Number Of Dairy Cattle Research Articles

Increasing competitiveness of Holstein cattle breed in Moscow region

The Holstein breed of cattle was registered in the Russian’s "State Register of Breeding Achievements Approved for Use" in 1993 (application № 9352682). By that time, its relative abundance was 0,7 %. Over the past 28 years, despite the continuing decline in the number of dairy cattle in the Russian Federation the share of the Holstein breed has grown to 34,7 %, while for the vast majority of other breeds and almost all domestic breeds This indicator has significantly decreased: for the Red Steppe breed to 2,7 % (3 times), Kholmogor breed to 4,4 % (almost 2 times), Simmental breed — to 4,5 % (4,8 times). The relative number of Black-and-White cattle from 1993 to 2010 increased from 45,8 to 57,9 %, over the next 11 years it decreased to 42,4 %.During the study period (from 1993—2021), in our country there was not only a reduction in the number of dairy cattle but also the replacement of domestic breeds for Holstein cattle (Red Steppe, Kholmogor, Simmental and Black-and-White).The results of studies convincingly testify: milk production of Holstein breed increased annually by 29,4—150,0 % higher than that observed in animals of domestic breeds; consumer demand for pedigree Holstein heifers and primiparous is constantly growing while for animals of domestic breeds is declining and in the last 11 years, the annual demand for breeding Holstein breed has increased by an average of 3,7 %; the overall assessment of the body type of Holstein first-calf cows increased by an average of 0,3 points annually and at the same time productivity increased by 206,7 kg per year; if the identified rates of improvement of Holstein cattle are maintained in the near future, by 2026, the milk productivity of pedigree cows of this breed can reach an average of at least 11,0 thousand kg in milk yield, the fat content in milk is 4,20 % and protein is 3,40 %.

Techno economic approach of biogas in Konya Türkiye

In determining biogas potential, the current number of materials that can be used in biogas production is as important as the availability and usability of the materials. Potential studies that were conducted without knowing the structures of the systems in which these materials could be evaluated give us only the theoretical upper limit that can be reached. The ‘theoretical’, ‘technical’ and ‘economic’ potential distinctions made to prevent the error from occurring unfortunately only take into account the availability of the materials, and the process sizes and properties are either very limited or not at all. This causes the facilities established by considering existing potential research to fail in implementation or operate at low capacity. In this study, the importance of the international production chain of the apparel industry in Turkey’s economy is examined. The study is based on Konya, which has a total of 1,079,644 cattle animals, 737,395 of which are dairy cattle. In the study, the number of dairy cattle with high waste collectability rates was particularly taken into consideration. Thus, the seasonal number of changes that may occur was tried to be avoided. In this study, the number of animals per farm and the distances between businesses were taken into consideration, and the biogas systems that could be installed were evaluated within this framework. Series of analysis were made under 3 different scenarios. In the first scenario, it was assumed that biogas systems would be installed by waste-generating enterprises. The installation of village-type common biogas systems was examined when possible within the scope of the second scenario. In the third scenario, the installation of district-based biogas systems was considered. Considering the difficulties in collecting the waste of enterprises with less than 50 cattle (due to the lack of regular collection systems), it is assumed that the waste of these enterprises cannot be used in village or central systems. According to the data obtained, Scenario 1 stands out in terms of creating employment and reducing environmental problems. The 3rd Scenario was the most profitable in macroeconomic terms. However, it was emphasized that the 1st and 2nd Scenarios stand out in terms of the sustainability of the systems.

Succession Process for Sustainability of Family Dairy Farming

Succession is crucial in the small-scale dairy cattle business, predominantly managed by family members. The process of preparing a successor in a dairy farming family is a challenging endeavor. This study aims to explore the succession process through family business participation, the factors influencing a successor's participation, and succession patterns in family dairy farming. This study employed a quantitative method for multiple regression model and a qualitative method to compile the opinion of the succession patterns. The results revealed the low successor participation index for family business due to restricted time. Six variables significantly influenced successors’ participation in family dairy farms: family size, gender, employment status, number of dairy cattle, age, and farm size. The study’s findings generated two succession patterns: farm transfer and farm handover. The succession patterns preserved the existence of family dairy farms in Pangalengan District, West Java, Indonesia. Therefore, this study suggests to encourage the participation of potential successors to ensure the sustainability of family dairy farming.

