Number Of Cotyledons Research Articles

Morphometric and Morphologic Assessment of the Placenta, Birth Weight and Associated Risk Factors in Full Term Neonates in Nigeria

Placenta is a temporary and dynamic organ which is unique in its development and function on which survival, healthy growth and development of fetus in the uterus mostly depends. The study was carried out to determine the morphometry and morphology of placenta, birth weight and associated risk factor of full-term neonates. The study involved 50 placentae (27 from males and 23 from females). Descriptive statistical method of data analysis was used to analyze the mean, standard deviation and z-test to correlate the mean. The mean and standard deviation of neonatal weight, fetoplacental coefficient, weight of placenta, maximum weight of placenta, thickness of placenta and the length of umbilical cord observed were; 3.21±0.4, 6.36±1.92, 0.54±0.16 21.30±1.04, 2.17±0.28 and 54.16±2.11 respectively. Also, the most predominant type of umbilical cord attachment was eccentric with a frequency of 38. The number of cotyledons was found to be 15 and above for 98% of the placentaes excluding one which had 8 cotyledons. The presence of incomplete artery was observed in the study. The result showed that placental weight correlates significantly with neonatal weight and that abnormal placenta results in poor health of the neonate. The examination of the placenta can be useful for the future postnatal life as it is indicative of neonatal birth weight. and resistance to early adulthood diseases of the neonates. It is, therefore, recommended that physicians pay attention to the placenta.

Growth Developmental Defects of Mitochondrial Iron Transporter 1 and 2 Mutants in Arabidopsis in Iron Sufficient Conditions.

Iron is the most abundant micronutrient in plant mitochondria, and it has a crucial role in biochemical reactions involving electron transfer. It has been described in Oryza sativa that Mitochondrial Iron Transporter (MIT) is an essential gene and that knockdown mutant rice plants have a decreased amount of iron in their mitochondria, strongly suggesting that OsMIT is involved in mitochondrial iron uptake. In Arabidopsis thaliana, two genes encode MIT homologues. In this study, we analyzed different AtMIT1 and AtMIT2 mutant alleles, and no phenotypic defects were observed in individual mutant plants grown in normal conditions, confirming that neither AtMIT1 nor AtMIT2 are individually essential. When we generated crosses between the Atmit1 and Atmit2 alleles, we were able to isolate homozygous double mutant plants. Interestingly, homozygous double mutant plants were obtained only when mutant alleles of Atmit2 with the T-DNA insertion in the intron region were used for crossings, and in these cases, a correctly spliced AtMIT2 mRNA was generated, although at a low level. Atmit1 Atmit2 double homozygous mutant plants, knockout for AtMIT1 and knockdown for AtMIT2, were grown and characterized in iron-sufficient conditions. Pleiotropic developmental defects were observed, including abnormal seeds, an increased number of cotyledons, a slow growth rate, pinoid stems, defects in flower structures, and reduced seed set. A RNA-Seq study was performed, and we could identify more than 760 genes differentially expressed in Atmit1 Atmit2. Our results show that Atmit1 Atmit2 double homozygous mutant plants misregulate genes involved in iron transport, coumarin metabolism, hormone metabolism, root development, and stress-related response. The phenotypes observed, such as pinoid stems and fused cotyledons, in Atmit1 Atmit2 double homozygous mutant plants may suggest defects in auxin homeostasis. Unexpectedly, we observed a possible phenomenon of T-DNA suppression in the next generation of Atmit1 Atmit2 double homozygous mutant plants, correlating with increased splicing of the AtMIT2 intron containing the T-DNA and the suppression of the phenotypes observed in the first generation of the double mutant plants. In these plants with a suppressed phenotype, no differences were observed in the oxygen consumption rate of isolated mitochondria; however, the molecular analysis of gene expression markers, AOX1a, UPOX, and MSM1, for mitochondrial and oxidative stress showed that these plants express a degree of mitochondrial perturbation. Finally, we could establish by a targeted proteomic analysis that a protein level of 30% of MIT2, in the absence of MIT1, is enough for normal plant growth under iron-sufficient conditions.

Placental Development and Physiological Changes in Pregnant Ewes in Silvopastoral and Open Pasture Systems during the Summer.

