Number Of Collisions Research Articles

Evaluating the Chase Utley Rule: The Association Between a Rule Change and Collision-Related Injuries in Major League Baseball.

Background:Major League Baseball (MLB) adopted a rule change in 2016 to reduce the number of collisions that occur when a player slides into a base. The effect of rule 6.01(j) has not been quantified, and it remains unknown if this rule change has led to improved player safety.Hypothesis:Rule 6.01(j) would be associated with a reduction in the number of collision-related injuries at second base.Study Design:Cohort study; Level of evidence, 3.Methods:Using data from the MLB Health and Injury Tracking System, we quantified the number of collision-related injuries for defensive (ie, fielding) players in the infield at the major and minor league levels between the 2010 and 2019 seasons. We compared the median number of collision-related injuries for defensive players in the infield from before (2010-2015) to after (2016-2019) the implementation of rule 6.01(j) and also calculated the difference in location of the median from the seasons before versus after the rule change. An additional 3 analyses were performed to support or contradict a conclusion that any observed reduction in injuries at the start of the 2016 season was likely caused by the adoption of rule 6.01(j).Results:The median number of collision-related injuries for defensive players at second base decreased from 58.5 to 37.5 injuries per season after the rule change, which was a 36% decrease (difference in location, 19.5 [95% CI, 5.0 to 31.0]; P = .019). In contrast, the median number of collision-related injuries at first base decreased by only 14.1%, from 49.5 before to 42.5 after the rule change (difference in location, –9.0 [95% CI, –4.0 to 18.0]; P = .16), and the median number of collision-related injuries per season at third base was unchanged at 15 per season.Conclusion:This rule change was associated with a decrease in the number of collision-related injuries, with the largest effect observed at second base, as expected.

Implementing wildlife fences along highways at the appropriate spatial scale: A case study of reducing road mortality of Florida Key deer

Florida Key deer mortality data (1966–2017) showed that about 75% of all reported deer mortalities were related to collisions with vehicles. In 2001–2002, the eastern section of US Hwy 1 on Big Pine Key (Florida, USA) was mitigated with a wildlife fence, 2 underpasses, and 4 deer guards. After mitigation, the number of reported Key deer road mortalities reduced substantially in the mitigated section, but this was negated by an increase in collisions along the unmitigated section of US Hwy 1 on Big Pine Key, both in absolute numbers and expressed as a percentage of the total deer population size. The data also showed that the increase in Key deer collisions along the unmitigated highway section on the island could not be explained through an increase in Key deer population size, or by a potential increase in traffic volume. The overall Key deer road mortality along US Hwy 1 was not reduced but was moved from the mitigated section to the nearby unmitigated section. Thus, there was no net benefit of the fence in reducing collisions. After mitigation, a significant hotspot of Key deer-vehicle collisions appeared at the western fence-end, and additional hotspots occurred further west along the unmitigated highway. Exploratory spatial analyses led us to reject the unmitigated highway section on Big Pine Key as a suitable control for a Before-After-Control-Impact (BACI) analysis into the effectiveness of the mitigation measures in reducing deer-vehicle collisions. Instead, we selected highway sections west and east of Big Pine Key as a control. The BACI analysis showed that the wildlife fence and associated mitigation measures were highly effective (95%) in reducing deer-vehicle collisions along the mitigated highway section. Nonetheless, in order to reduce the overall number of deer-vehicle collisions along US Hwy 1, the entire highway section on Big Pine Key would need to be mitigated. However, further mitigation is complicated because of the many buildings and access roads for businesses and residences. This case study illustrates that while fences and associated measures can be very effective in reducing collisions, wildlife fences that are too short may result in an increase in collisions in nearby unmitigated road sections, especially near fence-ends. Therefore it is important to carefully consider the appropriate spatial scale over which highway mitigation measures are implemented and evaluated.

