Number Of Cusps Research Articles

Echocardiographic Markers of Early Left Ventricular Dysfunction in Asymptomatic Aortic Regurgitation: Is It Time to Change the Guidelines?

The ideal timing for surgery in asymptomatic chronic aortic regurgitation (AR) remains unclear. New thresholds for left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), left ventricular (LV) indexed end-systolic volume (iESV), and global longitudinal strain (GLS) have been associated with mortality in these patients. These represent markers of early LV dysfunction. The authors sought to assess the relationship between these markers (LVEF<60%, iESV≥45mL/m2, and GLS worse than -15%) and mortality, comparing them to Class I/IIa American College of Cardiology/American Heart Association guideline recommendations and absence of any of these. A total of 673 asymptomatic patients with chronic clinically significant (≥ moderate-severe) AR between 2004 and 2019 at a single referral center were retrospectively analyzed. The primary study outcome was all-cause mortality. Mean age was 57 ± 17 years, 97 (14%) were female, 293 (45%) had hypertension, and 273 (41%) had an abnormal number of valve cusps. Aortic valve replacement was performed in 281 (48%) patients, and 69 (10%) died while under surveillance (without aortic valve replacement). LVEF<60% was present in 296 (44%) patients, 122 (25%) of 482 had GLS worse than -15%, and 261 (39%) had iESV≥45mL/m2. Mortality under surveillance was highest when Class I/IIa recommendations were present (HR: 4.22; 95%CI: 2.15-8.29), followed by the presence of 1 or more markers of early LV dysfunction (HR: 2.18; 95%CI: 1.21-3.92); no markers was used as the reference (all, P< 0.05). LVEF showed the strongest association with mortality, statistically slightly better than GLS and iESV. In the absence of ClassI/IIa recommendations, 1 marker of early LV dysfunction was associated with higher, although not statistically significant, mortality compared with no markers (P=0.063), followed by 2 markers; highest mortality was when all 3markers were present (HR: 5.46; 95%CI: 2.51-11.90; P< 0.001). Patients with asymptomatic clinically significant chronic AR incur a survival penalty when Class I/IIa guideline recommendations are attained. In patients without these recommendations, at least 2 markers of early LV dysfunction identify those with higher mortality risk who may benefit from early surgery.

David versus Goliath: An interspecific comparison between small-sized Halicryptus spinulosus and large-sized Halicryptus higginsi (Priapulida)

Halicryptus includes two priapulid species with highly different adult body sizes, small-sized Halicryptus spinulosus von Siebold, 1849 and large-sized Halicryptus higginsi Shirley and Storch, 1999. Due to ambiguity of diagnostic characters from juvenile to adult size and between species, a detailed morphological and molecular comparison is needed to resolve the distribution and characteristics of each species. We investigate an adult paratype specimen of H. higginsi, and young adult specimens of H. spinulosus from the Beaufort Sea and H. spinulosus from Kandalaksha Gulf, White Sea. Molecular analysis of the mitochondrial CO1 gene confirm the existence of two species of Halicryptus, a wide distribution of H. spinulosus across the Northern Hemisphere and the co-occurrence of both species in the Beaufort Sea. Our morphological analyses reveal undocumented characters for Halicryptus, such as the presence of three different sizes of buccal papillae, scattered small trunk papillae, and a loose ring of flosculus-tubulus-complexes on the posterior trunk. For both species, we revise characters, such as the number of long introvert retractors, pharynx protractors and lateral cusps of anterior teeth, and the maximum number of scalids in a row in H. spinulosus. We propose a total of ten reliable and potential diagnostic characters distinguishing the two species and revise the terminology of Halicryptus-specific characters due to inconsistency in the literature. In addition, we discuss the effect of body size on selected morphological traits.

