Number Of Clans Research Articles

Clan-Model of Particle Production Process-Revisited in Chaos-based Complex Network Scenario

The multiplicity-distribution of High-Energy-Interaction, had earlier been analysed w.r.t. clan-model and Negative-Binomial-Distribution (NBD), which described the underlying particle production process by means of cascading mechanism. Clan was defined to contain the particles stemming from the same ancestor [1] and Average-multiplicity within clan was deduced from the best fitted NBD for the multiplicity-distribution of full-phase-space. Since latest data couldn’t be confronted with NBD alone to deduce number of clans and their internal dynamics, we propose a new rigorous method using complex-network and chaos-based Visibility-Graph-algorithm to extract clusters from different rapidity-regions around the central-rapidity-(cr) of exemplary data of 32S-AgBr(200 A GeV)-interaction. These clusters are found to be scale-free and self-similar. For each cluster Power-of-Scale-freeness-of-Visibility-Graph (PSVG) and two important topological parameters: Average-clustering-co-efficient, Average-degree are extracted based on visibility of the nodes from each other in the Visibility Graph constructed from the cluster. The clan-model is revisited by correlating clusters with clans and Average-degree of the clusters with the number of particles in the clan. For each rapidity-region around (cr) the number of clusters/clans having higher values of both Average-clustering-co-efficient and PSVG, is extracted. For those clusters (Average-degree)/(number-of-particles-in-the-clan) has been calculated. It has been found that there are fewer number of clusters/clans having higher Average- clustering-co-efficient and PSVG, in the rapidity-region nearest to the (cr) and this count increases monotonically across increasing overlapping rapidity-regions around (cr)

The cytochrome P450 genes of channel catfish: Their involvement in disease defense responses as revealed by meta-analysis of RNA-Seq data sets

BackgroundCytochrome P450s (CYPs) encode one of the most diverse enzyme superfamily in nature. They catalyze oxidative reactions of endogenous molecules and exogenous chemicals. MethodsWe identified CYPs genes through in silico analysis using EST, RNA-Seq and genome databases of channel catfish. Phylogenetic analyses and conserved syntenic analyses were conducted to determine their identities and orthologies. Meta-analysis of RNA-Seq databases was conducted to analyze expression profile of CYP genes following bacterial infection. ResultsA full set of 61 CYP genes was identified and characterized in channel catfish. Phylogenetic tree and conserved synteny provided strong evidence of their identities and orthorlogy. Lineage-specific gene duplication was evident in a number of clans in channel catfish. CYP46A1 is missing in the catfish genome as observed with syntenic analysis and RT-PCR analysis. Thirty CYPs were found up- or down-regulated in liver, while seven and eight CYPs were observed regulated in intestine and gill following bacterial infection. ConclusionWe systematically identified and characterized a full set of 61 CYP genes in channel catfish and studied their expression profiles after bacterial infection. While bacterial challenge altered the expression of large numbers of CYP genes, the mechanisms and significance of these changes are not known. General significanceThis work provides an example to systematically study CYP genes in non-model species. Moreover, it provides a basis for further toxicological and physiological studies in channel catfish.

Grupos sociales

We consider the structure of social networks corresponding to primitive societies where each individual belongs to a clan. The number of clans and the size of the society are bounded as functions of the Perron number r(S) of the adjacency matrix of the network. We get the inequality r(S) ≤ D(S) comparing the Perron and the Dunbar numbers of the network. The Perron number r(S) is a measure of the complexity of the social network.

The effect of prey abundance and foraging tactics on the population dynamics of a social, territorial carnivore, the spotted hyena

We used naturally occurring spatial and temporal changes in prey abundance to investigate whether the foraging behavior of a social, territorial carnivore, the spotted hyena (Crocuta crocuta), conformed to predictions derived from the ideal free distribution. We demonstrate that hyenas in the Ngorongoro Crater, Tanzania, redistributed themselves from less profitable to more profitable areas, even when this required them to undertake foraging trips to areas beyond their clan territory boundary, or required normally philopatric females to emigrate. As expected for a system with rank related access to food resources in the territory, females of low social status foraged more often outside their territory and were more likely to emigrate than dominant females. Probably because Crater hyenas regularly foraged outside their territories, there was no correlation between clan size and prey density within territories, suggesting that clan sizes may have exceeded the carrying capacity of territories. A substantial decline of the hyena population in the Crater from 385 adults in the mid 1960s to 117 in 1996 was most likely due to a substantial decline of their main prey. The decline in the hyena population was associated with a decline in the size of clans but not in the number of clans. The number of clans probably remained constant due to emigration by females from large clans into vacant areas or clans with no adult females, and because hyenas regularly fed in areas containing concentrations of prey beyond their territory boundary. Between 1996 and 2003 annual recruitment rates of Crater hyenas consistently exceeded annual mortality rates, resulting in an almost doubling of the adult population. This increase was most likely due to an increase in prey abundance, a relatively low level of predation on hyenas by lions (Panthera leo), and an absence of high levels of disease related mortality.