Exploring 15 years of brown bear (Ursus arctos)-vehicle collisions in northwestern Greece

Road networks provide several benefits to human societies; however, they are also one of the major drivers of fragmentation and habitat degradation. Their negative effects include wildlife-vehicle collisions which are associated with increased barrier effects, restricted gene flow, and increased local extinction risk. Large carnivores, such as the brown bear (Ursus arctos), are vulnerable to road mortality while they also put human safety at risk in every collision. We recorded approximately 100 bear-vehicle collisions during the last 15 years (2005–2020) in northwestern Greece and identified common aspects for collisions, i.e., spatial, or temporal segregation of collision events, road features, and age or sex of the involved animals. We recorded collisions in both the core distribution area of brown bears, as well as at the periphery, where few individuals, mostly males, disperse. According to our findings, there are four collision hotspots which include ca. 60% of total collisions. Bear-vehicle collisions occurred mostly in periods of increased animal mobility, under poor light conditions and low visibility. In most cases, we deem that a collision was unavoidable at the time of animal detection, because the driver could not have reacted in time to avoid it. Appropriate fencing, in combination with the retention of safe passages for the animals, can minimize collisions. Therefore, such mitigation measures, wildlife warning signs and other collision prevention systems, such as animal detection systems, should be adopted to decrease the number of bear-vehicle collisions and improve road safety.

Analysis and Evaluation of the Effectiveness of Safety Systems at Railroad Crossings in Poland

The number of vehicles on the road is growing every year and each year too many people lose their lives and health on Polish roads. The number of accidents, including at level crossings, is very high. Despite the construction of new, safer roads, the number of collisions continues to grow and about three thousand accident participants die each year. The main causes of accidents are inadequate speed to the prevailing road conditions or regulations, driving under the influence of alcohol and random events. For this reason, the article analyzes the safety at railroad crossings in Poland. In the next stage, an exemplary system improving safety at railroad crossings is presented. The new solution was analysed using a survey. The research results presented may be applicable to other countries.

How Data Mining Can Improve Road Safety in Cities

Traffic collisions pose a serious problem for cities due to the annually increasing number of vehicles. Information about incidents that occur on roads is important for the corresponding monitoring bodies, authorities, and emergency services. To ensure traffic safety, the data have to be visible, clean, and transparently displayed. This research was, therefore, aimed at developing a methodology for monitoring motor vehicle collision data and applying visualization techniques to evidence from New York City. The method showed that the largest number of motor vehicle traffic crashes occurred in Lower Manhattan due to its high population and traffic density. With these data, the road agencies of the city can put potentially dangerous road sections under control and make them safer for both drivers and pedestrians. Further development of the system may be associated with data analytics and visualization, resulting in new layers of heatmaps that not only provide details on car collision hotspots, which serve as the main target indicator for traffic safety authorities, but also break them down into social facilities, such as schools. This feature will enable assessment of how safe it is around a school and the evaluation of the impact of an underpass or a traffic enforcement camera on the number of collisions. The motor vehicle traffic crash (MVTC) monitoring system will help in comparing city districts and regions in terms of safety, seeing trends, realizing what exactly is happening at interchanges, and understanding the reasons behind. The methodology, in addition, can be supplemented with an analysis of risk factors for MVTCs, the efficiency of adopted measures and road renovations that are carried out, and many other functions.

Perspectives on Intelligent Road Lighting Control

Road lighting is best known to have the potential to improve night-time safety. The vast majority of research studies have shown that the installation of road lighting has favourable effects on the number and severity of road collisions. In addition, some evidence suggests that current road lighting practices are over-lighting the roadway. Therefore, the rapidly growing concerns about energy consumption and its related costs will force further changes in road lighting technology and practice. To date, there have been no studies that investigated the association between current knowledge and the road lighting guidelines. This article reviews and discusses CIE road lighting guidelines for motorised traffic. It then provides current knowledge in the area of lighting motorised roads leading to possibilities for intelligent lighting control. Finally, suggestions for considering dimming of road lighting based on recent developments in science and technology are provided. The three recommended approaches, static road lighting, semi-dynamic lighting levels, and dynamic lighting levels, could save energy without compromising traffic safety.

