Number Of Children Research Articles

Utilization of Community-Based Health Insurance among Residence of Katsina State, Nigeria

Enrollment Into Any Form Of Insurance Is Very Low In Katsina State, With Most People Paying Out Of Pocket For Health Care. The Utilization Of Community-Based Health Insurance Will Provide Financial Risk Protection And Improve Health Outcomes. The Objective Of The Study Is To Compare Differences In Utilization Between Community-Based Health Insurance Member Households And Non-Member Households And To Identify Factors Associated With The Utilization. A Comparative Cross-Sectional Descriptive Study Was Conducted Among Household Heads In Katsina State, Nigeria. Targeted Participants Were Selected Using Multistage Sampling Techniques. Primary Data Was Generated Using Open Data Kit (ODK), Which Was Later Downloaded And Exported To SPSS Version 20® For Statistical Analysis. Mean, And Standard Deviation From The Mean (Mean ± SD) Were Used To Study Population Characteristics Towards Utilization Of CHI. The Statistical Significance Level Of Analyzed Variables Were Accepted At P≤0.05. The Mean Age Of Respondents Was 46.82±13 And 44±12.5 Years For CBHI Enrolled And Non-Ensured Groups, Respectively. Heads Of The Households Were Predominantly Males And Currently Married, With 97.3% And 93.3% For CBHI Members Compared To 82.7% And 99.3% Of Non-Member Households, Respectively. The Enrolled CBHI Group Utilizes PHC Services More Than The Non-Enrolled Group(P<0.05) With Age, Marital Status, Education, Number Of Children, And Distance To Health Facilities All Associated With Utilization. Utilization Of CBHI Was Higher Among Enrolled Groups Than Non-Enrolled Groups. Many Factors, Such As Age, Marital Status, Education Level, And Payment Of Transportation To The Facility, Affect Utilization Of These Services. We Recommend CBHI Be Expanded, Poor And Vulnerable Groups Are Given Special Consideration, And People Not Enrolled Should Be Encouraged To Join. Keywords: Community, Comparative, Health, Insurance, Utilization.

Teacher Strategies in Building Learning Motivation in Street Children

The purpose of this study was to determine the teacher's strategy in building the learning motivation of street children in the ERBE Foundation tutoring and the inhibiting factors in building the learning motivation of street children at the ERBE Foundation. The type of research used in this study is a qualitative research with a descriptive approach. Data collection techniques in the form of observation, interviews, documentation and audio-visual materials. Data calibration techniques used in this study are audit trial, member check, triangulation. Data analysis techniques used are data reduction, data presentation, and drawing conclusions. The research findings indicate that the strategies used by teachers in building children's motivation use various methods. In building motivation, The teacher uses an approach by knowing the child's interests, numbers, giving praise and gifts. Factors that become obstacles in building children's motivation such as children who are lazy, parents who don't care about their children's education, the influence of the environment in which they live and the number of educators at the ERBE Foundation.

Correlates of Child Mortality in Pakistan: A Hazards Model Analysis

This study investigated factors associated with child mortality in an area in Rawalpindi, one of the large cities of Pakistan. Using both demographic and anthropological methods, the research was conducted to specifically examine the process and mechanisms whereby a link is established between child mortality and its covariates. Controlling for the socioeconomic status as a determinant of child mortality, the study population was limited to a lower income stratum living in a homogeneous environment where all households had equal access to health-related and other facilities. Results of the proportional hazards model analysis on 1301 index children suggest that non-economic factors like maternal health-seeking behavior were related to high child mortality. The cultural norm of bearing a large number of children was the most significant correlate. In order of significance, this was followed by contraceptive use, current age of the mother, age at marriage, and the hygienic conditions of the household. The study provides strong evidence of familial clustering of mortality by order of the household.

