Number Of Cusps Research Articles

Long-term outcomes of truncus arteriosus repair: A modulated renewal competing risks analysis

ObjectiveIn this study, we sought to identify independent risk factors for mortality and reintervention after early surgical correction of truncus arteriosus using a novel statistical method. MethodsPatients undergoing neonatal/infant truncus arteriosus repair between January 1984 and December 2018 were reviewed retrospectively. An innovative statistical strategy was applied integrating competing risks analysis with modulated renewal for time-to-event modeling. ResultsA total of 204 patients were included in the study. Mortality occurred in 32 patients (15%). Smaller right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit size and truncal valve insufficiency at birth were significantly associated with overall mortality (right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit size: hazard ratio, 1.34; 95% confidence interval, 1.08-1.66, P = .008; truncal valve insufficiency: hazard ratio, 2.5; 95% confidence interval, 1.13-5.53, P = .024). truncal valve insufficiency at birth, truncal valve intervention at index repair, and number of cusps (4 vs 3) were associated with truncal valve reoperations (truncal valve insufficiency: hazard ratio, 2.38; 95%, confidence interval, 1.13-5.01, P = .02; cusp number: hazard ratio, 6.62; 95% confidence interval, 2.54-17.3, P < .001). Right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit size 11 mm or less was associated with a higher risk of early catheter-based reintervention (hazard ratio, 1.54; 95% confidence interval, 1.04-2.28, P = .03) and reoperation (hazard ratio, 1.96; 95% confidence interval, 1.33-2.89, P = .001) on the right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit. ConclusionsSmaller right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit size and truncal valve insufficiency at birth were associated with overall mortality after truncus arteriosus repair. Quadricuspid truncal valve, the presence of truncal valve insufficiency at the time of diagnosis, and truncal valve intervention at index repair were associated with an increased risk of reoperation. The size of the right ventricle to pulmonary artery conduit at index surgery is the single most important factor for early reoperation and catheter-based reintervention on the conduit.

Assessment of aortic regurgitation mechanism with cardiac magnetic resonance: an echocardiography comparative study

Abstract Funding Acknowledgements Type of funding sources: None. Background Aortic regurgitation (AR) quantification still remains challenging and requires an integrated approach. AR mechanism is one key parameter to take into account to assess its severity and repairability, and thus help to guide surgical decision. Although Cardiac Magnetic Resonance (CMR) has a growing interest in AR quantification, its performance to identify aortic AR mechanism has never been studied. Purpose We intended to define CMR Performance in this setting, by using echocardiography as reference. Methods AR mechanism was systematically evaluated in sixty-seven patients (81% male, mean age 46 ± 20 years) with chronic AR using CMR, and compared to transthoracic (TTE) and transesophageal (TEE) echocardiography as gold standard. AR were categorized as follows: type 1, aortic dilatation; type 2, Cusp prolapse; type 3, restrictive cusp motion. Jet direction, number of cusps and calcification (1 = no calcification, 2 = spots, 3 = big calcification interfering with cusp motion and 4 = Extensive with restricted cusp motion) were also evaluated. Results At TTE/TEE, mechanisms of AR were type 1 in 56 (83.5%), type 2 in 33 (49.2%), type 3 in 24 (35%). Agreement between TTE/TEE and CMR was modest, with respectively 74.6% (k= 0.4), 79.1% (k = 0.58) and 74.6% (k = 0.44). Bicuspid aortic valve was found in 44 (65.7%) patients at TTE/TEE, agreement with CMR was excellent, 98.5% (k = 0.97). Jet was directed to the mitral valve in 42 (62.7%), at the inter ventricular septum in 12 (17.9%), and central in 13 (19.4%). Agreement with CMR was correct, respectively 80% (k = 0,6), 88% (k = 0.62) and 83.5% (K= 0.52). Calcification extension was 1 in 26 (38.8%), 2 in 25 (37.3%), 3 in 11 (16.4%) and 4 in 5 (7.5%). Agreement with CMR was poor, 44.7% (K= 0.28). Conclusion Accuracy between CMR and TTE/TEE to evaluate chronic AR mechanism and repairability was modest, with lower performance to define calcification extension. Abstract Figure. AR classification TTE/TEE vs CMR