Testing the patterning cascade model of cusp development in Macaca fascicularis mandibular molars

ObjectiveMolar crown configuration plays an important role in systematics, and functional and comparative morphology. In particular, the number of cusps on primate molars is often used to identify fossil species and infer their phylogenetic relationships. However, this variability deserves renewed consideration as a number of studies now highlight important developmental mechanisms that may be responsible for the presence of molar cusps in some mammalian taxa. Experimental studies of rodent molars suggest that cusps form under a morphodynamic, patterning cascade model of development (PCM) that involve the iterative formation of enamel knots. This model posits that the size, shape and location of the first-forming cusps determines the presence and positioning of later-forming cusps. DesignHere we test whether variation in accessory cusp presence in 13 Macaca fascicularis mandibular second molars (M2s) is consistent with predictions of the PCM. Using micro-CT, we imaged these M2s and employed geometric morphometrics to examine whether shape variation in the enamel-dentine junction (EDJ) correlates with accessory cusp presence. ResultsWe find that accessory cusp patterning in macaque M2s is broadly consistent with the PCM. Molars with accessory cusps were larger in size and possessed shorter relative cusp heights compared to molars without accessory cusps. Peripheral cusp formation was also associated with more centrally positioned primary cusps, as predicted by the PCM. ConclusionsWhile these results demonstrate that a patterning cascade model is broadly appropriate for interpreting cusp variation in Macaca fascicularis molars, it does not explain all manifestations of accessory cusp expression in this sample.

1040 Morphometric Study of Human Aortic Valve Along with a Case of Bicuspid Aortic Valve in Cadaver

Abstract Aim The morphometric data pertaining to the aortic valve is very relevant for aortic valvular diseases and prosthetic valve transplant thereof, but such data is variably described in autopsy studies which prompted us to study the same in cadaveric hearts of Indian population. We also present a case of symmetrical bicuspid aortic valve (BAV). Method Thirty formalin fixed cadaveric hearts of both genders, aged between 58 -83 years were taken. Guidelines for using cadaver for teaching and research were followed. Various attributes of the aortic valve viz. number, width and height of cusps, number and depth of aortic sinuses, number of coronary ostia were recorded. All measurements were made with Vernier callipers and statistical analysis was performed with Microsoft Excel version 2019. Results The mean cusp heights were 18.28±0.54 mm, 19.52±0.34 mm and 20.91±0.46 mm respectively for the right, left and the non-coronary cusps. The mean depths of the aortic sinuses were 17.3±0.68 mm, 16.8±0.74 mm and 15.9±0.32 mm respectively for the right, left and the non-coronary sinus. We also observed symmetrical BAV in 1 (2.5%) out of the 30 specimens but the death of the individual was unrelated to the presence of the anomaly. Conclusions The morphometric parameters obtained in the study would help in transplanting prosthetic aortic valve with greater compatibility. The chance of encountering congenital BAV even in individuals with no cardiac ailment should be borne in mind.

Comparative morphology of the oropharyngeal denticles in the order Rhinopristiformes and its functional implications (Chondrichthyes: Batoidea).

Guitarfishes and sawfishes are included in the order Rhinopristiformes, which currently encompasses five families: Pristidae, Rhinobatidae, Trygonorrhinidae, Rhinidae and Glaucostegidae. Considering the low number of studies focused on oral structures in Rhinopristiformes and the need to better understand their internal morphology, this study aimed to(1) evaluate and describe the morphological variation of the oropharyngeal denticles of guitarfishes and sawfish; (2) evaluate and describe the ontogenetic and sexual variation of the oropharyngeal denticles of Zapteryx brevirostris; (3) propose characters potentially useful for taxonomic and systematic purposes and (4) discuss the possible functions and advantages of these structures. Tissue samples were taken from the oropharyngeal region of specimens preserved in 70% alcohol and then prepared for visualization in scanning electron microscopy. A new method for sampling the pharynx region is proposed herein. Considerable morphological variation between families and genera was observed. However, no variation between conspecifics was found. Regional variations of denticles when examining a single individual were observed in shape, ornamentation, and orientation. In Zapteryx brevirostris, males had a significantly higher density of denticles in the ventral region than females and lower densities were observed in juveniles. The four characters discussed here are based on the presence of keels, number of cusps, distal end elongation and width/length ratio of the oropharyngeal denticles. Among the possible functions and advantages of these structures are the improvement of food adherence, tissue protection against food abrasion and parasitism, and attenuation of hydrodynamic drag in the oropharyngeal cavity during food ingestion.