B h BF: A Bloom Filter Using B h Sequences for Multi-set Membership Query

Multi-set membership query is a fundamental issue for network functions such as packet processing and state machines monitoring. Given the rigid query speed and memory requirements, it would be promising if a multi-set query algorithm can be designed based on Bloom filter (BF), a space-efficient probabilistic data structure. However, existing efforts on multi-set query based on BF suffer from at least one of the following drawbacks: low query speed, low query accuracy, limitation in only supporting insertion and query operations, or limitation in the set size. To address the issues, we design a novel B h sequence-based Bloom filter (B h BF) for multi-set query, which supports four operations: insertion, query, deletion, and update. In B h BF, the set ID is encoded as a code in a B h sequence. Exploiting good properties of B h sequences, we can correctly decode the BF cells to obtain the set IDs even when the number of hash collisions is high, which brings high query accuracy. In B h BF, we propose two strategies to further speed up the query speed and increase the query accuracy. On the theoretical side, we analyze the false positive and classification failure rate of our B h BF. Our results from extensive experiments over two real datasets demonstrate that B h BF significantly advances state-of-the-art multi-set query algorithms.

Walking through a narrow opening improves collision avoidance behavior in a patient with stroke and unilateral spatial neglect: an ABA single-case design

ABSTRACT We investigated the effect of a 3-week intervention—wherein a patient with unilateral spatial neglect walks through a narrow opening while entering from the contralesional side—to improve walking ability or ADL. A 66-year-old man was diagnosed with right parietal subcortical hemorrhage. We used an ABA single-case design; period B was set as the intervention. The intervention improved the continuous walking distance and balance ability and decreased the number of collisions when walking through the narrow opening; however, it exerted minimal effect on ADL. Thus, the intervention may effectively improve continuous physical or spatial attention behavior, regardless of ADL improvement.

Determination of neutron moderation parameters through neutron captured gamma ray emission – A novel method

The neutron moderation properties such as relative thermal lethargy, average logarithmic energy decrement and average number of collisions for elemental and composite materials were determined experimentally by using (n, γ) reaction. The Am-Be source used in the experiment emits neutrons of energies from thermal to fast with an average energy of 4.2 MeV along with the emission of 4.43 MeV gamma radiation due to de-excitation of 12C* nucleus. The 2.2 MeV gamma radiation emitted from paraffin due to capture of thermal neutrons by hydrogen in paraffin and 4.43 MeV gamma radiations emitted due to de-excitation of 12C* nucleus were detected with 2 in. × 2 in. NaI(Tl) gamma ray scintillation spectrometer coupled to multi-channel analyzer. Using the intensity ratio of 2.2 MeV and 4.43 MeV gamma radiations, the neutron moderation parameters have been determined for elemental targets such as C, Al, Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb and for composite materials such as Perspex, Cadmium Acetate dihydrate, Magnesium Acetate tetrahydrate, Cobalt Acetate tetrahydrate, Nickel Acetate tetrahydrate and Brass.

Sampling-based unmanned aerial vehicle air traffic integration, path planning, and collision avoidance

Unmanned aircraft or drones as they are sometimes called are continuing to become part of more real-life applications. The integration of unmanned aerial vehicles in public airspace is becoming an important issue that should be addressed. As the number of unmanned aerial vehicles and their applications are largely increasing, air traffic with more unmanned aircraft has to be given more attention to prevent collisions and maintain safe skies. Unmanned aerial vehicle air traffic integration and regulation has become a priority to different regulatory agencies and has become of greater interest for many researchers all around the world. In this research, a sampling-based air traffic integration, path planning, and collision avoidance approach is presented. The proposed algorithm expands an existing 2D sampling-based approach. The original 2D approach deals with only two unmanned aircraft. Each of the two aircraft shares location information with a ground-based path planner computer, which would send back the avoidance waypoints after performing the 2D sampling. The algorithm proposed in this article can handle any number of drones in the 3D space by performing either 2D or 3D sampling. The proposed work shows a 10-fold enhancement in terms of the number of unmanned aerial vehicle collisions. The presented results also contribute to enabling a better understanding of what is expected of integrating more drones in dense skies.