Technology of production and primary processing of milk in farm conditions

The introduction of new criteria for the safety of milk raw materials at the legislative level, on the one hand, made it possible to improve the supply of quality food to the population, and on the other hand, caused a decrease in the profitability of farms due to the deterioration of the marketability of milk and its price. Such a situation in the dairy business requires the search for solutions for commodity farms regarding possible ways to improve milk safety indicators as soon as possible in order to avoid a further reduction in the number of dairy cattle in Ukraine. The purpose of the research was to study the technology of obtaining and individual elements of the primary processing of milk for the number of somatic cells and the level of microbial contamination of milk raw materials. The work used general scientific methods, arbitration method, and the method of variational statistics. For this, combined samples of milk from 3 farms that used different approaches to keeping animals and technologies for obtaining milk from them, and a number of personal farms of the population were examined quarterly for one year to study the dynamics and relationships between indicators of raw material safety. A significant influence of paratypic factors on the number of somatic cells in milk was revealed, such as: milk production technology, seasonality of production, and the level of morbidity of animals for hidden forms of mastitis. At the same time, a direct correlation was established between indicators of the number of somatic cells and microbial contamination of milk at the level of 0.91 (P<0.001), which suggests that measures aimed at improving one of them will automatically improve the other. Violations of the requirements of the primary processing of milk caused a significant increase in the microbial load. Elimination of identified technological deficiencies will contribute to the increase of raw materials at milk processing enterprises

Dairy farmers' risk attitudes and their perceptions towards environmental risks in Northwest Turkey

This study aims to determine the factors that affect dairy farmers' risk attitudes and their perceptions towards environmental risks in Northwest Turkey. By the proportional sampling method, data were collected from 381 dairy farmers. The survey was performed from September 2020 to June 2021. The study data were evaluated by descriptive statistics, risk matrix method, equally likely certainty equivalent method and probit model. In this study, severe storm, excessive rainfall/flood, livestock diseases, high temperature and drought was posed an important risk for dairy farmers. The majority of them showed risk aversion behaviour. Age, education level, household size, dairy farming experience, the number of dairy cattle, the land ownership status, livestock insurance and access of agricultural credits had a significant effect on risk perceptions and attitudes of dairy farmers. As a result, these findings are expected to ensure contribution to rural development, province and region economy, insurance institutions, agricultural policy makers, and further emphasizing the importance of environmental risks in dairy farming activity

Süt Sığırcılığı İşletmelerinde Yem Tüketimi ve Yem Dönüşüm Oranının Belirlenmesi: Hatay İli Örneği

This research was carried out to determine the feed consumption and feed conversion ratio in dairy cattle farms. The data used in the research were gathered from 141 dairy cattle farms in the Hatay province. According to the research results, the average forage crops production area size in the enterprises was 18.13 da, and the share of forage crops cultivation areas in the crop production pattern was determined as 31.07%. The average cattle stock was 11.02 heads, the number of dairy cattle was 4.87 heads, the milk yield per dairy cattle was 5.619 lt/head, and the milk income was calculated as 2.811 US$/head. The roughage consumption of a dairy cattle in the lactation period was 3,139.67 kg, the monetary value of the consumed roughage feed was 371.61 US$, the consumption of concentrated feed and crushed feed was 2958.90 kg, and the monetary value of the consumed concentrated feed was determined as 1118.57 US$. In the research area, the total expense amount was approximately 1.9 million US$. The proportional share of variable costs in the total cost was calculated as 64.26%, and the share of fixed costs was calculated as 35.74%. The proportional share of feed costs in variable costs was 80.56%. The research revealed that 1.90 liters of milk was obtained by the 1 kg of concentrate and crushed feed that was given to a dairy cow in the lactation period. Considering the average of the enterprises; for 100 US$ of feed consumption, the gross production value of dairy cattle was calculated as 236.02 US$, and the milk income was calculated as 195.72 US$. In the study it, was determined that there were statistical differences between the farm size groups in terms of milk yield and the amount of roughage and grain feed consumption. Within the research it was revealed that the feed needs of the enterprises should be provided by their own enterprise in order to achieve higher milk yield and income per animal.

