computed in quadratic time. The algorithm achieved an area under ROC curve of 96.13% for UNICAMP, 88.59% for UNIFESP DR2, 99.27% for DRIMDB, and 92.07% for HRF data sets.

Fundus photography quality assessment based on topological extinction values

The quality of retina images is important for the diagnosis and treatment of eye diseases. Blur, distortion, low contrast, among other artifacts, inhibit the viewing of regions of interest. This work proposes a global descriptor based on two extinction values (number of descendants and topological height) for direct analysis of fundus photographs and automatic classification as "good" or "poor" quality. The method does not require any special filtering, image segmentation or internal retina structure location. It is not substantially affected by rotating, resizing or data set type, and is computed in quadratic time. The algorithm achieved an area under ROC curve of 96.13% for UNICAMP, 88.59% for UNIFESP DR2, 99.27% for DRIMDB, and 92.07% for HRF data sets.

Use of recessive marker trait light-yellow color of flower petals in breeding of Brassica juncea Czern.

Use of recessive marker trait light-yellow color of flower petals in breeding of Brassica juncea Czern.

Large-deviation properties of the extended Moran model

The distributions of the times to the first common ancestor t_mrca is numerically studied for an ecological population model, the extended Moran model. This model has a fixed population size N. The number of descendants is drawn from a beta distribution Beta(alpha, 2-alpha) for various choices of alpha. This includes also the classical Moran model (alpha->0) as well as the uniform distribution (alpha=1). Using a statistical mechanics-based large-deviation approach, the distributions can be studied over an extended range of the support, down to probabilities like 10^{-70}, which allowed us to study the change of the tails of the distribution when varying the value of alpha in [0,2]. We find exponential distributions p(t_mrca)~ delta^{t_mrca} in all cases, with systematically varying values for the base delta. Only for the cases alpha=0 and alpha=1, analytical results are known, i.e., delta=\exp(-2/N^2) and delta=2/3, respectively. We recover these values, confirming the validity of our approach. Finally, we also study the correlations between t_mrca and the number of descendants.

Evaluating the Revival Experience of Korean Missionary Robert A. Hardie (1865–1949) in View of Jonathan Edwards’ Religious Affections

The purpose of this paper is to investigate what are Jonathan Edwards’ (1703–1758) “religious affections” and “distinguishing marks” for judging the genuineness of affections, and to evaluate the revival experience of Korean missionary Robert A. Hardie (1865–1949), who initiated the Korean Great Revival (1903–1910) in view of Edwards’ religious affections. Edward’s book, Treatise Concerning Religious Affections, was written in the historical background of the Great Awakening of the early 1740s, and the concept of religious affections originated from his personal experience in childhood and from the influence of John Locke’s empiricism. Rejecting the positions of the revivals of his day as unshackled emotionalism, Edwards defended revivalism by emphasizing the significance of “spiritual sensation”. However, he believed that revivals must be evaluated for their genuineness in terms of religious affections and suggested distinguishing marks to assess whether revival experiences were true or not. A number of descendants of the Great Awakening came to Korea as missionaries and contributed to the Korean Great Revival. In particular, Hardie’s repentance started the revival and the revival movements spread to the whole country in a similar pattern. This paper suggests that Hardie’s revival experience proves to be true gracious affection in light of Edwards’ distinguishing marks.

Correction of sperm production in rams by using hormones

In sheep breeding, when organizing the reproduction process, a special focus is given to rams which produce a large number of descendants by artificial insemination, and thus exert their influence as the genetic basis carriers on the breeding, productive, and technological properties of large groups or herds of sheep. The systematic use of artificial insemination of only high prepotent rams is the key to improving the qualitative composition of herds and increasing their productivity. Therefore, it is important to objectively assess the reproductive function of rams when used in breed and commercial herds. Despite the fact that spermatogenesis in rams under normal conditions of keeping and balanced feeding occurs continuously, numerous studies and practical observations indicate that environmental, seasonal and climatic factors affect sexual activity, intensity of spermatogenesis, sperm quantitative and qualitative indicators. The analysis of literature data on the impact of various environmental factors on sperm production in rams has been conducted. It is reported that seasonal environmental factors can significantly affect sexual activity and quantitative and qualitative indicators of sperm. This relationship is shown more clearly in pasturing conditions, that is with direct and prolonged contact of an animal with natural environmental factors. The results of the scientists’ research on developing and applying basic methods of stimulating the sexual activity of rams during breeding and non–breeding periods have been given. It is shown that hormones are mostly used to stimulate sexual activity and correction of sperm production in rams. The results of research on the impact of phytoestrogens on the reproductive function of males have been analysed.

A class of descendant p-groups of order p9 and Higman's PORC conjecture

We present a parametrised family of groups of order p8, one for each prime p>3, and show that the number of descendants of order p9 is not PORC.

Fertility life table of the Planococcus citri (Risso) and Planococcus minor (Maskell) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) in coffee tree.

The mealybugs Planococcus citri and Planococcus minor (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) have increased their importance in brazilian coffee and cause similar damage to plants. Our objective was to determine the characteristics related to the development of these species, testing the hypothesis that, despite of considered cryptic, they have different biological characteristics. Mealybugs crawlers were individually isolated inside Petri dishes containing coffee leaf discs on an agar layer. Its development was monitored until adult emergence when females were enclosed with a male. We evaluated fertility parameters and by means of a life table, we estimated the mean generation time (T), the reproduction net rate (Ro), the increasing net rate (Rm), the finite increasing rate (λ) and the time needed to double the number of individuals (TD). Generally, the reproductive and fertility parameters did not differ between both species. These results show that females of both species produce similar number of descendents rejecting the tested hypothesis.

Daily Arithmetic of Pashtun Tribal Rulers: Numbers in The Khataks’ Chronicle

The Khataks’ Chronicle compiled by the Pashtun tribal rulers Khūshḥāl Khān (d. 1689) and Afżal Khān (d. circa 1740/41) abounds in figures, which relate to calculation of people and things, as well as measurement of time and distances. Within dominant human statistics the most numerous and diverse in numbers are calculations of military strength, often divided into main arms (foot, horse, guns), and war losses. Demographical data proper include numbers of descendants in lineages and occasional statistics of tribal populace. Among frequently calculated things are money (in Mogul rupees) and cattle. Time intervals in tribal stories are usually short and measured generally in nights and days, while distances between key geographical objects—in kurūhs (≈ 2-2,2 km). Although most figures are likely to be approximate (usually round after 20), The Crhonicle’s authors aimed at being very careful with all numerical data, which, on the whole, are to be considered historically adequate. Almost all basic lexemes of Pashto numbers are found in The Chronicle. The largest numbers are sums of money in rupees related to the Moguls’ military budgets (1,700,000; 900,000; etc.). Of particular note are archaic forms of hundreds (dwaṣū, terṣū, etc.) and reflexes of vigesimal calculation. Numerical data in The Khataks’ Chronicle well describe the place, which elementary arithmetic occupied in the education of Pashtun tribal rulers in the mediaeval and pre-modern times and may serve as a primary resource for studying the inventory of numbers in early written Pashto.