This study aimed to analyze the reproductive and physiological changes in ewes subjected to heat stress during pregnancy at UTFPR-Brazil. Twenty-four pregnant crossbred ewes were kept in a silvopastoral system (SP) or an open pasture system (OP) throughout the final trimester of pregnancy. Both systems were stressful, but the SP system had lower air temperature than the OP system (26.0 ± 0.38 and 26.9 ± 0.41 °C, respectively; p = 0.0288). Moreover, the radiant thermal load of the two groups presented a difference of 34 Wm-2 (p = 0.0288), and the grass temperature was also lower in the SP system compared to that in the OP system (23.4 ± 0.37 and 25.6 ± 0.44 °C, respectively; p = 0.0043). The respiratory and heart rates of animals from the OP group were higher than those from the SP group (p < 0.001), but no difference was observed in the mobilization of white blood cells (p = 0.4777), and the neutrophil count was only affected by time (p < 0.0001). As regards placental biometry, placentas in twin pregnancies had a greater membrane area (p = 0.0223), but no differences between the systems were observed in placental weight (p = 0.1522) and the number of cotyledons (p = 0.5457). We concluded that the type of rearing system used affects the thermal comfort of pregnant ewes, and that an SP system can offer more amenable microclimatic conditions, which result in greater comfort for the ewes.

Transfer of bovine embryos into a uterus primed with high progesterone concentrations positively impacts fetal development at 42 days of gestation

Elevated circulating progesterone (P4) concentrations in the first week after conception have been associated with accelerated post-hatching conceptus elongation. However, the consequences, if any, on the development of the fetus are unknown. The objective of this study was to determine the relationship between early circulating P4 and fetal and placental morphometric characteristics at 42 days of gestation. A previously validated model of asynchronous embryo transfer (ET), known to alter uterine exposure to P4, was used in 107 heifers divided in two replicates (replicate 1: n = 51, replicate 2: n = 56). Heifers were randomly assigned to one of the two following groups: those receiving a Day 7 embryo on Day 7 of the cycle (synchronous; ET_D7, n = 49) and those transferred a Day 7 embryo on Day 9 of the cycle (asynchronous; ET_D9, n = 58). The synchronization protocol was started two days earlier for heifers in the ET_D9 group such that ET was done on the same day for both groups. P4 concentrations were determined from Day 3 after estrus to the day of ET. Pregnant heifers were slaughtered at Day 42 of gestation for fetal and placental morphometric measurements. The effects of the group, replicate, fetal sex, and interactions between these variables on fetal and placental characteristics were determined by ANOVA, while Pearson correlation was employed to assess the linear relationship between P4 concentrations two days before and on the day of ET on the fetal parameters. The uteri of heifers in the ET_D9 group were exposed to higher concentrations (P < 0.0001) of P4 from four days before ET, than heifers in the ET_D7 group. Both group and fetal sex variables impacted on fetal crown-rump length (CRL) (group: P < 0.0001, sex: P = 0.001) and fetal weight (group: P = 0.006, sex: P = 0.003). Fetal sex influenced the amniotic sac area (P = 0.003) and amniotic sac weight (P = 0.004); while the group affected the number of cotyledons (P = 0.0009), and the fetal heart weight (P = 0.018). All these parameters were larger in the ET_D9 group compared with ET_D7, and in males compared with females. There was a positive correlation between P4 concentrations two days before ET and fetal weight and CRL, for each sex or considering all fetuses (R2 ∼0.4, p < 0.05). In conclusion, bovine embryos transferred into a uterus primed with higher P4 concentrations underwent enhanced development reflected in higher weight and size at the beginning of the fetal period.

Влияние гуминовых препаратов на всхожесть семян, количество семядолей и рост сеянцев сосны обыкновенной