Производство молока и численность молочного поголовья КРС в регионах ЮФО

Aim. Assess the features of milk production and dairy cattle breeding in the southern regions of Russia in the face of new global external challenges. Materials and Methods. The main scientific method of research is the horizontal and vertical analysis of open statistical reporting posted on the open website of the Federal State Statistics Service, analytical materials of the Dairy Union of Russia. Mathematical extrapolation tools of the Excel program were used for calculations and making forecasts. To formulate the conclusions, the methods of logical analysis, comparison and generalization of the data presented in the calculation materials and press releases were applied. Results. An assessment was made of the dynamics of raw milk production by all categories of dairy farms in Russia over the past 10 years. It has been established that milk production volumes have increased due to intensive milking and animal husbandry technologies, which made it possible to achieve self-sufficiency in milk up to 80%. Modernization of the dairy complex with the most advanced robotic equipment has allowed farms not only to increase milk yield per cow, but also to significantly improve the quality of milking and the quality of the resulting product. Examples of best practice in terms of milk productivity in the conditions of the South of Russia were demonstrated by enterprises of the Krasnodar Territory and the Volgograd Region. An alarming factor is the reduction in the dairy population of animals. Nevertheless, milk production is intensive against the backdrop of a reduction in the number of dairy cattle, but this factor must be taken into account in the future and its impact should be neutralized through a positive trend in the growth of the number of livestock. Conclusion. On the basis of the study, conclusions were drawn about the need for further expansion of state support measures for the industry and the search for options for introducing Russian-selected animals into production in order to reduce import dependence on foreign genetic material and technologies. The emerging positive trend in the production of raw milk must be supported in the future not only by modernizing production, but also by strengthening the production and resource base.

The impact of education and experience on profit of smallholder dairy farming at Batu City of Malang Raya, Indonesia

The research was conducted at Batu, City, Malang Raya of Indonesia. Study addressed to examine the farmer characteristics, dairy farming income, and the factors influencing on profit. The case study applied multistage sampling method to select 34 representative farmers which divided into three strata namely, stratum-1 (rearing <4 Animal Units), stratum-2 (owning 4-8 AU), and stratum-3 (controlling >8 AU). Primary data collection used survey method with structured questionnaire, whereas secondary data were available in related institutions and sources. Data analysis implemented descriptive and multiple regression technique. Results confirmed that farmers has experienced about 6-10 years in raising dairy farming and they has secondary school education. The profitable dairy farming was smallholder dairy farming that rearing more than 8 AU with daily income per Animal Unit of IDR 64,554 and structured with IDR 11,131 of revenue and IDR 47,577 of production cost. Farmer’s experience was positively explaining the smallholder dairy profit, and the high school education attainment was more likely to increase venture’s income. The farm return has positive and strong relationships with the more number of dairy cattle owned.

The dynamics of dairy farming development in Belarus

The authors analyze the dynamics of the Belarusian dairy sector development within a period from 2016 to 2020 being one of the major internal and external market suppliers of milk and dairy products. Since 2011, per capita growth has reached 141 kg. Export opportunities are expanding as well. It is noted that provision of milk in this period has been stable, with the gross production reaching 7765 thousand tons of milk by 2020, or 828 kg per capita. With its share of 38,8 to 43,8% in 2016–2020, milk and dairy products were playing a leading role in the agricultural produce export ratio. The number of dairy cattle in the republic amounts to 1485 heads, as of 1st January 2021. National dairy facilities and milk industry capacities in general are being gradually renovated and subjected to technological improvements, which helps with increasing the output ration of the “extra” class milk. The industry’s needs in highly productive dairy cattle and pedigree livestock for export are well secured on account of 32 cattle breeding farms and 6 genetic selection centers. Dairy industry was given specific targets set out in the five-year program for a 2016–2020 period. During the National Programme implementation with regards to the dairy sector development, the goals set by the programme have been achieved by 90,4%.