Convective transport in a nanofluid-filled annulus with an eccentric hypocycloid within a square disk

Considering varying cusp numbers, we investigate the time-dependent, incompressible natural convective flow of an iron oxide-water nanofluid within an annulus formed between a square and a concentric hypocycloid. The vertical walls of the annulus are treated as relatively colder walls, while the bottom wall of the square disk and the inner hypocycloid wall act as heat sources. The outer upper wall of the square is considered adiabatic. We transform the dimensional, nonlinear, and strongly coupled fundamental equations of nanofluids in Cartesian coordinates into non-dimensional equations. We utilize the Galerkin finite element method to solve the governing equations. This study comprehensively explores the flow and heat transfer of nanofluids, considering the essential parameters relevant to the problem. The results highlight a remarkable observation, as the ferric oxide-water nanofluid exhibits significantly enhanced heat transfer compared to the conventional fluid. The precise positioning of the hypocycloid in the cusp configuration represents a critical phenomenon that substantially improves the flow and heat transfer rates of the nanofluid. The three cusped hypocycloids positioned on the inner wall of the annulus perpendicular to the horizontal axis result in a nanofluid flow configuration and heat transfer that surpasses other configurations and cusp numbers studied in the analysis. Notably, heat transfer exhibits a discernible increase with an increase in the nanoparticle volume fraction (maximum 3vol%), while it declines with an increase in the nanoparticle diameter. The intricate relationship between the nanoparticle diameter, volume fraction, cusp number, and hypocycloid configuration substantially influences the friction factor and particle-surface interactions. As the number of cusps on the inner surface increases, the velocity magnitude, Nusselt number, and concentration profiles near the boundary layer decrease, while the fluctuations of the middle annulus indicate the combined influence of nanoparticle dispersion and the formation of the annulus boundary layer due to the orientation of hypocycloidal cusps. Furthermore, an increase in the particle diameter and the sharpness of the corners of the hypocycloid lead to a proportional increase in the nanofluid flow resistance within the annulus.

Rare Occurrence of ‘Tuberculum Sextum’ (Cusp 6 or Entoconulid) in the Permanent Mandibular First Molar-A Case Report

Morphology of the human tooth with variation in cusp numbers and patterns are of great interest to the anthropologist, morphologist, and the clinical dentist. Very rarely an extra cusp known as Cusp 6 can be seen in the permanent or primary mandibular molars particularly the first molars. Cusp 6 is a supernumerary cusp seen at the distal margin of the crown, lingual to the distobuccal cusp. Cusp 6 is also known by other names like “Tuberculum Sextum” or “Entoconulid” which are anthropologic terms as evident from the existing literature. The present article reports the occurrence of such a rare cusp in the permanent mandibular first molar of an 8-year-old Indian boy

Report on a Rare ‘Tooth Crown Morphological Trait’ in Permanent Mandibular Second Molar – Protoconidal Cingulum/Protostylid

Human teeth have been transforming due to biological evolutionary phenomenon. Therefore, variations in cusp number, pattern and size can be noticed in the human beings of present era compared to prehistoric age people. The purpose of this article is to present an occurrence of “Protostylid” or “Protoconidal cingulum” on the buccal surface of mandibular second molar in an Indian male patient which is rarely reported so far till date. Reporting of rare tooth crown morphological traits in human teeth is of utmost important to understand the dental evolution and also from forensic point of view.

Configuración del surco de los molares mandibulares de los malayos de ascendencia mongoloide

Aim: Variation in dental structures is widely accepted as a combination of multiple factors such as gender, environmental effects and genetics. However, the characterization of similarities and differences in dental morphology has been lacking in relation to the factors mentioned. This study aims to assess and compare the variations in traits in mandibular molars and the influence of gender and ethnicity in affecting these traits amongst the Malaysian population of Mongoloid ancestry. Materials and Methods: Our study population was 180 dental casts of patients, from 15 to 40 years old, comprising 56 Malays and 124 Chinese; 60 were males and 120 were females. Traits like groove pattern, number of cusps, protostylids and deflecting wrinkles were observed, scored, and recorded. Results: This study revealed that the most common mandibular first molar (M1) was characterized by 5 cusps and displayed ‘Y’ groove pattern, while the most common mandibular second molar (M2) had 4 cusps and exhibited a groove pattern that resembled a ‘+’. Notably, all the traits studied were bilaterally symmetrical, except for the groove pattern of M1, while sexual dimorphism was observed in groove patterns of M2. Conclusions: This study found that M1 had a preponderance of 5 cusps with ‘Y’ groove pattern, while M2 were typically 4-cusped with ‘+’ groove pattern. Keywords: Malaysia; Asian people; Ethnicity; Gender; dental anatomy; molar.