Стимуляторы роста ускоряют прорастание семян, увеличивают всхожесть, положительно влияют на развитие надземной части и корневой системы сеянцев, повышают приживаемость при пересадке и способствуют лучшему выживанию в экстремальных условиях. В настоящее время существует большое количество различных веществ с ростостимулирующим действием, но предпочтение отдают экологически безопасным. К таким стимуляторам относятся гуминовые препараты. Цель исследования – изучение влияния гуминовых препаратов на лабораторную всхожесть семян, на изменение количества семядолей у всходов и на рост сеянцев сосны обыкновенной. Семена сосны замачивали в растворах препаратов: Экорост, Гуми, Гумат + 7 йод, Гумат + 9 микроэлементов и в воде (контроль). Всхожесть обработанных семян изучали в лабораторных условиях. Также учитывали число семядолей у каждого всхода в опытных вариантах и на контроле. В тепличных условиях Архангельской области проводили полив сеянцев сосны обыкновенной растворами гуминовых препаратов Экорост, Гуми, Гумат +7. В опыте по лабораторной всхожести семян сосны обыкновенной между контрольным и опытными вариантами существенных различий не выявлено. По результатам оценки структуры всходов по числу семядолей в зависимости от обработки семян различными гуминовыми препаратами (Экорост, Гуми, Гумат +7 йод, Гумат + 9 микроэлементов) установлено, что влияния на количество семядолей у всходов сосны обыкновенной данные препараты не оказывают. Сеянцы сосны обыкновенной первого года выращивания, подкормленные гуминовым препаратом Гумат +7 йод, оказались выше контрольного варианта на 0,3 см, что не является значимым показателем для применения данного вещества на производстве. Препараты Гуми и Экорост проявили угнетающий эффект на рост сеянцев. На радиальный прирост все испытываемые препараты не оказали никакого воздействия. Таким образом, испытываемые в данном исследовании гуминовые препараты с подобранной нами концентрацией не оказывают влияния на повышение всхожести семян, на рост сеянцев сосны обыкновенной, либо имеют незначительное превышение. Поэтому, исследования в области применения конкретных гуминовых препаратов, их концентраций, времени замачивания, частоты полива и т.д. для повышения эффективности выращивания посадочного материала сосны обыкновенной следует продолжить. Growth stimulators accelerate seed germination, increase germination, have a positive effect on the development of the aboveground part and the root system of seedlings, increase survival during transplantation and contribute to better survival in extreme conditions. Currently, there are a large number of different substances with a growth-stimulating effect, but preference is given to environmentally friendly. Such stimulants include humic preparations. The aim of the study was to study the effect of humic preparations on laboratory germination of seeds, on the change in the number of cotyledons in shoots and the growth of seedlings of Pinus sylvestris. Pine seeds were soaked in solutions of preparations: Ecorost, Gumi, Humate + 7 iodine, Humate + 9 trace elements and in water (control). The germination of treated seeds was studied under laboratory conditions. We also took into account the number of cotyledons at each shoot in experimental versions and on control. In the greenhouse conditions of the Arkhangelsk region, the seedlings of Pinus sylvestris were watered with solutions of humic preparations Ecorost, Gumi, Humate +7. In the experiment on laboratory germination of Pinus sylvestris seeds, there were no significant differences between the control and experimental variants. According to the results of the evaluation of the structure of seedlings by the number of cotyledons, depending on the treatment of seeds with various humic preparations (Ecorost, Gumi, Humate +7, Humate + 9 trace elements), it was found that these preparations do not have an effect on the number of cotyledons in shoots of Pinus sylvestris. Seedlings of Pinus sylvestris of the first year of cultivation, fertilizing with humic preparation Humate + 7, were 0.3 cm higher than the control variant, which is not a significant indicator for the use of this substance in production. Preparations of Gumi and Ecorost showed a depressing effect on the growth of seedlings. All the tested preparations had no effect on the radial increase. Thus, the humic preparations tested in this study with the concentration selected by us do not affect the increase in seed germination, the growth of seedlings of Pinus sylvestris, or have a slight excess. Therefore, research in the field of application of specific humic preparations, their concentrations, soaking time, watering frequency, etc. to increase the efficiency of growing the planting material of Pinus sylvestris, should be continued.

Рrevention of reproductive diseases in animals with the use Nanobiomaterials

The aim of the work was to develop methods for the prevention of reproductive pathologies using drugs containing nanobiomaterials. This is due to the fact that the physiological functioning of the reproductive organs is rich in the state of the antioxidant defense system, the main active component of which are antioxidants that neutralize the negative effects of free radicals – specific products of cell life and their damage factors.&#x0D; Work on the development and manufacture of drugs was performed on the basis of the Department of Veterinary Reproductology of the State Biotechnology University (Kharkov) and the Department of Nanocrystalline Materials of the Institute of Scintillation Materials (Kharkov), implementation – in farms of various forms of ownership.&#x0D; Developed methods for the prevention of reproductive pathologies of animals (normalization of the structure and function of the fetoplacental complex of cows and sheep and increase the development potential of newborn calves and lambs, increase the reproductive capacity of bulls and boars) are based on the use of vitamin and hormonal drugs «Caplaestrol + OV», «Carafest + OV» and «Carafand + OV» containing nanobiomaterial – gadolinium orthovanadate activated by europium, the nanoparticles of which are able to penetrate cells and accumulate in nuclei.&#x0D; The obtained data allow us to conclude that the use of nanobiomaterials ensures the effectiveness of programs for the prevention of reproductive pathologies of animals. In particular, the method of normalizing the structure and function of the fetoplacental complex of cows and sheep and increase the development potential of newborn calves and lambs provides an increase in placental weight by 23,4-24,3 %, newborn weight – by 18,6-29,6 %, increase in the number of cotyledons by 2,9-3,0 % and the area of the hairy part of the chorion – by 13,3-34,7 %, and the method of increasing the reproductive capacity of bulls and boars allows to increase the volume of ejaculate by 4,2-28,7 %, increase sperm motility by 16,7-28,1 %, sperm concentration – by 4,8-13,6 %, testosterone levels – by 16,8-44,2 % and reduce the number of sperm with morphological abnormalities by 1,6-2,4 %.