Spatial and network analysis of U.S. livestock movements based on Interstate Certificates of Veterinary Inspection

Livestock movements are a common pathway for the spread infectious diseases in a population. An understanding of livestock movement patterns is needed to understand national transmission risks of highly infectious diseases during epidemics. Social Network Analysis (SNA) is an approach that helps to describe the relationships among individuals and the implications of those relationships. We used SNA to describe the contact structure of livestock movements throughout the contiguous U.S. from April 1st, 2015 to March 31st, 2016. We describe 4 network types: beef cattle, dairy cattle, swine, and small ruminant. Livestock movement data were sourced from Interstate Certificates of Veterinary Inspection (ICVI) while county-level farm demographic data were from the National Agricultural Statistics Service (NASS). In the described networks, nodes are represented by counties and arcs by shipments between nodes; the networks were weighted based on the number of shipments between nodes. For the analyses, movement data were aggregated at the county level and on an annual basis. Measures of centrality and cohesiveness were computed and identification of trade-communities in all networks was conducted. During the study period, a total of 219,042 movements were recorded and beef cattle movements accounted for 63 % of all movements. At least 70 % of U.S. counties were present in each of the networks, but the density of arcs was less than 2% in all networks. In the beef cattle network, counties with high out-degree were strongly correlated (0.8) with the number of beef cows per county while for the dairy cattle network a strong correlation (>0.86) was found with the number of dairy cattle per km2 at the county level. All networks were found to have between 4 and 6 large communities (50 counties or more per community), and were geographically clustered except for the communities in the small ruminant network. Outputs reported in these analyses can help to understand the structure of the contact networks for beef cattle, dairy cattle, swine, and small ruminants. They may also be used in conjunction with simulation modeling to evaluate spread of highly infectious disease such as foot-and-mouth disease at the national level and to evaluate the application of intervention strategies.

Exploring the Opinions of Irish Dairy Farmers Regarding Male Dairy Calves.

Background: There has been very little previous research in Ireland on the farmers' opinions regarding calf welfare issues. Calf welfare, particularly for male dairy calves, has assumed greater importance in Ireland in recent years due, in part, to an increase in the number of dairy cattle over the past decade. The objective of this study was to explore dairy farmers' views on a broad range of issues related to the expansion in the dairy herd.Methods: A survey was developed to capture the views of farmers regarding male dairy calves. The majority of questions were quantitative, and a final open-ended question collected qualitative data. The survey was distributed to ~2,900 dairy farmers via text message and 881 responses were received.Results: The sample was composed almost entirely of dairy farmers, although ~20% also had a beef enterprise on their farm. Fifty eight percent of the farmers were concerned with the increase in the number of male dairy calves in recent years. The EU's abolition of milk quotas, the profitability of dairy farming compared to other farm types, and guidance from farm advisors were the three highest ranked drivers behind the increase in the number of male dairy calves. The three highest ranked options for managing the number of male dairy calves were to increase exports, encourage greater use of sexed semen, and improve the beef merit of these calves. Eighty five percent of respondents stated that individual farmers had responsibility for making changes to the number of male dairy calves. The main themes arising from analysis of the responses to the open-ended question, seeking any additional comments, were breed, beef price, live exports, and sexed semen.Conclusions: Dairy farmers recognized the responsibility they have for making changes in respect of male dairy calves, and many demonstrated a willingness to make changes in this regard. The important role of other stakeholders, particularly suckler (system where reared from calf to beef) farmers, in rearing male dairy calves for beef production was also recognized. However, the issues of who bears the risks and costs associated with greater integration will have to be carefully considered.