2155. Evaluation of the Effect of Omicron Variant on Case Numbers in Children

Abstract Background SARS-CoV-2 Omicron variant has become dominant in many countries, and a significant increase in the number of cases has been noted due to this highly contagious variant. This study aimed to determine the changes in case numbers, age distribution and hospitalized patients’ characteristics in children with COVID-19 by comparing the Omicron variant that was dominant before. Methods 5647 pediatric patients with SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive between 11 March 2020 and 28 February 2021 at Ege University Hospital were included in the study. Two time periods of 2.5 months were determined: Omicron predominant period (16 December 2021 and 28 February 2022) and the pre-Omicron period (1 October and 15 December 2021). The information was obtained from the files of patients retrospectively. Results The Omicron variant caused a significant increase in pediatric patients after December 15, 2021 (Graphic 1). There were 2893 pediatric patients since the beginning of the pandemic, while 2754 pediatric patients after the Omicron variant only the 2.5 months. While the test positivity rate was 10.4% on average before the Omicron, it increased to 30.37% on average after Omicron (Graphic 2). The comparison of the epidemiological characteristics of the Omicron and the pre-Omicron period is given in Table 1. In the Omicron period, 17.1% of the cases were 0-4 years old, and 0-6 months was 3.9%. While the disease was more common in children over 5 years old in the pre-Omicron period, a 4.6-fold increase was observed in 0-4 years after Omicron. Children under the age of 5 constitute 51.9% of the hospitalized children; a 4.5-fold increase occurred in the Omicron period. While hospitalization rates increased after the Omicron, no significant difference was found in intensive care unit admission. There was a significant decrease in the number of patients receiving oxygen and the need for mechanical ventilation. Number of SARS-CoV-2 PCR positive children by months in Ege University Hospital Test positivity rate in children by month at Ege University Hospital Comparaiton of pre-Omicron and Omicron period Conclusion The number of cases in children increased with the effect of the Omicron variant, especially the increase was more pronounced between 0-4 years of age. Despite this increase in the cases, no serious increase was observed in the severity of the disease, but a decrease in pneumonia, oxygen demand, and mechanical ventilator requirement was observed. While the number of tests decreased, test positivity rates increased. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures.

Arithmetic thinking as the basis of children's generative number concepts

Predominant psychological theories of number acquisition posit that children acquire natural number concepts as they acquire the successor principle, or the knowledge that every natural number is succeeded by another natural number that is exactly-one more than it. However, exactly how children acquire the successor principle remains largely unexplained. Recently developed ideas within this family of theories posit that an abstract recursive successor function is acquired from the recursive structure of number words; however, the types of recursion underlying the successor function and number words are distinctively different (one is a self-referential function and the other is a self-embedded structure), making it difficult to theorize how one type triggers the acquisition of another. Moreover, our analysis of the literature questions if the knowledge about the successor principle is even empirically measurable. Here, we argue that number acquisition is a process of understanding a generative rule that governs the system of natural numbers and point out that the successor principle is not the only generative rule that governs the natural number system. We propose an alternative hypothesis that generative number concepts emerge from children's realization about how the combinatorial rules of numerals allow arithmetic (specifically additive and multiplicative) representations of quantity. Importantly, under addition and multiplication—which are historically rooted in concatenation and grouping of physical objects—natural numbers are mathematically closed. As a corollary, the system of infinitely generative natural numbers is conceptualized. This new theoretical framework allows the construction of novel empirical questions and testable hypotheses based on the formalized rules of numerical syntax and numeration systems, and therefore opens a new avenue for studying later stages of children's acquisition of number concepts.

Jumlah Anak, Jarak Kelahiran Anak dan Peran Ayah dengan Kejadian Stunting Selama Pademi COVID-19

This study aims to examine the relationship between the number of children, birth spacing, and the father's role in the incidence of stunting during the COVID-19 pandemic. The research method uses quantitative research with a cross-sectional sampling approach. The results showed that the p-value on the variable number of children was 0.545 > 0.05, the birth spacing of children was 0.667 > 0.05, and the father's role was 0.771 > 0.05. In conclusion, there is no significant relationship between the number of children, birth spacing, and father's position with the incidence of stunting in children during the COVID-19 Pandemic in the Working Area of the Titi Papan Medan Health Center
 
 Keywords: Birth spacing, Number of Children, Father's Role, Stunting

The Relationship Between The Number of Children and The Distance of Pregnancy With The Nutritional Status of Toddlers In Lestari Dadi Village, Pegajahan District, Serdang Bedagai Regency Year 2022