Association of placental morphology and fetal birth weight

Background: The placenta plays a crucial role in sustaining pregnancy and supporting healthy foetal growth and function. Placental morphology predicts illness patterns in adults and foetal development. Birth weight is a significant predictor of a child's survival, healthy development, and growth. The connection between birth weight and perinatal outcome has long been understood in obstetrics. As is generally known, low birth weight is a known risk factor for the child's long-term health. The aim of the study was to find any association between birth weight, gender and placental morphology. Methods: An analytical cross sectional study was conducted in the anatomy department of Anatomy, Bhaarath Medical college and Hospital, Chennai. Placentae of 200 were collected. Morphological analysis including placental weight, number of cotyledons, site of umbilical cord insertion and fetal and maternal surface area, were measured in normal and low birth weight babies. Results: Birth weight showed a positive connection with gestational age. Birth weight and greater values in men were positively and significantly correlated with placental parameters (p 0.001). Regression models employing the newborn's sex and placental morphometry were used to estimate the birth weight; weight (R2=0.461), surface area (R2=0.411), and volume (R2=0.456) were calculated.

Seed germination traits of Pinus heldreichii in two Greek populations and implications for conservation

Seed germination traits were assessed on Pinus heldreichii H. Christ, a Tertiary relict, high-elevation Mediterranean pine, endemic in the western Balkan Peninsula and southern Italy; it is naturally grown at the northern Greece mountains, but also found in shrubby form above the timberline. Closed and mature cones were collected (October) for three consecutive years from Pindos Range and Mt. Olympus populations. Cone and seed morphological traits were recorded along with the seedling cotyledon number. Seed germination tests were performed under various ecologically meaningful temperatures and light regimes; climate change effects on seed germination and seedling development were assessed based on two climate scenarios. Final seed germination was moderate (~55%) on both, untreated seed lots at most favourable conditions (15 and 20 °C). Although cold stratification is not an absolute requirement, seed germination rate and final percentage are promoted by both a month of cold stratification (at least 30 or 45 days) and white light. The predicted climate change suggests that a prolonged drought period (>3 months) might turn out by the end of the century in the populations studied. Although the temperature increase might not have significant effects in the germination window of the species. The rainfall decrease will inevitably expose the young seedlings to the summer drought, thus increasing the potential mortality rate. Both ex situ (e.g., germplasm conservation) and in situ measures of conservation are recommended for the species survival in Greece, with a particular focus on the populations established at lower altitudes.

Comparison of gross morphological and histological features of placenta between hypertensive and normotensive pregnant women attending Muhimbili National Hospital.

Background: Placenta is the vital fetomaternal organ that is responsible for the maintenance of the pregnancy and promotion of fetal growth and development. The optimal survival, growth, and development of the fetus correspond to the appropriate formation and development of the placenta. Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy exert a great impact on the placenta and reflect changes both morphological and histological.&#x0D; Objective: To compare the morphological and histological features of the placenta between hypertensive pregnant mothers and non-hypertensive pregnant mothers who attended Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH).&#x0D; Methods: A hospital-based cross-sectional study was conducted from June 2020 to August 2020 at Muhimbili National Hospital (MNH). A total of 80 placentas were studied morphologically and histologically, of which 40 placentas were from hypertensive pregnant mothers and 40 placentas were from normotensive pregnant mothers. In the morphological aspect shape, weight, the site of insertion of the umbilical cord, the number of cotyledons of each placenta and thickness of the placenta were noted. In the histological part, Neutral buffered formalin (NBF) was used the routine staining technique which was Hematoxylin and Eosin (H&amp;E) and a light microscope was used. The data were analyzed by using SPSS version 20 computer software and the results were summarized in means and proportions. ‘T-test’ and chi-square’ tests were used and the difference was statistically significant when the p-value&gt;0.05&#x0D; &#x0D; Results: The irregular shape of the placenta and marginal insertion of the umbilical cord were more in the hypertensive group and were statistically significant (p&gt;0.01). The mean placenta weight, mean placenta thickness and mean numbers of cotyledons were significantly less in a hypertensive group compared to the normotensive group (p&lt;0.01). A microscopic study of the placenta revealed the presence of fibrinoid necrosis, syntial knots, calcifications and villous hypoplasia in both normotensive and hypertensive group however these findings were significantly higher in the hypertensive group (p&gt;0.01).&#x0D; Conclusion: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP) exert a profound impact on the placenta. Morphologically altering its dimensions and histologically fibrinoid necrosis, calcifications, syntial knots, and villous hypoplasia were significantly more in the hypertensive group than in the normotensive (p&gt;0.01).