DETERMINANTS OF CREDIT ACCESS AMONG SMALLHOLDER DAIRY FARMERS IN KINANGOP SUB-COUNTY, KENYA

Dairy farming plays a major role in the Kenyan agricultural sector as it is dominated by smallholder farmers who contribute approximately 80 per cent of the total milk production. In Kinangop Sub County, there are many credit service providers however, not all smallholder dairy farmers have benefited from such services, instead smallholder dairy farmers have continued to experience challenges such as limited access to financial services. This study therefore analyzed the determinants of credit access among smallholder dairy farmers in Kinangop Sub-County using a binary logistic regression model. Following this, the marginal effects of the predictor variables on the likelihood of accessing credit were estimated. A total of 230 respondents were sampled from a population of 35,840 smallholder dairy farmers using both stratified and simple random sampling techniques and both structured and semi structured questionnaires were used to collect data. The study adopted descriptive survey research design. Descriptive analysis revealed that majority: 59.57% of smallholder dairy farmers were males, 69.57% were married and had a mean age of 39.4 years. The average household size was 4 members per household. Formal schooling was also attained by the respondents, majority having an average of about 8 years of schooling. On average farmers had 2 dairy cattle per household, produced 341litres of milk per month and had 11 years of farming. The binary logistic regression analysis and the marginal effect calculation revealed marital status, years of schooling, savings frequency, dairy farming, primary occupation, financial education, association membership and number of dairy cattle as the significant determinants of credit access. The study therefore concluded that there were significant determinants of credit access in the study area and recommended that formulating policies geared towards enhancing educational attainment of farmers would be vital in enhancing credit accessibility to farmers in the study area. There is also need for the Government and other stakeholders to encourage dairy farmers to join farmer based associations and eliminate stringent collateral barriers and bureaucracies that tend to discourage smallholder dairy farmers from accessing and participating in different credit schemes. KEY WORDS: Credit access, Determinants, smallholder dairy farmers, Kinangop Sub-County.

TR22 Güney Marmara Bölgesindeki Süt Sığırı İşletmelerinde Yeniliklerin Benimsenmesini Etkileyen Faktörler

The present study was aimed to define the factors affecting the adoption of innovations in dairy cattle farms in Balıkesir and Çanakkale provinces in TR22 South Marmara Region, Turkey. The data were collected from 221 farms by a stratified random sampling method. The study was performed between March and November 2019. This study was used the ordered probit model to evaluate the data. The results revealed that the age of the farmers, household size, dairy cattle experience, household income, the number of dairy cattle, frequency of the internet use, meeting frequency with other farmers and contact frequency with agricultural extension personnel had a positive impact on farmers' adoption of innovations; whereas farmers' contact frequency with veterinaries had a negative impact. As a result, farmers' adoption of innovations in dairy farming activity can be increased with farmers who are open to innovations regarding animal husbandry and knowledgeable about the importance and the necessity of innovations adoption

Factors affecting the use of artificial insemination of farmers in dairy farming

The study was carried out in the districts of Harmacık, Keles, Orhaneli and Büyükorhan known as the mountain region of Bursa province, Turkey with the purpose of determining factors affecting farmers' use of artificial insemination in dairy farming. The number of the farms was determined using a stratified random sampling method. The data were collected from 252 dairy cattle farms between April and December 2018. The study employed the logit model to evaluate the data. The results revealed that the educational level of the farmers, dairy farming experience, the number of dairy cattle, livestock diseases, off-farm income, artificial insemination support and access to veterinary services variables had a positive effect on farmers' use of artificial insemination; whereas age and household size variables had a negative impact. As a result, the use of artificial insemination in dairy farm can be increased with farmers who are open to innovations regarding livestock activity and knowledgeable about artificial insemination.