Nutritional status plays an important role in determining the quality of human resources, especially children under five. Most people have the number of children under five in one family > 2 toddlers and not a few pregnancies are close together < 2 years. The distance of pregnancy and the number of children also affect the nutritional status of children under five. The research method used is analytic quantitative using a cross sectional design. The sample in this study used purposive sampling with a sample of 49 respondents and the data obtained in the study were analyzed through two stages, namely univariate to determine the description and bivariate to determine the relationship (chi square). The results showed that the number of children in the 2 category was 55.9%. The distance between pregnancies in the 2 year category was 83.7%. The nutritional status in the good nutrition category (Normal) was 69.4%. There is a relationship between the number of children and the nutritional status of children under five (p=0.043). There is a relationship between the distance of pregnancy with the nutritional status of children under five (p = 0.015). Based on the results of this study,the authors suggest to mothers who have toddlers to adjust the birth spacing and the number of toddlers owned so that the nutritional status of toddlers is good.

Unpacking the home numeracy environment: Examining dimensions of number activities in early childhood

A growing body of research has examined parents’ practices to support their young children's number learning at home, that is, the home numeracy environment. Many of these studies focus on formal and informal domains of numeracy activities, which are inconsistently defined and related to children's math learning. In this study, we explore dimensions of the home numeracy environment and examine their relations with children's math skills among a sample of 4-year-old children and their parents over the course of 1 year. Parents reported on the frequency of 21 numeracy activities when children were 4 and 5. Exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses revealed a 2-factors solution: number-related play activities and use of educational materials with numbers. Frequency of play with numbers was positively related to children's ability to solve applied math problems at age 5, controlling for prior number skills, child age, and socioeconomic status. In contrast, neither measure of the home numeracy environment predicted symbolic number knowledge or non-symbolic number sense when controlling for covariates. These findings underscore the need to differentiate between factors of the home numeracy environment and to develop clear theoretical definitions of these factors.

Lexical Acquisition and Phonological Development in Minimally Verbal Children With Autism Spectrum Disorders.

This study examines two components of lexical acquisition and phonological development that occur during the first 50-word stage of language development in neurotypical (NT) children. One component is how children learn words based on their existing speech sound inventories (i.e., in-phonology and out-of-phonology word learning). The other component is the relationship between the children's number of words and the number of phonemes in their speech sound inventories. The goal of this study is to determine if the same two components occur in children with autism spectrum disorders (ASDs) who are older than their NT peers but are in the same stage of lexical development. This study involved 20 minimally verbal children with ASDs, ages 28-72 months, who produced five to 50 spoken words. The children's spoken words were obtained from the MacArthur-Bates Communicative Development Inventories. The speech sound inventories were obtained from the utterances produced during assessment/play sessions with the children. The children's spoken words from the Communicative Development Inventories (CDI) were categorized as either in-phonology or out-of-phonology based on whether the words began with a phoneme in the child's existing speech sound inventory. Additionally, the children's number of spoken words on the CDI was compared to the number of phonemes in their speech sound inventories. The children in this study produced in-phonology words more often than out-of-phonology words (z = -3.922; p < .001). Moreover, there was a moderate positive correlation between the children's number of spoken words and the number of phonemes in their speech sound inventories (r = .534, p = .019). The relationship between lexical acquisition and phonological development appears to exist for the children in this study, who are in the first 50-word stage of development. Clinical implications for increasing the expressive language of children with ASDs were discussed.

Number of Children and Female Labor Participation in China.

The continuous decrease in the number of women of childbearing age and the consequent decrease in reproductive willingness have contributed to the continuous decrease in labor participation among Chinese women, which has negatively affected the stable socioeconomic development in terms of health. This paper deeply explores the intrinsic relationship between the number of children and women’s labor participation based on 2016 data from China Labor-force Dynamic Survey (CLDS). Our results show that there is an “inverted U-shaped” relationship between the number of children and the rate of women’s labor involvement; in other words, women’s labor participation shows a trend with the increase in the number of children, first rising and then falling; meanwhile, the relationship is more pronounced among women in eastern and central regions and towns. To this end, this study provides a theoretical research basis to effectively alleviate women’s selective pressure at home and work, and has a certain reference value for the Chinese government to improve women’s employment environment.