Critical periods in planar polynomial centers near a maximum number of cusps

We provide the best lower bound for the number of critical periods of planar polynomial centers known up to now. The new lower bound is obtained in the Hamiltonian class and considering a single period annulus. This lower bound doubles the previous one from the literature, and we end up with at least n2−2 (resp. n2−2n−1) critical periods for planar polynomial systems of odd (resp. even) degree n. Key idea is the perturbation of a vector field with many cusp equilibria, whose construction is by itself a nontrivial construction that uses elements of catastrophe theory.

The Clinical and Radiological Evaluation of Impacted Third Molar Position, Crown and Root Morphology.

This study aimed to analyze the crown and root morphology of maxillary and mandibular third molars, and assess their position in relation to adjacent anatomical structures using clinical examination and radiographic images. A total of 176 extracted impacted or partially impacted third molars were included in this study. Orthopantomogram images (OPG) were used to evaluate the number of roots, position, depth of impaction relative to the occlusal plane of the second molar, and angulation of maxillary and mandibular third molars. The extracted teeth were examined to determine the actual number of roots. The root morphology was classified using the Alavi classification system for maxillary third molars and the Machado classification for mandibular third molars. Additionally, the number of cusps, crown dimensions, and morphology were analyzed using digital and dental calipers. The extracted samples exhibited a significantly higher number of roots compared to the number assessed on OPG images (P<0.001). The majority of mandibular third molars had two fused roots (37.39%) and a five-cuspid crown (48.70%), while maxillary third molars had three fused roots (26.23%) and four cusps (42.62%). Both maxillary (60.66%) and mandibular third molars (61.74%) were predominantly vertically positioned. Regarding the depth of impaction, maxillary third molars were primarily classified as Class C (65.57%), while mandibular third molars were classified as Class B (47.83%). Differences in crown shape were observed, with maxillary crowns being mostly triangular (36.07%) and mandibular crowns being oval (38.26%). Maxillary third molars had shorter crowns compared to mandibular third molars (P<0.05). The root morphology of maxillary and mandibular third molars in the population of Bosnia and Herzegovina displays variability. Orthopantomogram imaging was found to be inadequate for accurate determination of the number of roots in third molars. The number of cusps on third molars cannot be relied upon as a predictor of the number of roots. The study's findings will have implications for dental practice, particularly for oral surgeons and restorative dentists.

Towards active learning: A stopping criterion for the sequential sampling of grain boundary degrees of freedom

Many materials processes and properties depend on the anisotropy of the energy of grain boundaries, i.e. on the fact that this energy is a function of the five geometric degrees of freedom (DOF) of the interface. To access this parameter space in an efficient way and to discover energy cusps in unexplored regions, a method was recently established, which combines atomistic simulations with statistical methods (Kroll et al., 2022). This sequential sampling technique is now extended in the spirit of an active learning algorithm by adding a criterion to decide when the sampling has advanced enough to stop. In this instance, two parameters to analyse the sampling results on the fly are introduced: the number of cusps, which correspond to the most interesting and important regions of the energy landscape, and the maximum change of energy between two sequential iterations. Monitoring these two quantities provides valuable insight into how the subspaces are energetically structured. The combination of both parameters provides the necessary information to evaluate the sampling of the 2D subspaces of grain boundary plane inclinations of even non-periodic, low angle grain boundaries. With a reasonable number of data points in the initial design, only a few appropriately chosen sequential iterations already improve the accuracy of the sampling substantially and unknown cusps can be found within a few additional sequential steps.

Quantum ergodicity for Eisenstein series on hyperbolic surfaces of large genus

We give a quantitative estimate for the quantum mean absolute deviation on hyperbolic surfaces of finite area in terms of geometric parameters such as the genus, number of cusps and injectivity radius. It implies a delocalisation result of quantum ergodicity type for eigenfunctions of the Laplacian on hyperbolic surfaces of finite area that Benjamini-Schramm converge to the hyperbolic plane. We show that this is generic for Mirzakhani’s model of random surfaces chosen uniformly with respect to the Weil-Petersson volume. Depending on the particular sequence of surfaces considered this gives a result of delocalisation of most cusp forms or of Eisenstein series.