Brownian motion of neutrinos in the Sun

When solving the solar neutrino problem on the basis of the hypothesis of the existence of a new interaction between electron neutrinos and nucleons, carried by a massless pseudoscalar boson, it becomes necessary to find the consequences of the short-term Brownian motion of neutrinos in the Sun. Earlier, we transmitted these consequences by the effective number of collisions of a neutrino with nucleons of the Sun, assuming the equality of fluxes near the Earth of left- and right-handed solar neutrinos. In this paper, we analyze the transfer of the mentioned consequences by a test geometric distribution of collisions with one free parameter. This distribution provides good agreement between theoretical and experimental results for all five observed processes with solar neutrinos, while it gives the ratio of fluxes near the Earth of left- and right-handed neutrinos equal to 0.516:0.484. With such a ratio, the acceptability of the method of the effective number of collisions of a neutrino with nucleons is again confirmed.

Accident Analysis and Method Comparison of Finding Black Spots on M-2(Lahore-Islamabad) Motorway, Pakistan

Abstract: The purpose of this research is to locate the black spot on the Lahore-Islamabad Motorway and investigate the elements that contribute to traffic accidents (M2). The National Highways and Motorway Police (NHMP), Pakistan, provided 10 years of road accident data for this research. A total of 375 kilometres of M-2 were included in this study's database of sixteen hundred fifty two traffic accidents. Time, sector, beat, severity, casualty, severity index, weather, and other variables are taken into account while analysing the 2010-2020 crash data for M-2. The accident patterns and trends on various road segments have been analysed. Cars (50 percent), trucks (15 percent), buses (eight percent), and Hiace (seven percent) are the most susceptible vehicles (7 percent). More than two-thirds of accidents are caused by reckless driving (28%) or sleeping at the wheel (27%) or tyre bursts (11%) or mechanical faults (8%) or slick roads (5%) or incorrect pedestrian crossings (5%). (4 percent). In both Europe and Asia, several methodologies are used to identify problem areas. An overview of the approaches employed in Austria, Belgium, and India is presented in this work. Kallar Kahar (Salt Range) was classified as a "black spot" as a consequence of these approaches due to the large number of accidents that occur there (223 km, 224 km, 225 km, 229 km, 234 km, 195 km, and 283 km). Vehicle braking failure is the leading cause of car accidents. Because human error is a key component in car accidents, teaching drivers about traffic safety via traditional and new media may help reduce the number of collisions. Alarms and tyres monitoring gauges are advised to prevent mishaps caused by sleeping and tyre rupture. Keywords: Road Traffic Accidents, Traffic Safety, Black Spots, Motorway, Dozing alarms.

A New Perspective to Tribocharging: Could Tribocharging Lead to the Development of a Non-Destructive Approach for Process Monitoring and Quality Control of Powders?

This study explores a new perspective on triboelectrification that could potentially lead to the development of a non-destructive approach for the rapid characterization of powders. Sieved yellow pea powders at various particle sizes and protein contents were used as a model system for the experimental charge measurements of the triboelectrified powders. A tribocharging model based on the prominent condenser model was combined with a Eulerian–Lagrangian computational fluid dynamics (CFD) model to simulate particle tribocharging in particle-laden flows. Further, an artificial neural network model was developed to predict particle–wall collision numbers based on a database obtained through CFD simulations. The tribocharging and CFD models were coupled with the experimental tribocharging data to estimate the contact potential difference of powders, which is a function of contact surfaces’ work functions and depends on the chemical composition of powders. The experimentally measured charge-to-mass ratios were linearly related to the calculated contact potential differences for samples with different protein contents, indicating a potential approach for the chemical characterization of powders.

Avenues for Sport-Related Concussion Prevention in High School Football: Effect of Limiting Collision Practices.