ECONOMIC ACTIVITY OF MILK PROCESSING ENTERPRISES IN FOOD INDUSTRY OF UKRAINE

Introduction. An integral part of a complete human diet, especially in children and the elderly, is the consumption of dairy products that contain essential nutrients in such quantities and forms that are no longer found in any other food - milk protein and fat, lactose, lactic acid bacteria, enzymes, minerals, vitamins A and D, etc. Dairy industry is an extremely important sector of social production, which performs not only an important economic function. Purpose. Research of features of economic activity of milk processing enterprises in the food industry of Ukraine. Results. The article conducts a study that revealed a declining trend in the number of dairy plants in Ukraine, which generally increase the production of dairy products. It has been established that the number of dairy cattle, the production of raw milk and its income to processing enterprises is steadily declining. Based on a comparative analysis of the range of dairy products and its imports, it is concluded that a significant share of imported products is imported into Ukraine in large containers, packaged in domestic enterprises and sold as products of Ukrainian dairies. It is claimed that the reason for the increase in butter production while reducing the production of raw milk is in many cases its falsification - the replacement of milk fat with palm oil. Conclusions. The trend of changing the number of milk processing enterprises is a mirror image of the general trend in the food industry of Ukraine - in general, a declining trend with so far unstable growth since 2017. The production of many types of dairy products is growing. The reason for the increase in butter production while reducing the production of raw milk is in many cases its falsification - the replacement of milk fat with palm oil. Economic activity of Ukrainian dairies, in terms of forming the raw material base, is to expand the import of cheap European dairy products used as raw materials and replace milk fat with palm oil. This leads to the continuation of the curtailment of their cooperation with domestic milk producers, which is one of the main reasons for the reduction of its production. Keywords: industrial enterprises, milk processing industry, food industry, dairy raw materials, dairy products, import, counterfeiting, palm oil.

Analysis of Financial Performance in Dairy Enterprises; The Case Study of Konya, Turkey

Sustainability and development of the dairy enterprises are dependent on competitiveness. Determination of the performance of the enterprises requires measurement and analyses of the financial performance of the enterprises. The ability of dairy enterprises to continue and grow is dependent on competitiveness. It requires that the financial performance of the farm enterprises be measured and analysed in order for the enterprises to be able to detect the competition power in a healthy manner. The aim of the study is to analyse the financial performance of the dairy enterprises in Konya province by determining the capital structure. Çumra, Karapınar and Ereğli districts constituted 15% of the number of bovine animals, were selected by using sampling method. The number of dairy cattle in these enterprises constituted the main frame of the population the primary data collected from 125 dairy farm enterprises with questionnaire technique through stratified sampling method with 95% confidence interval and error margin of 5%. The capital structure of the enterprises surveyed in the research area was classified according to their functions and the average active capital of the enterprises was calculated as 845,330.85$. 67.87% of the active capital is composed of land capital, 31.70% is composed of fixed enterprises capital and 0.43% is variable working capital. The economic profitability level (EP) was determined as 6.90% and the financial profitability level (FP) indicated the success of the enterprise was calculated as 7.06%. The capital turnover rate, an important indicator in the success and comparison of the enterprises, is 28.22%. As a result, their development and competitiveness are slow, because they do not use enough business and investment capital.

POTENSI FESES TERNAK SAPI DALAM MENDUKUNG KEGIATAN PERTANIAN (Potential Cattle Feses in Support Agricultural Activity)

Enrekang has approximately 2000 dairy cows were spread across several districts. If the average of the dairy cows produce feces every day as much as 35 kg, so the number of dairy cattle in the district waste Enrekang sebanyhak 70 tons / day. This fact shows the potential for waste is unbelievably big. The waste kepertingan if used for other sectors, such as agriculture, it will also create a promising organic farming. However, if waste is not utilized or dumped into the river or surrounding neighborhood residents, then a few years later would meet dairy cattle waste streams and neighborhoods. The method used for the libah memanfaatakan that use animal feces as a medium for the cultivation of worms, to support activities of livestock cattle feces dimanfaatakan as biogas, then the waste from the biogas is used also as a medium for the cultivation of worms. The results of the activities acquired two flagship products, the first worm which farmed in parentheses obtained within two months of worms doubled the number of sires. Second, the benefits obtained by the former media cultivation of worms into compost. Stool processing technology that diverse is expected to improve the knowledge of farmers in processing the waste so it is not wasted. Processing of pliers berfareasi feces will increase public interest in managing rancher sector so as to create farming systems based Zero Waste. Key Words : Potensi, Peternakan Sapi, Zero Waste

Гематологічні і молекулярно-генетичні дослідження крові тварин під час випробувань препарату «Лейкозав» проти вірусу лейкозу великої рогатої худоби