PREVALENCE OF TWO VARIANTS OF MANDIBULAR SECOND PREMOLAR AT A TERTIARY CARE CENTER OF NEPAL

Background: Mandibular second premolar has two different types depending on the number of cusp present and each type has different groove patterns. There is difference in opinion regarding the influence on ethnicity in tooth morphology. This study aimed to determine the frequency of different type traits of mandibular second premolar in Nepalese population. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Pathology, Dhulikhel Hospital, Kavre from December 2022 to February 2023. A total of 418 participants were included in the study. Mandibular second premolars of both right and left sides were examined and number of cusps and groove patterns were noted. The data were entered in Microsoft Excel Sheet and descriptive statistical analysis were done using SPSS version 23. Results: The frequency of two cusp type and three cusps type mandibular second premolar was noted to be 67% and 33% respectively. The predominant groove pattern in two cusp variant was H type in both males (32.8%) and females (38.1%). All the three-cusp variant showed Y shape groove in both males and females. Conclusions: The frequency of different types of mandibular second premolar varies depending upon the population. Two cusps type mandibular second premolar with H shape occlusal groove is more common than three cusp type in Nepalese subjects.

On Cusps of Caustics by Reflection: Billiard Variations on the Four Vertex Theorem and on Jacobi’s Last Geometric Statement

A point source of light is placed inside an oval. The nth caustic by reflection is the envelope of the light rays emanating from the light source after n reflections off the curve. We show that, for a generic point light source, each of these caustics has at least 4 cusps. This is a billiard variation on Jacobi’s Last Geometric Statement concerning the number of cusps of the conjugate locus of a point on a convex surface. We present various proofs, using different ideas, including the curve shortening flow and Legendrian knot theory.

Singularities of gaussian random maps into the plane

We compute the expected value of various quantities related to the biparametric singularities of a pair of smooth centered Gaussian random fields on an n-dimensional compact manifold, such as the lengths of the critical curves and contours of a fixed index and the number of cusps. We obtain certain expressions under no particular assumptions other than smoothness of the two fields, but more explicit formulae are derived under varying levels of additional constraints such as the two random fields being i.i.d, stationary, isotropic etc.

Study of twenty non-metric dental crown traits using ASUDAS system in NCR (India) population

BackgroundThe non-metric dental crown traits (NDCT) can vary within and between the geo-populations. These play a critical role in the ethnicity determination and help in identification of an individual. A commonly used system for scoring these dental traits is “Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System” (ASUDAS).Aim and objectivesOur study aims to evaluate the frequency trend of twenty NDCT traits in the India, National Capital Region population using ASUDAS, and check for any significant sexual dimorphism for each trait.MethodsThe maxillary and mandibular dental casts from 200 patients (100 males+100 females, age 18–30 years) reporting to the dental OPD of a Government dental college were evaluated. Twenty dental crown traits were scored as per ASUDAS protocol in each dental cast by three investigators independently. NDCTs were tabulated and the chi-square test was performed for calculation of the P value.ResultsThe results showed that the trait cusp number (83%) and lingual cusp variation (79%) were the two most frequent NDCTs and Y groove pattern (13%) and premolar accessory cusp-4 (12.5%) were the two least frequent traits observed. Shoveling of the upper lateral incisor (P=0.007), tuberculum dentale (P=0.049), mesial ridge (lingual) (P=0.034), and hypocone absence (P=0.001) were found to show statistically significant sexual dimorphism (P < 0.05). Although grade-wise expression of shoveling in upper lateral had statistically significant sexual dimorphism and the frequency of higher expression grades was found more in females, overall dichotomy of expression was not significant. Similarly, although an expression of grade-wise tuberculum dentale, mesial ridge (lingual) and hypocone absence had statistically significant sexual dimorphism, an overall dichotomy of expression was not significant.ConclusionThe current study shows certain NDCTs like cusp number and lingual cusp variation have a significant association with the NCR population. Sexual dimorphism was not significant; hence, future studies should be planned on a large sample with sex pooled data for each precise location and ethnicity in all the regions of India. This can be further correlated with different facial forms and dental occlusal patterns, for correlation with abnormalities in jaws and teeth.