Football continues to demonstrate the highest rate of sport-related concussion (SRC) in high school athletics. To mitigate the SRC risk, the Michigan High School Athletic Association (MHSAA) implemented rules aimed at reducing the number of collisions occurring in practices. To estimate the rates of SRC in MHSAA football programs and evaluate progressive limitations to collision practices over 5 consecutive seasons. Retrospective cohort study. Michigan high school football. High school (9th-12th grade) football athletes (>99% male) participating in MHSAA-sanctioned events. Designated administrators at each school recorded the total number of participating athletes and SRCs (defined as head injuries resulting from athletic participation that required the student-athletes to be withheld from activity after exhibiting signs, symptoms, or behaviors consistent with an SRC) in the MHSAA injury-surveillance system each season (2015-2016 through 2019-2020). Progressive limitations to collision practices occurred across the study period. We estimated athlete-exposures (AEs) as the total number of players multiplied by the total number of possible practices (11 weeks, 4 days each) or competitions (9 weeks, 1 day each) during each season. Incidence rates and rate ratios (RRs) with 95% CIs were used to compare practice and competition SRCs and each season with the most recent season. A total of 7755 football SRCs were diagnosed across the 5-year period. The overall SRC rate was 8.03 per 10 000 AEs (95% CI = 7.85, 8.21). The competition SRC rate (30.13/10 000 AEs) was higher than the practice rate (3.51/10 000 AEs; RR = 8.58; 95% CI = 8.19, 9.00). The practice SRC rate was lower in 2017-2018 (RR = 0.86; 95% CI = 0.77, 0.97), 2018-2019 (RR = 0.89; 95% CI = 0.79, 1.0), and 2019-2020 (RR = 0.83; 95% CI = 0.74, 0.94) relative to 2015-2016. We found that the progressive limitations to collision practices were protective against SRCs, as the rate of SRC was lower in the 3 most recent seasons relative to 2015-2016.

A method for estimating the number of collision candidates in two waterways – for all intersection angles

AbstractEstimating the collision frequency of ships (F) is important for assessing collision risk on waterways. To date, F has been estimated as the product of the number of collision candidates $({N_{a }})$ and the causation probability $({P_c})$: $F = {N_{a}} \cdot {P_c}$, where ${N_{a }}$ represents the number of collisions that occur when related ships continue on course with no intervention, and ${P_c}$ is the probability that collision avoidance fails. Fujii developed a general method and Pedersen formulated it to estimate ${N_{a }}$ in an intersectional area. Their method is generally called ‘the geometric method’ because collision candidates are estimated only from the geometric relationship between two ships. The method has been used in many projects to estimate F in waterways; however, its use should be limited to intersection angles ranging from 10° to 170°. This paper presents a method, statistically verified by computer simulation, that can be used at all intersection angles to overcome this limitation. Moreover, it demonstrates strong agreement with Pedersen's method at intersection angles of 10° to 170°.

Adding to the story, did penetrating trauma really increase? changes in trauma patterns during the COVID-19 pandemic: A multi-institutional, multi-region investigation

BackgroundResults from single-region studies suggest that stay at home orders (SAHOs) had unforeseen consequences on the volume and patterns of traumatic injury during the initial months of the Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The aim of this study was to describe, using a multi-regional approach, the effects of COVID-19 SAHOs on trauma volume and patterns of traumatic injury in the US. MethodsA retrospective cohort study was performed at four verified Level I trauma centers spanning three geographical regions across the United States (US). The study period spanned from April 1, 2020 – July 31, 2020 including a month-matched 2019 cohort. Patients were categorized into pre-COVID-19 (PCOV19) and first COVID-19 surge (FCOV19S) cohorts. Patient demographic, injury, and outcome data were collected via Trauma Registry queries. Univariate and multivariate analyses were performed. ResultsA total 5,616 patients presented to participating study centers during the PCOV19 (2,916) and FCOV19S (2,700) study periods. Blunt injury volume decreased (p = 0.006) due to a significant reduction in the number of motor vehicle collisions (MVCs) (p = 0.003). Penetrating trauma experienced a significant increase, 8% (246/2916) in 2019 to 11% (285/2,700) in 2020 (p = 0.007), which was associated with study site (p = 0.002), not SAHOs. Finally, study site was significantly associated with changes in nearly all injury mechanisms, whereas SAHOs accounted for observed decreases in calculated weekly averages of blunt injuries (p < 0.02) and MVCs (p = 0.003). ConclusionResults of this study suggest that COVID-19 and initial SAHOs had variable consequences on patterns of traumatic injury, and that region-specific shifts in traumatic injury ensued during initial SAHOs. These results suggest that other factors, potentially socioeconomic or cultural, confound trauma volumes and types arising from SAHOs. Future analyses must consider how regional changes may be obscured with pooled cohorts, and focus on characterizing community-level changes to aid municipal preparation for future similar events.