The Law of Large Numbers in Children’s Education

Abstract Based on the R language, the article designs two universal random simulation functions for the law of large numbers, LLN-mean and LLN-graph, used to calculate related variables and draw simulation graphs. At the same time, the law of large numbers is applied to children’s education. At the same time, through correlation or correlation analysis, we can find the leading internal factors and highly correlated external factors of children’s educational activities. This provides technical support for educational decision-making, educational management, and educational research. The study results found that the law of large numbers has a good test effect on the influencing factors of children’s educational activities.

Psychological Impact of TP53-Variant-Carrier Newborns and Counselling on Mothers: A Pediatric Surveillance Cohort.

Simple SummaryChildren who inherit a TP53 (tumor suppressor) mutation tend to develop adrenocortical tumor (ACT) in the initial years of life, requiring genetic counseling and DNA testing after birth. In 2001, a TP53 mutation (R337H) was identified in Paraná State (South Brazil) and was later confirmed to be highly frequent in South Brazil, where the pediatric ACT incidence is up to 20 times higher than that in other countries. We evaluated anxiety and depression in mothers of these newborns to determine the effect of genetic testing. We found that anxiety (but not depression) is presented by mothers of R337H-positive newborns for less than 4 months. These findings were more common in mothers with previous mental health vulnerabilities. The anxiety test scores must be differentiated, and appropriate psychological support should be provided for these mothers and for mothers of newborns inheriting other types of TP53 mutation in other countries.Counselling and genetic testing (CGT) after neonatal screening may increase depression and anxiety (DA) levels during cancer surveillance. This study assessed the DA scores in mothers of newborns from Paraná state, Southern Brazil, carrying the TP53 p.R337H variant. To understand and adjust DA conditions during term of pregnancy, we initially detected sociodemographic covariates [marital status (MS), number of children (NC), and/or education level (EL): MS-NC-EL] on an independent group of pregnant women (not subjected to genetic testing). The Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to assess risk factors in pregnant (cross-sectional analysis) and unrelated mothers (at 2-month intervals, longitudinal study) of TP53 p.R337H-tested newborns (three sessions of HADS analysis) using Wilcoxon (Mann–Whitney) and Kruskal–Wallis nonparametric tests. Lower anxiety levels were observed in mothers of noncarriers (without MS-NC-EL = 6.91 ± 1.19; with MS-NC-EL = 6.82 ± 0.93) than in mothers of p.R337H carriers in the first session (without MS-NC-EL = 6.82 = 8.49 ± 0.6025, with MS-NC-EL = 6.82 = 9.21 ± 0.66). The anxiety levels significantly decreased 4 months after CGT (third session) in mothers of p.R337H carriers. We did not find a significant change in depression scores. Mothers with mental health instability requiring medications need periodical psychological support during and after CGT.

Evaluation of the Predictors of the Quality of Life in the Postpartum Period: A Cross-Sectional Study.

It is necessary to study the predictors of life quality in the early postpartum period. Early diagnosis, timely care and intervention can improve the health of mother and baby. We aimed to evaluate the predictors of the quality of life in the postpartum period. This cross-sectional study was conducted on 407 eligible women aged 18 to 47 yr, in the postpartum period, selected from clinics affiliated with Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Tehran, Iran in 2018. Data were collected using a demographic and obstetric questionnaire and Maternal Postpartum Quality of Life (MAPP-QOL) with Cronbach's alpha coefficients of 0.96 to assess personal details and postpartum quality of life. Data analyzed using SPSS. Linear regression analysis was performed to examine the relationship between maternal predictors and quality of life in the postpartum period. The postpartum quality of life had a significant relationship with income status (P<0.001), Number of Children (P=0.031), mother's education(P=0.009) and maternal complications (P<0.001). This study confirmed the relationship between maternal predictors and the postpartum quality of life. It could facilitate clinicians and educators to improve the quality of life for postpartum women.