Two new species of Knodus (Characidae: Stevardiinae) from the upper rio Tocantins basin, with evidence of ontogenetic meristic changes

ABSTRACT Two new species from the upper rio Tocantins basin are described in Knodus based on the traditional definition of the genus. The new species are distinguished from other congeners by meristic and morphometric characters, such as the number of cusps in the premaxillary and dentary teeth, the number of scale series between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line, the orbital diameter and the body depth. With the two new species, the number of endemic species in the upper rio Tocantins basin upstream of the mouth of the rio Paranã, rises to 53 (89 to the confluence with rio Araguaia). The existence of a meristic character that changes through ontogeny (allomery), viz. the number of scale series between dorsal-fin origin and lateral line, was detected in some species of Knodus through a regression analysis. Additionally, this paper describes an unambiguous, more informative and precise new method for counting vertebrae, which will enhance the efficacy of this trait in species comparisons.

Cusp and b_1 growth for ball quotients and maps onto Z with finitely generated kernel

Let $M = \mathbb{B}^2 / \Gamma$ be a smooth ball quotient of finite volume with first betti number $b_1(M)$ and let $\mathcal{E}(M) \ge 0$ be the number of cusps (i.e., topological ends) of $M$. We study the growth rates that are possible in towers of finite-sheeted coverings of $M$. In particular, $b_1$ and $\mathcal{E}$ have little to do with one another, in contrast with the well-understood cases of hyperbolic $2$- and $3$-manifolds. We also discuss growth of $b_1$ for congruence arithmetic lattices acting on $\mathbb{B}^2$ and $\mathbb{B}^3$. Along the way, we provide an explicit example of a lattice in $\mathrm{PU}(2, 1)$ admitting a homomorphism onto $\mathbb{Z}$ with finitely generated kernel. Moreover, we show that any cocompact arithmetic lattice $\Gamma \subset \mathrm{PU}(n, 1)$ of simplest type contains a finite index subgroup with this property.

Cusp number traits and the dental crown metric traits of mandibular premolars and maxillary second molar in sex determination: A cross-sectional dental model-based observational study

Cusp number traits and the dental crown metric traits of mandibular premolars and maxillary second molar in sex determination: A cross-sectional dental model-based observational study

Mapping molar shapes on signaling pathways.

A major challenge in evolutionary developmental biology is to understand how genetic mutations underlie phenotypic changes. In principle, selective pressures on the phenotype screen the gene pool of the population. Teeth are an excellent model for understanding evolutionary changes in the genotype-phenotype relationship since they exist throughout vertebrates. Genetically modified mice (mutants) with abnormalities in teeth have been used to explore tooth development. The relationship between signaling pathways and molar shape, however, remains elusive due to the high intrinsic complexity of tooth crowns. This hampers our understanding of the extent to which developmental factors explored in mutants explain developmental and phenotypic variation in natural species that represent the consequence of natural selection. Here we combine a novel morphometric method with two kinds of data mining techniques to extract data sets from the three-dimensional surface models of lower first molars: i) machine learning to maximize classification accuracy of 22 mutants, and ii) phylogenetic signal for 31 Murinae species. Major shape variation among mutants is explained by the number of cusps and cusp distribution on a tooth crown. The distribution of mutant mice in morphospace suggests a nonlinear relationship between the signaling pathways and molar shape variation. Comparative analysis of mutants and wild murines reveals that mutant variation overlaps naturally occurring diversity, including more ancestral and derived morphologies. However, taxa with transverse lophs are not fully covered by mutant variation, suggesting experimentally unexplored developmental factors in the evolutionary radiation of Murines.

Taxonomic review of the slender mouse opossums of the "Parvidens" group from Brazil (Didelphimorphia: Didelphidae: Marmosops), with description of a new species.