INDIVIDUAL VARIABILITY OF SIBERIAN SPRUCE CONES AND SEEDS IN THE MIDDLE REACHES OF THE SEVERNAYA SOSVA RIVER (KHANTY-MANSI AUTONOMOUS OKRUG)

Individual (intrapopulation) variability of cones and seeds of Siberian spruce in the north-west of the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug in the middle reaches of the Severnaya Sosva River corresponds to "typical" values for the species in a number of traits. At the same time, increased values of the weight of 100 full seeds were noted: 0.547 (0.445-0.644) g and the number of cotyledons associated with it (6.9-8.0 pcs). The coefficient of variation of the first trait is 10 %, the second - about 4 %. The average length of cones on different trees is in the range of 49-80 mm. Seed germination and especially germination readiness have an increased variability. The duration of the seed germination period is on average 11 days, the coefficient of variation is about 12 %; it is 2-4 times less than the coefficient of variation of seed germination and germination readiness. The mass of 100 seeds is associated with the length of cones and the number of cotyledons by a reliable correlation of the average level. A closer relationship (the correlation coefficient is 0.55-0.77) was found between the germination readiness and seed germination. The results of the study contain new information about the regional biological features of Siberian spruce and may be of interest to forestry.

Anatomical characteristics of the placental cotyledon bloodstream in women with exacerbation of cytomegalovirus infection during the second trimester of gestation

Aim. To give an anatomical description of the placental cotyledon bloodstream in women who had an exacerbation of cytomegalovirus infection (CMVI) in the second trimester of gestation. Materials and methods. A study was conducted on 117 placentas, of which 101 were from women with full-term pregnancy and 16 from women with premature birth. In all cases, CMVI led to the development of chronic compensated (CCPI), subcompensated (CSPI) and decompensated placental insufficiency (CDPI). 5 groups were identified: the first group consisted of 30 placentas from women with full-term pregnancy seronegative for cytomegalovirus (CMV); the second – 27 placentas from patients who had an acute phase of chronic CMVI, initiating the development of CCPI; the third – 23 placentas from women with exacerbation of CMVI, leading to the formation of CSPI; the fourth – 21 placentas from patients with an exacerbation of CMVI, which caused the development of CDPI and prolongation of pregnancy to the term of delivery; the fifth – 16 placentas from women with an acute phase of chronic CMVI, initiating the formation of CDPI and miscarriage. The assessment of the bloodstream of cotyledons of the placenta was carried out by injection of contrast (red lead-paint on dryingoil) through the vein of the umbilical cord. To obtain X-ray phlebograms, the apparatus RUM-20M “Sapphire” was used. Results. It was shown that the total number of cotyledons did not differ in the studied groups. In the first group, anatomical forms with a well-contrasted bloodstream were 21.4±2.17, with weakly contrasted vessels – 9.3±0.47, and with no contrast in the veins, arteries and capillaries of the villi – 2.9±0.22. In the placentas of the second group, in comparison with the first one, no differences were found in the number of cotyledons, in which blood vessels were clearly visualized and not detected. However, the number of anatomical forms with poorly contrasted vessels increased by 1.51 times (p&lt;0.05). The placentas of the third group in comparison with the second one were characterized by a decrease by 1.97 times (p &lt; 0.001) in the proportion of cotyledons with a clear contouring of the vascular network and an increase in anatomical forms with a poorly contrasted bloodstream by 2.34 times (p&lt;0.001). In the fourth group, in comparison with the third group, the number of cotyledons with clear visualization of vessels decreased by 2.05 times (p&lt;0.001), and the number of anatomical forms increased by 1.44 times (p&lt;0.01), in which X-ray phlebography did not determine the vasculature. In the fifth group compared to the fourth one, cotyledons with a well-contrasted bloodstream were found 2.83 times less frequently (p &lt; 0.01). Conclusion. With an exacerbation of CMVI in the second trimester of gestation, leading to the formation of CDPI, in comparison with CCPI and CSPI in the placenta, a reduction of blood flow in cotyledons is more often detected as a result of direct endotheliotropic and mediated effects of CMV. This is the anatomical basis of placental ischemia and one of the pathogenetic mechanisms for the development of miscarriage.