Spatial skills and number skills in preschool children: The moderating role of spatial anxiety

Spatial ability is a strong and stable predictor of mathematical performance. However, of the three key components of spatial ability, spatial perception and spatial visualization have received less attention than mental rotation in relation to specific mathematical competencies of young children. Even less is known about the role of spatial anxiety in this relationship. This study examined the longitudinal relations of spatial perception and spatial visualization to three number skills (i.e., number line estimation, subitizing, and word problem-solving) among 190 preschool children, and whether these relations varied as a function of spatial anxiety. The results showed that children's spatial perception and spatial visualization skills, measured in the third preschool year (Time 1 [T1]), were positively associated with their word problem-solving six months later (Time 2 [T2]). Children's T1 spatial perception was also positively associated with their T2 subitizing and number line skills. In addition, T1 spatial anxiety moderated the relation between T1 spatial perception and T2 subitizing: the relation between the two was stronger for children with low levels of spatial anxiety than it was for those with moderate or high levels. The findings offer valuable insights into how spatial cognition and affect jointly relate to children's early number skills.

FACTORS AFFECTING THE KEI COMMUNITY IN THE SELECTION OF CONTRACEPTION IN SOUTHEAST MALUKU

Abstract Background: The Kei tribe are indigenous people from Southeast Maluku Regency. Culture in society affects people's attitudes when deciding to use contraception. This study aims to determine the factors that influence the Kei ethnic community in choosing contraception in the work area of ​​the Ibra Health Center, Southeast Maluku Regency. Method: This study uses primary data from 227 couples of childbearing age (EFA) whose husbands are from the Kei tribe. The results of this study indicate that a p-value of 0.000 was obtained based on the results of the chi-square statistical test between the variables of knowledge and use of contraceptives. The value of &lt; 0.05 for the relationship between knowledge and contraceptive use. Chi-squere statistical test was performed to obtain a p-value of 0.000. The value of &lt; 0.05 so that there is a relationship between the number of children and the use of contraception. Result: There is a relationship between culture and the use of contraceptives by performing a chi square statistic test to obtain a p-value of 0.000. The value of &lt; 0.05 . based on the chi square test, there is a relationship between husband's support and contraceptive use with a p value of 0.000. Conclusion: of this study is that there is a relationship between family planning knowledge and the choice of contraception, culture with the choice of contraception, husband's support with the choice of contraception and the relationship between the number of children and the choice of contraception. Keywords: Knowledge, Culture, Husband's Support, Number of Children

Sex, Age, Education, Marital Status, Number of Children, and Employment – the Impact of Extralegal Factors on Sentencing Disparities

Abstract Countries that have judicial discretion in their legal system usually struggle with sentencing disparities. This is no different in Poland. The current study examined whether extralegal factors such as age, sex, education, marital status, number of children, and having a job impact sentencing disparities. We examined court files from 13 district courts in Poland for two offenses: drug possession and drunk driving. Our findings show that sex, age, and number of children have no or little effect on outcomes, whilst marital status and employment status have small to medium effects on sentencing. The clearest result pattern to emerge from our analyses is that defendants with tertiary education are treated more leniently than those with primary or lower secondary education.

Modified PRDG Model for Caregiver Segmentation Using Zarit Burden Interview Instrument

The increasing demand for Indonesian workers in Taiwan has an impact on caregiver problems which can be triggered by the burden of caring for the elderly. Therefore, the aim of this study is to identify the characteristics of caregivers who are resilient to burdens based on Indonesian female caregivers who work in Taiwan data to be a guide for selecting prospective caregivers. The process includes analyzing the personal characteristics that have the most influence on the burden using multiple regression and then clustering caregiver data using K-Means with the Elbow Method and Silhouette Index. Then, segmentation in each cluster based on a comparison of the average values. The results of clustering accuracy on dimensions (PRDG) and modified dimensions (S+PRDG) were compared and the smallest error cluster was in case 4 in the S+PRDG dimension with the Elbow Method of 3.6%. Based on segmentation on that dimension, cluster 2 is a resilient caregiver cluster. Then the results of the multiple regression analysis (Number of Children, Education and Work Location) were studied further for each caregiver in cluster 2 and the conclusions are, their average number of children is 1, final education is in junior high school and their work location is in the capital of Taiwan.