The genus Marmosops comprises small marsupials of the family Didelphidae (≤ 200 g), widely distributed in a variety of lowland rainforest and montane forest habitats, extending from Panama to southern Bolivia and southeastern Brazil. The smallest species of the genus are included in the "Parvidens" group, which includes M. pakaraimae, M. parvidens and M. pinheiroi. Although the monophyly of this group and species relationships are well defined, molecular studies have indicated that M. pinheiroi may represent a species complex, which has never been tested based on morphological analysis. In this study, we present the taxonomic review of M. pinheiroi based on the largest sample ever analyzed of this species. The external and craniodental morphology of 613 specimens of M. parvidens and M. pinheiroi from the northern, eastern, central and southern Brazilian Amazonia and northern Cerrado were examined. Besides, 28 craniodental dimensions were measured from adult specimens to support univariate and multivariate statistical analyses. Our results corroborate the validity of M. parvidens and indicate that M. pinheiroi is a complex formed by three species - M. pinheiroi (s. s.), distributed to the north of the Amazon River, from eastern Venezuela to the state of Amapá in Brazil; M. woodalli, which occurs east of the Xingu river and in the Marajó Island, state of Pará, extending to the east in the states of Tocantins and Maranhão; and a new species that occurs from the left bank of the Madeira River to the left bank of the Xingu River, herein described. Although the great morphometric similarity, species of the M. pinheiroi complex tended to be more different from each other than to M. parvidens in both univariate and multivariate analyses. Morphologically, these species may be positively distinguished by unique combinations of characters, such as dorsal and ventral fur coloration, arrangement of gray based hairs on the venter, supraoccipital shape, development of anterior and posterior portions of the M3 stylar shelf, continuity or not between the preprotocrista and anterior labial cingulum along the anterior margin of the upper molars, development of the metaconule in the upper molars, and number of cusps of the m4 talonid. The present work provides new perspectives for studies based on molecular data in order to test the species hypotheses recognized here and evaluate to what extent the Tapajós, Madeira, and Araguaia-Tocantins rivers actually isolate Marmosops populations.

Transcatheter aortic valve resection: new mechanical devices.

BackgroundTo improve periprocedural outcomes of transcatheter aortic valve implantation (TAVI), transcatheter mechanical resection devices were tested for prior ablation of the aortic cusps.MethodsThree mechanical transcatheter resection devices were tested in a series of native porcine (n=30) and reassembled calcified human valves (n=54). The resection time, the resected valve area, the number of released cusps, and the degree of surrounding tissue damage were measured. Afterwards, postmortem transapical-transcatheter-resections of the aortic valve in two humans were performed.ResultsIn the native porcine hearts, the Aesculap II device demonstrated significantly shorter resection time compared to the R&R II and the Randstad devices (6.5±2.0 vs. 28.6±24.1 vs. 23.3±14.4 sec; P=0.001). However, it created more lesions in the surrounding tissue (P=0.002). The R&R II achieved a smaller number of resected cusps than the other two devices (2.7±0.7 vs. 1.1±0.7 vs. 2.4±0.5; P<0.001, respectively). It also resected a smaller area of the aortic valve (306.5±149.2 vs. 106.7±29.6 vs. 256.8±81.3 mm2; P=0.09) but a larger mean area of the resected fragments (110.3±41.5 vs. 160.7±29.6 vs. 111.5±43.9 mm2; P=0.01). The resection of the reassembled human valves demonstrated the same results between the devices regarding resection time (P=0.001) and resected area (P=0.016), but not fragment sizes (P=0.610). Finally, transapical-transcatheter-resection of aortic valve was performed in two cadavers.ConclusionsTranscatheter aortic valve resection is feasible with variable aortic leaflet resection times and mild risk of lesions of the surrounding tissue.

Prevalence of Occlusal Morphological Patterns of Permanent Mandibular First Molar

Teeth are informative indicators for the study of human populations, serving as markers and thebases for comparisons of genetic origin. Mandibular first molar is represented as 36 or 46 in the FDI system.The occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth occlude with the opposing occlusal surfaces of posterior teeth. Theocclusal morphology differs in each posterior tooth. The occlusal aspect of posterior teeth is developed intocusps ( 5 or 4 or 6 ) and grooves ( Y or + or X pattern ). These cuspal patterns and groove patterns help inforensic identification in cases like gender determination and also to identify the ethnic background of anindividual. Variation in degree of expression and frequency of teeth in dentitions of different populationsis different which may be helpful for forensic identification. The aim of the study was to determine theprevalence of different occlusal morphological patterns of permanent mandibular first molars. The studyincluded a predominantly South Indian population. Approval was received from the Institutional ReviewBoard. Study was conducted with 100 participants who were randomly selected. The occlusal morphologypatterns (number of cusps and groove pattern) of left and right permanent mandibular first molar wereassessed from the photographs of the oral cavity and the date was recorded. Results showed that the mostprevalent number of cusps in permanent mandibular first molar was 5 cusps ( 71% ) and Most prevalentgroove pattern in permanent mandibular first molar was Y pattern. It was also observed that the combinationof the 5Y pattern was more prominent in females than in males.