This paper presents the results of research in the blood of cattle bovine leukemia. Leukemia cattle - retroviral etiology of tumor disease which has major damage to livestock. Studying the problem of leukemia, scientists have come to a common conclusion - for active struggle must create immunogenic drug against leukemia. The data of experimental work carried out in conditions of epizootic experiments are new and will be able to assist the practical and scientific veterinary experts in carrying out measures to combat this dangerous disease of animals and humans. For this purpose, we developed a new technology for production of inactivated immunogenic preparations, including against bovine leukemia, which the cows tested showed positive results. Employees " State Centre of Innovation Biotechnologies " offered new innovative manufacturing techniques inactivated, immunogenic, harmless drug "Leykozav" which received positive results in the laboratory and epizootic experiments. The drug has not only specific protective properties, but also a positive impact on gender-positive animals (experiments were 50-70% recovery). Objective- to investigate the incubation period of the cow leukemia in terms of epizootic experiment using RID, ELISA and PCR. Influence of "Leykozav" the population of virus in the body and sick cows on hematological parameters of experimental animals. Materials and methods. The study was conducted in disadvantaged on leukemia cattle farm "Danivka" Kozelets district, Chernihiv region, with the number of dairy cattle in 460 cows. Before the experiment, blood and serum of animals examined by RID, ELISA, PCR and hematologic. To study the effect of post-vaccination immunity in a population of virus in the blood of sick cows was formed group (n = 6) who were administered the drug "Leykozav" subcutaneously at a dose of 4 cm 3 twice with an interval of 21 days. Cows in the control group were administered saline (0,9% NaCl) by a similar scheme.Blood samples for the study were collected before the experiment quarterly and nine months (period of observation). Results and discussion. The first symptoms of leukemia among healthy cows (control group), are among the troubled animal herd, appeared after 6 months of the experiment. This is confirmed by real-time PCR.Immunization RID-positive animal drug "Leykozav" impact on reducing the number of copies of DNA provirus leukemia. After the drug decreased the number of copies 7-420 times. The animals in the control group during the period of the experiment marked increase in the number of white blood cells by 34% relative to the norm, whereas other hematological parameters: red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit and platelets remain in the normal range. The use of a series of experimental drug "Leykozav" sick cows leukemia research farm led to minor hematological changes. WBC early experiment was 17,05 ± 3,76, after 9 months. experiment - 15,72 ± 3,37. There is a tendency to decrease. In this case, the concentration of white blood cells decreased by 15.7%. Indicators of red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit and platelet counts in vaccinated animals did not significantly change during the research period and are in the normal range. Thus, the drug does not cause adverse changes in the blood of animals after immunization of prophylactic drug "Leykozav." Conclusions and prospects. 1. In healthy animals that are disadvantaged on leukemia studies, development of infection registered in the 6-9 month studies confirmed that ELISA and PCR. 2. Positive reaction by RID is on the ninth month of the disease, the animal stays in disadvantaged on leukemia herd. 3. Using the quantitative determination of leukemia provirus DNA using polymerase chain reaction not only can detect infected animals in the earliest stages of the disease, but also enables the future and assess the effectiveness of drugs that are recommended for the prevention and treatment of leukemia cattle. 4. Preventive immunization of patients with leukemia drug cow "Leykozav" reduces the number of copies of DNA provirus in blood in 7-420 times. 5. To maintain stability on the welfare of cows in the herd leukemia recommend scheplyuvaty all animals once a year, in the spring or autumn, the drug "Leykozav", following the rules of aseptic and antiseptic.