Abstract P142: Number Of Children Three Or More And Having First Child Before Age 22 Are Linked To Increased Risk Of All-cause Dementia

Introduction: Evidence on the association between number of children and risk of all-cause dementia has been discordant, and whether timing of birth and span of birth are related to the risk of dementia is unclear. Hypothesis: Estrogen level maintains high during pregnancy and declines dramatically after giving birth. More times of giving birth means more times of drastic fluctuations of endogenous estrogen. We hypothesized that the times of dramatic estrogen fluctuations in a woman’s life course (indicated by number of children) might be associated with risk of dementia. Methods: We used cohort data from UK Biobank, a large population-based prospective cohort study that recruited 502 649 individuals ages 40– 69, between 2006 and 2010. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for the associations between number of children (categorized as zero, one, two, three or more) and incident all-cause dementia. We also examined the role of timing of birth and span of birth in the association with dementia. Timing of birth included age of first birth (categorized as &lt;22, 22-25, 26-29, and ≥30 years) and age of last birth (categorized as &lt;26, 26-29, 30-33, ≥34 yeas). Span of birth (the span between age of first birth and age of last birth) was categorized as ≤2, 3-4, 5-6, and &gt;6 years). All HRs were adjusted for race/ethnicity, education level, income, body mass index, smoking status, physical activities, number of leisure activities, hypertension status, diabetes status and baseline age. Results: Overall, 253 169 women were included, and we identified 2426 women with dementia. The median follow-up was 11.9 years. Compared to women with no child, the HRs (95% CI) with incident dementia in women with one, two, three or more children were 0.97 (0.83, 1.13), 0.95 (0.84, 1.07) and 1.17 (1.03, 1.33) respectively. Compared to women who had their first child after age 30 years, those first birth before age 22 years had elevated risk of dementia (HR: 1.25, 95%CI: 1.09-1.44), even after parity was further adjusted (1.19, 1.03-1.37). No association was observed between age of last child, span of birth and incident dementia. Nevertheless, subgroup analysis found that the elevated risk between number of three or more children and dementia was only observed in women with age of last birth less than 30 years (1.31, 1.12-1.53), or span of birth less than seven years (1.24, 1.07-1.44). Conclusions: Women with three or more children was linked to 17% higher risk of dementia compared to those with no child, and women who had their first child before age 22 years had around 20% higher risk of dementia compared to those with first child after age 30. Age of last child and span of birth may moderate the relationship between number of children and risk of dementia.

Relational language influences young children's number relationskills.

Relational language is thought to influence mathematical skills. This study examines the association between relational language and number relation skills-knowledge of cardinal, ordinal, and spatial principles-among 104 U.S. kindergartners (5.9years; 44% boys; 37% White, 25% Black, 14% Asian, 24% other) in the 2017-2018 academic year. Controlling for general verbal knowledge, executive function, and counting and number identification skills, relational language predicted later number relation skills, specifically number line estimation, β=.30. Relational language did not differentially predict number line estimation performance in children with low or high number relation skills, likely due to the restricted ranges of data within subgroups. Number relation skills, specifically number line estimation and number ordering, may be a pathway between relational language and mathematical skills.

Do children estimate area using an "Additive-Area Heuristic"?

A large and growing body of work has documented robust illusions of area perception in adults. To date, however, there has been surprisingly little in-depth investigation into children's area perception, despite the importance of this topic to the study of quantity perception more broadly (and to the many studies that have been devoted to studying children's number perception). Here, in order to understand the interactions of number and area on quantity perception, we study both dimensions in tandem. This work is inspired by recent studies showing that human adults estimate area via an "Additive Area Heuristic," whereby the horizontal and vertical dimensions are summed rather than multiplied. First, we test whether children may rely on this same kind of heuristic. Indeed, "additive area" explains children's area judgments better than true, mathematical area. Second, we show that children's use of "additive area" biases number judgments. Finally, to isolate "additive area" from number, we test children's area perception in a task where number is held constant across all trials. We find something surprising: even when there is no overall effect of "additive area" or "mathematical area," individual children adopt and stick to specific strategies throughout the task. In other words, some children appear to rely on "additive area," while others appear to rely on true, mathematical area - a pattern of results that may be best explained by a misunderstanding about the concept of cumulative area. We discuss how these findings raise both theoretical and practical challenges of studying quantity perception in young children.