Molecular dynamics simulation of evaporation coefficient of vapor molecules during steady net evaporation in binary mixture system

In this study, an evaporation coefficient representing the evaporation rate of vapor molecules was calculated in a vapor–gas binary mixture and non-equilibrium system using molecular dynamics simulation. The non-equilibrium herein refers to a state in which the net evaporation of vapor molecules occurs, and the calculation system is composed of vapor molecules and non-condensable (NC) gas molecules. The evaporation coefficient in the non-equilibrium state was demonstrated to have almost the same value as that in the equilibrium state. The number density of NC gas molecules around the gas–liquid interface, which is related to the probability that vapor molecules are prevented from evaporating owing to molecular collisions, is shown to be independent of the system state. This makes the evaporation coefficient the same regardless of whether the system is in equilibrium or non-equilibrium. In contrast, the evaporation coefficient decreased as the molar fraction of the NC gas molecules increased. The increase in the molar fraction causes a higher number density of NC gas molecules around the gas–liquid interface, leading to an increase in the number of molecular collisions, which prevents vapor molecules from evaporating. Moreover, it was clarified that the change in the interface structure caused by the presence of NC gas molecules affects the velocity distribution of evaporation vapor molecules.

Numerical study on powder fuel injection characteristics of powder fuel scramjet

Powder fuel injection is an attractive technique for powder fuel scramjets and plays an important role in numerically investigating the particle velocity and concentration distribution in powder fuel injection. In this study, the coupled model of computational fluid dynamics-discrete element method (CFD-DEM) was used to simulate the flow of aluminium powder in the nozzle. Firstly, the flow field characteristics of gas-phase and two-phase gas-particle were compared. The results show that the particle disturbance has a great influence on the convection field, in which the maximum velocity of gas-phase is reduced by 47.15%, the acceleration distance is shortened by 34.18%, and the minimum velocity is reduced by 41.48%. Secondly, particle velocity and concentration distributions under different nozzle convergence angles were compared, and their correlations with the nozzle convergence angle, particle collision, and gas-particle drag force were identified. The results show that as increase in convergence angle of the nozzle, both the number of particle collisions in the nozzle and expansion angle of the particle jet at the nozzle exit have increased, while the particle velocity at the nozzle exit has decreased. The overall simulation results and analyses provide a new reference for the flow mechanism of the fuel injection process and the design of a powder conveying system for a powder fuel scramjet.

Human-machine interface for a master-slave hydraulic manipulator with vision enhancement and auditory feedback

This paper proposes a novel human-machine interface (HMI) for addressing the operational inefficiency problem owing to the asymmetrical workspace mapping in master-slave hydraulic manipulators. An augmented reality-based head-mounted display system combining binocular vision with real-time virtual modeling was designed for demonstrating the commanded motion, and a hidden-appearance visualization rule was established for reducing visual interference, caused by the occlusion effect. An auditory feedback interface was designed for providing an additional cue for the master-slave position error. Eighteen participants were required for executing two typical tasks for validation. The test results indicated that the task completion time was reduced using the proposed HMI, and the number of collisions with surrounding items was reduced. Although the subjective feeling evaluation showed no statistical improvement owing to the visual fatigue and limited definition of the augmented reality scene, the proposed HMI is a practical method for improving the operational efficiency of hydraulic manipulators.

A Device-to-Device direct discovery algorithm to mitigate the collision caused by hidden users

Device-to-Device (D2D) discovery is an essential constituent in D2D communications as a future generation of wireless communication networks. Direct discovery enables users to discover their neighbors to exchange traffic without the cellular-networks assistance in order to enhance spectral efficiency and throughput. Despite its role to reduce signaling load, few works pay sufficient attention to direct discovery. According to the latest density of users detected by User Equipments (UEs) and their neighbors, this study suggests an adaptable, neighborhood-aware D2D direct discovery technique. To distinguish concealed UEs from other UEs, this technique employs a novel classification method. It also uses its neighborhood-aware capability to avoid severe collisions among all users, including hidden users. The performance of the proposed algorithm is compared with the recent adaptive algorithms and the algorithm recommended by the 3GPP standard. We evaluate algorithms in metrics such as discovery delay and the number of beacons required to terminate the discovery process. The simulation results show that the number of beacons, collision, and discovery delay considerably decrease via the proposed algorithm.