A new species of Odontostilbe cope (Characiformes: Cheirodontinae) from rio Madeira basin diagnosed based on morphological and molecular data.

A new species of Odontostilbe is described from the rio Jaciparaná, rio Madeira basin, Rondônia, Brazil. Odontostilbe pacaasnovos differs from all its congeners, except O. pequira, by the colour pattern. Additionally, it differs from its congeners by the terminal mouth, number of cusps in the teeth of the premaxilla (5-7), number of branched rays in the anal fin (19-22), by the shape of dentary teeth (5-7 cusps with central cusp larger and longer than laterals cusps) and by the number of lamellae of the olfactory rosette (17-18 in male and 14 in female). Morphological and molecular comparisons corroborate the distinctiveness between O. pacaasnovos and its congeners, justifying its recognition as a new species.

INFLUENCE OF UNIFORMITY OF INTERLEAVED VEILS ON INTERLAMINAR FRACTURE TOUGHNESS IN LAMINATED COMPOSITES OF CARBON FABRICS

This study assesses the effect of fibre distribution of interleaved nonwovens veils on the mode I and mode II interlaminar fracture toughness (IFT) of reinforced laminated composites. Polyphenylene Sulfide (PPS) handsheet fibre samples with different fibre distributions were manufactured following the standard TAPPI T205 for manufacturing handsheet nonwoven samples. The key parameters of the process were iterated to obtain an empirical manufacturing procedure for achieving three main types of fibre distribution on handsheets, which were qualitatively defined as good, medium and bad fibre distribution. These handsheet samples were subsequently interleaved into carbon fibre-epoxy laminated composites and tested for mode I and mode II IFT according to standard ISO 15027 and the protocol for 4 End Notched Flexure (4ENF) respectively. The results show that there is no significant effect of fibre distribution on mode I IFT, whereas the mode II IFT showed a notable dependence on fibre distribution. A fractographic analysis shows the fibre bridging mechanism with no significant difference among the three types for the samples tested for mode I IFT, but a significant number of cusps, fibre clusters and ribbons in the samples tested for mode II IFT that contributed to the absorption of fracture energy according to their amount, size and distribution. Key words: Interlaminar fracture toughness mode I, interlaminar fracture toughness mode II, nonwovens, fibre distribution, handsheets, wet-laid process, interleaved composites, composites.

A new species of hagfish, Eptatretus albiderma sp. nov. (Agnatha: Myxinidae), from Vietnam, with the keys to species of Eptatretus in East Asia

The whitish hagfish, Eptatretus albiderma sp. nov., was collected from the northeast Sea of Vietnam (Da Nang). This new species possesses six pairs of gill apertures, three multicusps, 18–21 prebranchial slime pores, absent or one branchial slime pore, and whitish to pinkish body color. Eptatretus albiderma sp. nov. can be readily distinguished from Eptatretus atami (Dean, 1904) and Eptatretus sheni (Kuo, Huang & Mok, 1994) by the numbers of total cusps (41–43 vs. 47–52 in E. atami vs. 48–53 in E. sheni), body color (whitish vs. darkish in E. atami vs. dark brown dorsally, lighter ventrally in E. sheni), eyespots (absent or faint vs. prominent in E. sheni), and total slime pores (74–78 vs. 71–78 in E. atami vs. 62–74 in E. sheni). The new species is clearly distinguished from E. atami by 0.026 pairwise genetic distance (d) of phylogeny based on mtDNA COI. We herein offer the key to 17 species of the genus Eptatretus Cloquet, 1819 in East Asia.