Crimean-Congo Hemorrhagic Fever Virus IgG in Goats, Bhutan

To The Editor: Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (CCHF) is a highly infectious tickborne disease caused by a high-risk group of viruses belonging to the family Bunyaviridae (1,2). In humans, the overall case-fatality rate of CCHF is ≈30%, but in severe and hospitalized patients, fatalities may be up to 80% (3,4). CCHF is widespread in various countries in Africa, Asia, and Europe; the virus had been identified in humans in China, Pakistan, and Afghanistan and has been recently reported for the first time in humans in India (4–7). Humans can be infected by bites from infected ticks, mainly of the Hyalomma genus; by unprotected contact with blood or tissue of viremic patients; or during slaughtering of infected animals. In addition, nosocomial infections are found in humans (1,4,8,9). Fatal cases of CCHF in humans were confirmed in Ahmadabad in India in 2011, but a recent serosurvey in livestock showed that this disease has widespread seroprevalence in domestic animals across India (7–10). Bhutan shares a long, porous border with India, and animals and humans frequently cross the border. Comprehensive surveillance was needed to determine the presence of CCHF virus (CCHFV) in livestock in Bhutan and to assess risk for zoonotic infection in humans. During October 2015, in collaboration with the National Centre for Animal Health Bhutan, we retrospectively tested serum samples collected during April–May 2015 from 81 goats and 92 cattle for CCHFV-specific IgG by using ELISA kits (Sheep/goat anti-CCHFV IgG ELISA kit and Cattle anti-CCHFV IgG ELISA kit; National Institute of Virology, Pune, India), as described (10). CCHFV IgG was detected in 31 (38.2%) goats; no cattle had positive results. The samples from goats, which were collected in early 2015 as part of surveillance of peste des petits ruminants, originated from the southern district of Sarpang, which shares a porous border with the state of Assam in India (Figure). The samples from cattle were collected from the National Nublang Breeding Center (Trashigang district) and the National Jersey Breeding Center (Samtse district) (Figure). Findings indicated that all goats that tested positive for CCHFV were reported to have been either bred within households that kept goat herds or procured from other villages within the district. Exact sources of those seropositive goats could not be ascertained. However, in a few instances in the past, breeding goats (male and female) were procured from India by the Bhutan government and distributed to farmers for breed improvement. We also believe that cross-border movement of animals and unofficial imports of goats by farmers along the porous borders of southern Bhutan likely occurred. Furthermore, a large number of dairy cattle are imported annually from India for enhancing milk production and breeding purposes. Not all imported animals (both cattle and goats) were tested for CCHF because of a lack of diagnostic facilities and the negligible occurrence of the disease in livestock. Figure Locations in Bhutan where serum samples were collected from goats (triangles) and cattle (square and circle) and tested for Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever virus. The shaded area shows the boundaries of Sarpang district and subdistricts, where samples ... Our findings indicate that the risk of importing emerging infectious diseases along with live animals poses a serious risk to public health. Consequently, detailed risk-based surveillance is necessary to understand the complete scenario of CCHFV prevalence in livestock in Bhutan because Hyalomma tick species, the primary vectors of CCHF, are present on animals here. In addition, a survey among at-risk human populations is also needed. Findings from these surveillance activities would help institute more diagnostic facilities and risk-based surveillance and assist in developing a preparedness plan at the human–animal interface. Although our study has limitations because of the low number of serum samples tested from limited animal species from only 3 areas, the study provides evidence that CCHFV is circulating in goats in Bhutan.

An Exposure-Dependent Reduction of Lung Cancer Risk in Dairy Farmers: A Nested Case-Referent Study

Consistent with findings in other similarly exposed populations, lung cancer mortality was significantly reduced in 1,561 dairy farmers but not in 722 crop/ orchard farmers included in a cohort of Italian small farmers. Unlike previous investigations of this phenomenon, this study controlled for smoking. From the above cohort of 2,283 male farmers, 38 lung cancer cases and 353 referents were selected. The sources (and information collected) were clinical records (diagnosis, smoking habits), a mail questionnaire (smoking habits), and the historical files of self-employed small farmers in the Province of Padova (length of farm work, land area of the farm and number of dairy cattle). The risk of lung cancer was estimated by the odds ratio (OR) with the 95% confidence interval (CI) calculated using logistic regression models. In dairy farmers, the lung cancer OR decreased by 19% per head of cattle (OR = 0.81; CI = 0.68–0.97), when the influence of age and smoking habits was controlled. No relationship was found between lung cancer risk and size of farm or length of work, either in dairy farmers or in crop/orchard farmers. The increasing number of dairy cows, which probably increases the daily hours of exposure in cowsheds, is an indirect indicator of the suggested true protection factor: airborne biologic agents (delivered from bacteria proliferating on organic dusts), particularly endotoxin, which has been shown to be a potent stimulator of endogenous antineoplastic mediators.