Compare the Histological Features between the Normal and Hypertensive Placenta

Objective: The purpose of the current research was to investigate the morphology and histology of placentas collected from moms who had PIH and to compare those results to placentas taken from women who had normal pregnancies. Study Design: The study was conducted at Anatomy department of Women Medical and Dental College Hospital Abbottabad and Mohi-ud-Din Islamic Medical College, Mirpur, AJK during the period from February 2021 to July 2021. Place and Duration: Observational/comparative study Methods: In this study total 80 pregnancies, 40 normal placenta’s and 40 hypertensive placenta’s were presented. At first, the physical aspects of placentas, also known as their morphological traits, were noted. In order to investigate the histology, pieces of each placenta measuring 5 millimetres in thickness were removed. After this, the tissue underwent further histological processing, after which it was fixed in formal saline at a concentration of 10 percent. It was noted down how much newborns weighed at birth. SPSS 23.0 was used to analyze complete data. Results: Placental weight, size, surface area and number of cotyledons were decreased in hypertensive placentas, whereas regions of infarction, retroplacental clot, and calcification were increased. Hyalinized villi and atherosclerosis have been reported in hypertensive placentas (p0.05). Foetal mortality and morbidity were closely linked to these alterations. We also found that among women with high blood pressure who had the aforementioned histological alterations in their placentas, the risk of foetal death and morbidity was higher. Conclusion: We concluded that, PIH reduces placenta weight and size. Changes in utero-placental blood flow may induce placental insufficiency. It affects newborn birth weight. PIH impacts placenta shape, histology, and foetal development. Keywords: Placenta, Pregnancy-induced hypertension, Histological, Morphological, Mortality, Morbidity

Морфологічні особливості плаценти від вагітних з плацентарною дисфункцією, обумовленою цукровим діабетом

The purpose of the study was to conduct a comparative analysis of morphological examination of the placenta depending on the type of diabetes in pregnant women with placental dysfunction. Materials and methods. To analyze the morphological changes of the placenta in pregnant women with various forms of diabetes, 50 placentas were studied. The age of patients ranged from 22 to 39 years. All placentas were divided into three groups according to the objectives of the study: group I – 20 placentas, after childbirth in women with pre-gestational diabetes; group II – 20 placentas, after childbirth in women with gestational diabetes; group III (control) – 10 placentas, after childbirth in women with physiological course of pregnancy. The presence of placental dysfunction in pregnant women was determined using ultrasound and Doppler examination of the fetoplacental complex, the data of hormonal and immunological studies. After delivery, the placentas were weighed, thickness and diameter were measured, an external evaluation was carried out, attention was paid to the presence of infarctions, the development of connective tissue, the number of cotyledons, and the features of umbilical cord attachment. In histological preparations, the diameter of villi, the number of capillaries, syncytial nodules, the number of capillaries in villi were calculated, focusing on the methods described for assessing the placentas in diabetes mellitus. Results and discussion. Macroscopic examination in the control group showed that 90% of placentas did not have pathological changes, cotyledons were clearly separated, umbilical cord discharge in 7 placentas was central; infarctions and thinning of some cotyledons were visualized in 1 (10%) placenta. Macroscopic examination of the placentas of women with pre-gestational diabetes showed increased weight compared to the control group (748.8±48.5 g versus 643.2±57.0 g, p &lt;0.05) and diameter (25.5±2.3 cm versus 22.8±2.1, p&gt; 0.05) of placentas, which is a characteristic manifestation of diabetic pathology. The average number of cotyledons also differed significantly from the indicators of the control group (12.8±3.2 and 9.3±1.2, respectively, p &lt;0.05). The number of visible infarctions and thinning of individual cotyledons of the placentas did not exceed 20%. Macroscopic examination of the placentas after childbirth in women with gestational diabetes revealed changes similar to group I, but less pronounced: the weight of the placenta was significantly higher compared to the control group (720.2±20.5 and 643.2±57.0, respectively, p &lt;0.05), the number of cotyledons exceeded the control indicators, but this difference was not significant, and the number of infarctions and thickenings did not differ from the control group. Conclusion. Morphological examination of the placentas revealed typical changes for diabetes, which are the result of hypoxia and prolonged dyscirculation: an increase in weight, placenta size, the number of cotyledons at the macroscopic level. Microscopic examination revealed an increase in villi, vessels in villi, thinning of the placental barrier, fibrinoid deposition. The changes were more pronounced in placentas obtained after childbirth in women with pre-gestational diabetes, which is a more severe pathology. Stimulation of childbirth led to minor dyscirculatory disorders in some placentas (vasodilation and plethora)