Clinical longevity of extensive direct resin composite restorations after amalgam replacement with a mean follow-up of 15 years

ObjectivesThe aim of this retrospective clinical study was to determine the survival of extensive direct resin composite restorations after amalgam replacement on vital molars and premolars after a mean observation period of 15 years. MethodsBetween January 2007 and September 2013, a total of 117 extensive cusp replacing direct resin composite restorations were placed in 88 patients in a general dental practice. These were indicated for replacement of existing amalgam restorations. Tooth vitality, the absence of at least one cusp in premolars, and at least two cusps in molars were considered for inclusion. The long-term follow-up of the restorations, re-evaluated after up to 17 years using the original evaluation criteria is reported. Results81 of 88 patients (92.1%) and 106 of 117 restorations (90.6%) were available for follow-up. The cumulative success rate was 62.0% (95% CI: 47.3–76.2, AFR 2.79%) after a mean observation time of 163.4 months, the cumulative survival rate was 74.7% (95% CI: 59.8–89.6%, AFR: 1.70%) after a mean observation time of 179.1 months. The number of cusps replaced in premolars had a statistically significant influence on the success and survival rate of the restorations (HR of respectively, 2.974 and 3.175, p = <0.0005). Premolars with two cusps replaced had 297% more chance of failure than premolars with one cusp replaced. ConclusionsExtensive direct resin composite restorations placed after amalgam replacement showed good survival after a mean observation period of 15 years. The number of cusps involved had a statistically significant influence on the longevity of the restorations in premolars. Clinical SignificanceWith good survival and low annual failure rates, direct resin composite restorations are a suitable treatment for repairing extensive defects in posterior teeth involving multiple cusps and surfaces, provided that they are placed by a dentist who has long experience and is skilled in the placement of direct composite materials.

NFOMP: Neural Field for Optimal Motion Planner of Differential Drive Robots With Nonholonomic Constraints

Optimal motion planning is one of the most critical problems in mobile robotics. On the one hand, classical sampling-based methods propose asymptotically optimal solutions to this problem. However, these planners cannot achieve smooth and short trajectories in reasonable calculation time. On the other hand, optimization-based methods are able to generate smooth and plain trajectories in a variety of scenarios, including a dense human crowd. However, modern optimization-based methods use the precomputed signed distance function for collision loss estimation, and it limits the application of these methods for general configuration spaces, including a differential drive non-circular robot with non-holonomic constraints. Moreover, optimization-based methods lack the ability to handle U-shaped or thin obstacles accurately. We propose to improve the optimization methods in two aspects. Firstly, we developed an obstacle neural field model to estimate collision loss; training this model together with trajectory optimization allows improving collision loss continuously, while achieving more feasible and smoother trajectories. Secondly, we forced the trajectory to consider non-holonomic constraints by adding Lagrange multipliers to the trajectory loss function. We applied our method for solving the optimal motion planning problem for differential drive robots with non-holonomic constraints, benchmarked our solution, and proved that the novel planner generates smooth, short, and plain trajectories perfectly suitable for a robot to follow, and outperforms the state-of-the-art approaches by 25% on normalized curvature and by 75% on the number of cusps in the MovingAI environment.

Rasgos Morfológicos Dentales Coronales en dentición temporal y permanente: Distancia biológica entre tres grupos indígenas del Amazonas Colombiano

Objetivos: Determinar la frecuencia y variabilidad de doce rasgos morfológicos dentales coronales (Winging, incisivos centrales y laterales en pala, doble pala, cúspide de Carabelli, patrón cuspídeo, número de cúspides, cresta distal del trigónido, pliegue acodado, protostílido, cúspide 6 y cúspide 7), en dientes temporales (ui1/ui2/um2/lm2) y permanentes (UI1/UI2/ UM1/LM1), para comprender la influencia étnica y la distancia biológica de tres grupos indígenas del Amazonas Colombiano. Material y métodos: Se realizó un estudio descriptivo cuantitativo para observar la frecuencia y variabilidad de doce rasgos morfológicos dentales coronales mediante los sistemas Hanihara, Dahlberg, Sciulli, Grine y ASUDAS en 96 modelos de niños de ambos sexos, en dentición mixta y pertenecientes a los grupos Ticuna, Huitoto y Cocama. Resultados: Fueron observadas altas frecuencias de winging, incisivos centrales y laterales en pala, de las formas surco y fosa de la cúspide de Carabelli, patrón cuspídeo Y6 o Y7, pliegue acodado, protostílido y cúspide 6, típicas de la morfología dental del complejo dental Mongoloide - subdivisión Sinodonte. Se apreciaron frecuencias significativas del patrón cuspídeo +6 y +7, y de la cúspide, 7 lo cual sugiere mestizaje. Existe afinidad biológica entre las tres etnias, y fue demostrada la simetría bilateral y ausencia de dimorfismo sexual.