Prospective clinical evaluation of 765 partial glass-ceramic posterior restorations luted using photo-polymerized resin composite in conjunction with immediate dentin sealing

ObjectivesTo evaluate the clinical performance of partial glass-ceramic (IPS e.max Press) posterior restorations.Materials and methodsA total of 765 restorations in 158 patients were placed between 2008 and 2018 and evaluated in a prospective study during regular dental care visits between 2015 and 2018. The restorations were luted with a conventional photo-polymerized resin composite (HFO) in conjunction with an Immediate Dentin Sealing procedure (IDS). Intra-oral photographs and radiographs were made and evaluated using USPHS criteria.ResultsThe mean observation time was 53.3 months (range 3–113 months). Three absolute failures occurred (tooth fractures, n = 2; apical re-infection, n = 1) all leading to the loss of the restored tooth. Repairable and salvageable failures occurred in 9 teeth (endodontic complications, n = 7; secondary caries, n = 1; debonding, n = 1). The survival and success rates according to Kaplan-Meier after 5 years cumulated to 99.6% and 98.6%, respectively. Location (premolar/molar and mandibula/maxilla), pre-restorative endodontic status (vital/devitalised) and extension of the indirect ceramic restoration (number of sides and cusps involved) did not significantly affect the cumulative success rate (log rank test, p > 0.05). The condition of the vast majority of the restorations remained unaffected for 5 years.ConclusionsPartial glass-ceramic posterior restorations (pressed lithium disilicate (IPS e.max press, Ivoclar Vivadent) luted by means of a conventional photo-polymerized resin composite in conjunction with the use of an IDS procedure have an excellent medium-term prognosis.Clinical relevancePartial glass-ceramic posterior restorations can be considered as a highly reliable treatment option. Location and extension of the restoration and pre-restorative endodontic status do not affect success rate.

Occlusal Morphology of Primary Molars in Anganwadi Children, Faridabad

Introduction - Forensic odontology helps in identifying any suspect involved in crime, in accidental cases, in disaster victim identifications. Teeth shows variation in its anatomy as it has a very strong hereditary component. Variations in occlusal morphology of teeth include differences in the number of cusps and the fissure pattern. So, it is important to know the occlusal morphology of teeth in Forensic odontology. Materials and Method - A descriptive study was conducted to evaluate the cusp and groove pattern in primary second molar of 3-6 year old children from Anganwadis of Faridabad. Hellman and Gregory’s criteria for groove pattern were used to know the buccal groove pattern and cusps of primary molar. Data were analyzed with SPSS statistics software 23.0 version. Result - The predominant groove pattern was “Y” (73.34%). Majority of the participants has 5 cusps in primary second molar. 67.45% of the study participants had 5Y occlusal morphology of primary mandibular second molar and it is mostly seen in male children. Conclusion - This occlusal configuration will further help in various genetic, anthropological and forensic investigations. Furthermore, knowing common variations in dental anatomy and morphology about each individual tooth can help in providing dental treatments such as restorative, endodontic and orthodontic treatments

The intraspecific diversity of tooth morphology in the large-spotted catshark Scyliorhinus stellaris: insights into the ontogenetic cues driving sexual dimorphism.

Teeth in sharks are shed and replaced throughout their lifetime. Morphological dental changes through ontogeny have been identified in several species and have been correlated with shifts in diet and the acquisition of sexual maturity. However, these changes were rarely quantified in detail along multiple ontogenetic stages, which makes it difficult to infer the developmental processes responsible for the observed plasticity. In this work, we use micro-computed tomography and 3D geometric morphometrics to describe and analyze the tooth size and shape diversity across three ontogenetic stages (hatchling, juvenile, and sexually mature) in the large-spotted catshark Scyliorhinus stellaris (Linnaeus, 1758). We first describe the intra-individual variation of tooth form for each sex at each ontogenetic stage. We provide a tooth morphospace for palatoquadrate and Meckelian teeth and identify dental features, such as relative size and number of cusps, involved in the range of variation of the observed morphologies. We then use these shape data to draw developmental trajectories between ontogenetic stages and for each tooth position within the jaw to characterize ontogenetic patterns of sexual dimorphism. We highlight the emergence of gynandric heterodonty between the juvenile and mature ontogenetic stages, with mature females having tooth morphologies more similar to juveniles' than mature males that display regression in the number of accessory cusps. From these data, we speculate on the developmental processes that could account for such developmental plasticity in S.stellaris.