Antibacterial activity of plant essential oils obtained from Satureja species against Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. phaseoli and Xanthomonas citri subsp. fuscans

In this study, the antibacterial effects of essential oils obtained from different Satureja species (Satureja cuneifolia Ten., Satureja spicigera (C. Koch) Boiss., Satureja thymbra L., Satureja hortensis L. and Satureja cilicica P.H. Davis) against Xanthomonas phaseoli pv. phaseoli (Smith) Vauterin and Xanthomonas citri subsp. fuscans (Burkholder) Starr &amp;amp; Burkholder, which cause common leaf blight in bean plant, were tested. Essential oils were found to significantly inhibit the growth of bacterial strains of both disease agents in vitro, and the lowest concentrations that prevent bacterial growth were determined for both pathogens. The effects of essential oil applications on seed germination, number of infected cotyledons and disease severity were also evaluated. It was determined that essential oils of S. cuneifolia and S. spicigera has no negative effects on seed germination while essential oils of S. hortensis, S. thymbra and S. cilicica caused a little decrease in seed germination compared to the control. As a result of S. cuneifolia + pathogen and S. spicigera + pathogen applications, no infected cotyledons were detected, and it was determined that the disease development caused by two pathogens was prevented by 100%.

Determination of Effect of Placental Characteristics on Lamb Birth Weight in Bafra Sheep by Path Analysis

Path analysis is used to describe the directed dependencies among a set of variables and applied in animal breeding to improve breeding practices. Therefore, the aim of this study was to examine the direct and indirect effect of some placental traits on lamb birth weight born to Bafra sheep breed using path analysis. For this aim, the relationship between lamb birth weight and seven placental traits (placental weight; PW, total cotyledon numbers; TCN, total cotyledon surface area; TCSA, cotyledon efficiency; CE, total cotyledon volume; TCV, volumetric cotyledon efficiency; VCE, placenta efficiency; PE) were studied in 40 singleton - bearing ewe. Birth weight (BW), lamb sex, and placental measurements were recorded within 12 h after parturition. The direct effects of PE on birth weight were found statistically significant (p

LOCALIZATION OF EPITHELIAL AND MESENCHYMAL ELEMENTS IN THE PLACENTAL STRUCTURES OF COWS IN THE NORM AND DURING THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE STATE OF ECLAMPSIAS

The results of pathomorphological and morphometric studies showed that the histostructure of the normal placenta in cows in the last stages of gestation was characterized by the following features: - free location of the chorionic villi in the crypts formed by the branches of the uterine septa; - the composition of the intercellular substance of the uterine septa includes neutral mucopolysaccharides, chorionic villi - acid mucopolysaccharides. Histological examination of the placenta of cows during pregnancy complicated by preeclampsia revealed certain patterns in the structure of the organ, which can be taken into account in differential diagnosis: - a decrease in the mass of fetal membranes, as well as a decrease in the number and surface area of cotyledons; - hyperplasia of the crypts with simultaneous reduction of the villi, the crypts merged with each other, forming structures resembling the endometrium in structure; - vacuolar degeneration of chorionic villi in the fetal part of the placenta; - premature degradation of the extracellular matrix, not associated with labor activity.

Vicissitudes in the Placental Cotyledon Number in a Singleton Pregnancy with Gestational Diabetes.

Background:Placenta is a transient organ during pregnancy, connects the fetus to the uterine wall. Pregnancy is frequently complicated by gestational diabetes, which might cause morphological changes in the placenta (weight, diameter, and cotyledons number); consequently, it may affect both fetus and mother.Aim:The aim of this study was to determine the difference in placental cotyledons number between pregnant with gestational diabetes versus without gestational diabetes, then correlate it with the weight and diameter between groups.Materials and Methods:A comparative study (gestational diabetes Group A and nongestational diabetes Group B) included mothers with a singleton baby delivered at term (37–40 weeks) after acceptance of the informed consent. Women with pregestational diabetes and other chronic diseases and those with intrauterine fetal death were excluded. Postdelivery placentae were accurately prepared and examined in detail. The placental weight, diameter, and cotyledons number were recorded and analyzed by SPSS version 21. The correlation was measured between the two groups in terms of cotyledons count, placental diameter, and weight.Results:The study included 385 participants (128 Group A and 257 Group B). Placental number of cotyledons, weight, and diameter in Group A were higher than in Group B, and the difference was significant (P = 0.000, P = 0.021, and P = 0.000, respectively). In Group A, there was a significant correlation between the placental weight, diameter, and number of its cotyledons (r = 0.23, P = 0.011). Cotyledon count was significantly affected by diabetic control (P = 0.021).Conclusions:Gestational diabetes increases placental cotyledons number, weight, and diameter.