Philopatry, Dispersal, and Social Organization of Gunnison's Prairie Dogs

I examined dispersal and social organization of Gunnison's prairie dogs (Cynomys gunni­ soni) for 7 years at Petrified Forest National Park, Arizona. Within colonies, individuals lived in harem-polygynous family groups called clans. The number of clans at the study site each year ranged from 21 to 23, with a mean of 22.3. Clan size (the number of adults living in the same territory) ranged from 1 to 19, with a mean of 5.30. Clans contained 1.06 ± 0.39 (SD) breeding males, 3.01 ± 2.08 breeding females, and 1.23 ± 1.65 non­ breeding yearling males. Some clans contained two breeding males, and others contained no resident breeding male. The area of clan territories ranged from 0.16 ha to 1.82 ha, with a mean of 0.67 ha. Females were more likely than males to copulate as yearlings (100% versus 24%). Ninety-five percent of females (340/358) remained in the natal clan territory for life, but only 5% of males (3/66) remained in the natal clan territory for> 1 year after weaning. Dispersal of both sexes was most commonly to an adjacent clan territory. Infan­ ticide at the study colony was rare or absent.

Multiplicity distributions in a thermodynamical model of hadron production ine + e − collisions

Predictions of a thermodynamical model of hadron production for multiplicity distribution ine + e − annihilations at LEP and PEP-PETRA centre of mass energies are shown. The production process is described as a two-step process in which primary hadrons emitted from the thermal source decay into final observable particles. The final charged tracks multiplicity distributions turn out to be of Negative Binomial type and are in quite good agreement with experimental observations. The average number of clans calculated from fitted Negative Binomial coincides with the average number of primary hadrons predicted by the thermodynamical model, suggesting that clans should be identified with primary hadrons.

Negative binomial distributions and clan model in proton-nucleus interactions

Experimental results on multiplicity distributions in different pseudorapidity intervals of charged shower particles produced in proton-AgBr and proton-CNO collisions at 800 GeV are presented. The different distributions are described well by the negative binomial form. We successfully interpret our results in terms of the clan model. The values of the rapidity gap probability in terms of average number of clans in different pseudorapidity intervals are also determined.

Clan structure in high energypn, pp and $$p\bar p$$ interactions

We have analysed ourpn data at 400 GeV (corresponding to a centre-of-mass energy\(\sqrt s = 27.5\) GeV) together with otherpp and\(p\bar p\) data in the centre of mass energy range 11.5–900 GeV. The fits of all these distributions to a negative binomial distribution are performed. The variations in the fitted average multiplicity and in the inverse of the fitted parameterk are obtained with respect to the centre of mass energy. An assessment of the single diffractive component in the multiplicity distribution is made and its variation with the centre of mass energy discussed. The average number of clans and the average charged multiplicity per clan are determined and the centre of mass energy dependences shown.

RAPIDITY DEPENDENCE OF MULTIPLICITY DISTRIBUTIONS IN ALPHA-EMULSION INTERACTIONS AT 12.4A GEV

We present results based on an analysis of alpha-emulsion interactions at 12.4A GeV. The multiplicity distributions of shower particles in the restricted rapidity intervals are well described by negative binomial distributions (NBD). The behaviour of parameters [Formula: see text] and 1/k of the NBD with increasing Δy in the backward hemisphere is quite different from that found in elementary collisions. Star size dependence is also investigated. An attempt has been made to interpret the results in the framework of a clan model. In the forward hemisphere the average decay multiplicity of clans is small [Formula: see text] and seems to be target-independent, whereas bigger clans are produced in the backward hemisphere and their sizes seem to depend on the target size. Also the average number of clans in the backward hemisphere is less than that in the forward hemisphere and shows target size dependence. Clans seem to be produced independently and their extent in rapidity seems to be target-independent.

La sorcellerie comme pratique sociale des Kumu et l'opposition au Kitawala

The article shows the connection and the functioning of sorcery and its elements in the Kumu clans in Zaïre, and the reaction against that phenomenon by the Kitawala, a symbolic system coming from outside and adopted by a large number of clans.

Myth, Ritual and the Authority of Elders in an Ethiopian Society

Opening ParagraphIn this paper I discuss the mythological and ritual sequences honouring dead elders amongst two descent segments of the Sadama of Southwest Ethiopia. Myth and ritual will be described and an explanation offered regarding the persistence of both under changing conditions.The participants in these rites are the men of the Holo-Garbičo clans, two of the most esteemed descent groups of the Cushitic speaking Sadama. The Sadama, located approximately 170 miles south of Addis Ababa, are estimated by a 1969 sample survey to number over 600,000 persons (Central Statistical Office 1972: 11). The institutions and culture of the Sadama have been described elsewhere. They have a mixed economy based on the cultivation of such staples as ensete-edulus and maize, cattle herding, and recently the production of coffee as a cash crop. There are a number of clans which are subdivided into patrilineages cross-cut by several generational classes (Hamer 1970).