Cusp transitivity in hyperbolic 3-manifolds

In this paper, we study multiply transitive actions of the group of isometries of a cusped finite-volume hyperbolic 3-manifold on the set of its cusps. In particular, we prove a conjecture of Vogeler that there is a largest integer k for which such k-transitive actions exist, and that for each integer $$k \ge 3$$ , there is an upper bound on the possible number of cusps.

The Eskimo-Aleut Dentition: Crown and Root Morphology.

Objective of workThis paper provides an overview of crown and root morphology in Eskimo-Aleut populations of the American Arctic. For context, Eskimo-Aleut dental variation is compared to closely related American Indians and distantly related Europeans.Material and methodsThe characterization of dental trait frequency variation is based on observations made on approximately 10,000 dentitions scored by the late Christy G. Turner II and the author. Sixteen crown and five root traits were scored following the conventions outlined in the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System.ResultsOf the 21 dental traits considered, only three showed slight differences among Eskimo-Aleuts, American Indians, and Europeans (UM1 cusp 5, LM2 groove pattern, LM2 root number). For the remaining traits, there was typically a dramatic contrast between the two New World populations and Europeans. While generally similar, Eskimo-Aleuts and American Indians showed differences in UI1 winging, shoveling, and double shoveling, UM1 Carabelli trait, 2-cusped UM2, 3-rooted UM2, and especially 3-rooted LM1.ConclusionThe differences between the three groups are likely a product of genetic drift and founder effect although recent work on the EDAR V370A allele suggests some dental variables like shoveling and lower molar cusp number may indirectly reflect natural selection operating on other variables influenced by this allele.Key wordsTooth Crown; Tooth Root; Alaska Natives; North American Indians; European Continental Ancestry Group

Hypocycloid motion in the Melvin magnetic universe

The trajectory of a charged test particle in the Melvin magnetic universe is shown to take the form of hypocycloids in two different regimes, first of which is the class of perturbed circular orbits, and secondly in the weak-field approximation. In the latter case we find a simple relation between the charge of the particle and the number of cusps. These two regimes are within a continuously connected family of deformed hypocycloid-like orbits parametrised by the magnetic flux strength of the Melvin spacetime.

A New Leptoropha (Kotlassiidae, Seymouriamorpha) Species from the Upper Urzhumian of European Russia

A new species of the genus Leptoropha (Kotlassiidae, Seymouriamorpha), L. minima sp. nov, is described based on isolated teeth discovered in the Upper Urzhumian beds of the boundary stratotype of the Severodvinian Stage (Republic of Tatarstan, Russia). A sample from the type locality (Monastyrskii Ovrag-D) enabled the tracing of the modification of maxillar and mandibular tooth shape in individuals with skull lengths of 30–60 mm, from the tricuspid pattern to complex polycuspid fan-shaped crowns with a large (up to 14) number of complementary cusps that definitively formed the marginal portions of the protocingulum in the anteriormost jaw teeth. In addition to the type locality, individual teeth attributed to L. minima were identified from the Upper Urzhumian of the Southern Cis-Ural Region (Orenburg Region, Yashkino locality) and the lowermost Severodvinian beds of the Vyatka River basin (Kirov Region, Povoiska locality); findings of teeth of similar morphology at the Sundyr-1 locality (Mari El Republic, Russia) extend the stratigraphic distribution of Leptorophinae to the Upper Severodvinian (Lower Putyatinian) and indicate the presence of the group in the last fauna of the Dinocephalian Tetrapod Superassemblage of Eastern Europe, the Sundyr’ Tetrapod Assemblage.

Classification of All Non-Isomorphic Regular and Cuspidal Arm Anatomies in an Orthogonal Metamorphic Manipulator

This paper proposes a classification of all non-isomorphic anatomies of an orthogonal metamorphic manipulator according to the topology of workspace considering cusps and nodes. Using symbolic algebra, a general kinematics polynomial equation is formulated, and the closed-form parametric solution of the inverse kinematics is obtained for the coming anatomies. The metamorphic design space was disjointed into eight distinct subspaces with the same number of cusps and nodes plotting the bifurcating and strict surfaces in a cartesian coordinate system { θ π 1 , θ π 2 , d 4 } . In addition, several non-singular, smooth and continuous trajectories are simulated to show the importance of this classification.