Quantitative Analysis of Gross Morphology of Placenta in Normal and Hypertensive Patients

Background: Placenta is an important organ and the growth and development of fetus is dependent on it. The different pregnancy complications as antepartum haemorrhage, postpartum haemorrhage, coagulopathy etc. in mothers and IUGR (intrauterine growth retardation), prematurity etc. in foetus are reflected in the placenta &amp; are associated with pregnancy induced hypertension (PIH) . They form the major causes of maternal and fetal mortality &amp; morbidity.&#x0D; Objectives: Quantitative analysis of the changes in gross morphology of placenta in normal and hypertensive pregnancies.&#x0D; To study the resultant effect on the foetal outcome.&#x0D; Material &amp; Methods: We had taken 100 placentas of normal &amp; hypertensive group patients each for study .We collected them from the labour room &amp; operation theatre of Dept. of Obstetrics &amp; Gynaecology of our medical college. Gross morphological features of placentas like size, weight, no. of cotyledons , areas of infarction, retroplacental clot, calcification and insertion of umbilical cord etc. were noted and simultaneously the histological study was also done.&#x0D; Observations &amp; Results: The gross morphological parameters like diameter, size, surface area, number of cotyledons and weight were reduced in hypertensive placentas than normal placentas while areas of infarction, retroplacental clot, calcification were more in hypertensive placentas than normal placentas. (p&lt;0.005) The observed differences were statistically significant.

Placental traits, and plasma concentration and placental mRNA expression of IGF-I in Bafra sheep breed with different birth type

Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) promote follicle development, ovulation, and embryonic development and affect placental and fetal growth and development in many mammalian species. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the relationship between birth type, plasma concentration, and placental mRNA expression of IGF-I in Bafra ewes. A total of 30 ewes, which have single (n=15) or twin (n=15) gestation and at least gave birth to 2, have been used as experimental animals. Before mating, blood samples were collected from the jugular vena of all ewes. Following lambing, birth type, live weight, and sex of lambs and placental traits have been recorded. Plasma IGF-I concentration was determined using a commercial ELISA kit. IGF-I gene expression level has been determined by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. No difference was found between single and twin-bearing sheep in terms of placental weight and various cotyledon characteristics in the study. In contrast, total cotyledon weights were lower in singleton gestation than those in twin (P<0.05). Similarly, the total and medium cotyledon number and cotyledon efficiency of Bafra ewes with single deliveries were lower than Bafra sheep with twin births (P<0.05). Although the birth type did not affect both placental gene expression level and plasma concentration of IGF-I, sheep that gave birth to twins exhibited 0.908 times more gene expression than that to single births. The study results showed that birth type did not affect plasma IGF-I concentration and placental IGF-I gene expression level in Bafra sheep breed but changed placental characteristics.

P.169: Decellularized Cotyledons Isolated From Human Placenta Used Like a Scaffold for the Generation of a Human Bioartificial Pancreas

Background: Replacing damaged organs with biological substitutes capable of protecting the islets and facilitating vascularization is a great objective in the field of islet transplantation. A decellularized placenta includes a large number of cotyledons with a conserved vessel structure of the native organ. Our goal is to obtain a perfect decellularization protocol to generate pre-vascularized organoids by recellularizing this ECM with HUVECs and pancreatic islets. Methods: After blood removal, cotyledons were dissected from the placentas and decellularized using a bioreactor. Cell removal was assessed by histology and quantification of residual DNA. Presence of structural proteins and ECM structure were analyzed using SEM, CT scan and mass spectrometry. Recellularization protocols were conducted, with HUVECs or BOECs as endothelial cell sources, and with Ins-1E cells or rat islets as insulin secreting cell sources. Function of recellularized cotyledons was assessed in vitro with glucose stimulated insulin secretion tests (GSIS). To assess in vivo biocompatibility and function of the scaffolds, we transplanted in diabetic NSG mice. Glycaemia was measured every day to monitor normalization of blood glucose levels. Results: Our protocol led to successful decellularization, as evidenced by the absence of cells and the preserved ECM structure. Moreover, DNA quantification did not reveal any residual DNA. Quantification of GAG and hydroxyproline, and mass spectrometry analysis show that structural proteins are conserved. SEM and CT scan images revealed that the ECM structure was preserved after the decellularization protocol. Cells after recellularization showed a good vascularization after 7 days. The GSIS test shows a perfect organ response in the production of insulin. Conclusions: The decellularized cotyledon is the perfect scaffold to reproduce a prevascularized insulin-producing organ, which allows transplanted cells to survive during the peri-transplantation period.