Number Of Charges Research Articles

The effects of childhood trauma and mental disorders on treatment engagement, contact with the criminal justice system, and mortality among people with opioid dependence

BackgroundChildhood trauma and mental disorders increase the risk of opioid dependence. We aimed to examine whether childhood trauma and mental disorders are associated with opioid agonist treatment (OAT) engagement, contact with the criminal justice system, and mortality among people with opioid dependence. MethodsThis observational study linked survey data from 1482 people receiving OAT in Sydney, Australia (2004–2008) to administrative data on OAT, crime, and mortality through 2017. We used survey data to assess childhood trauma, depression, panic disorder, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), borderline personality disorder, anti-social personality disorder (ASPD), and comorbid substance dependence. We used discrete-time analysis to examine time from opioid dependence onset to OAT entry and mortality. Poisson regressions were used to analyze time receiving OAT and number of charges. ResultsParticipants with extensive childhood trauma histories and ASPD were less likely to enter OAT and those with depression were more likely to enter OAT in any given year after opioid dependence onset. Panic disorder, PTSD, and borderline personality disorder were associated with less time in OAT. Extensive histories of childhood trauma, PTSD, ASPD, and comorbid substance dependence increased risk of charges for any offence. There were no significant associations between the exposure variables and mortality. ConclusionsOur findings suggest that childhood trauma and mental disorders increase the risk of adverse treatment and social outcomes among people with opioid dependence. Interventions that aim to reduce harm among people with opioid dependence may consider the effect of childhood trauma and mental disorders on OAT engagement and crime.

A Pattern-Driven Stochastic Degradation Model for the Prediction of Remaining Useful Life of Rechargeable Batteries

Recently, there has been a significant growth in the development of rechargeable battery-powered devices such as electric vehicles, leading to an urgent need for reliable and safe batteries. The remaining useful life (RUL) is a critical health indicator of battery, which is defined as the remaining number of charge and recharge cycles before the state-of-health falls below a user-specified threshold under certain operating settings. Substantially, the RUL can be estimated by adaptive stochastic processes or advanced machine learning techniques. However, the existing approaches either assume over-simplified degradation pattern in accordance with physics laws leading to poor generalizability or act as a black box offering no interpretation. To address these limitations, in this article, we develop a pattern-driven degradation process by integrating a recursive Gaussian distribution with its mean learnt from a gated recurrent unit (GRU) driven degradation pattern to capture degradation fluctuation into the model. Due to the non-Markovian state transitions, a joint-learning sampling-based expectation maximization algorithm was developed to estimate model parameters based on historical observations. Finally, numerical studies using real battery data showed that the proposed method achieves over 3% and 40% higher accuracy in RUL prediction than the GRU and adaptive Wiener process, respectively.

Discovery of a maximally charged Weyl point

The hypothetical Weyl particles in high-energy physics have been discovered in three-dimensional crystals as collective quasiparticle excitations near two-fold degenerate Weyl points. Such momentum-space Weyl particles carry quantised chiral charges, which can be measured by counting the number of Fermi arcs emanating from the corresponding Weyl points. It is known that merging unit-charged Weyl particles can create new ones with more charges. However, only very recently has it been realised that there is an upper limit — the maximal charge number that a two-fold Weyl point can host is four — achievable only in crystals without spin-orbit coupling. Here, we report the experimental realisation of such a maximally charged Weyl point in a three-dimensional photonic crystal. The four charges support quadruple-helicoid Fermi arcs, forming an unprecedented topology of two non-contractible loops in the surface Brillouin zone. The helicoid Fermi arcs also exhibit the long-pursued type-II van Hove singularities that can reside at arbitrary momenta. This discovery reveals a type of maximally charged Weyl particles beyond conventional topological particles in crystals.

Rare earth element uptake mechanisms in plankton in the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence

The global shift toward green energy alternatives escalates demands for new resources, including rare earth elements (REEs), as per their implications in various green innovations. However, our understanding of their environmental cycle, especially the interactions with aquatic organisms, remains deficient, ultimately hindering environmental protection efforts. Here, we investigate the accumulation of REEs and 18 other elements in bulk and sorted plankton collected with different net mesh sizes (30, 63, 200, 333, 500 μm) in the Estuary and Gulf of St. Lawrence in the summer and winter of 2020. We observed significant correlations between the concentrations of REEs and elements of different charge numbers and ionic radii (Ba, Co, Cs, Fe, Mn, Pb, Rb and V), indicating non-selective uptake of REEs into plankton. All these elements have their highest concentrations in the fluvial corridor and upper estuary, with more significant enrichment in phytoplankton ([La] = 26.4 ± 4.8 mg kg−1) than zooplankton ([La] = 11.6 ± 8.3 mg kg−1). Their concentrations decrease to the minimum in the Gulf of St. Lawrence, especially in zooplankton ([La] = 4.8 × 10−2 ± 3.2 × 10−2 mg kg−1). We also assessed REE patterns to identify differential REE fractionation processes and anomalies. The freshwater plankton exhibits enrichment of middle REEs (MREEs) relative to the light and heavy REEs (LREEs and HREEs), potentially because of the higher binding affinity of MREEs on cellular surface transporters and metal loading effects. In estuarine and marine settings, the REE patterns in biological samples align with suspended particles, exhibiting a linear trend with LREE enrichment. This process is more noticeable in sorted macrozooplankton, which have significant Eu anomalies (Eu/Eu* up to 2), indicating differential incorporation of REEs into the chitin shells. This study highlights the significant enrichment of REEs into freshwater primary producers and the accumulation pathway similar to other inorganic elements.

Cover crop root-derived organic carbon influences aggregate stability through soil internal forces in a clayey red soil

Soil aggregate stability is influenced by soil organic carbon (SOC). However, the influence of SOC from different fall/winter cover crop roots (annual and perennial crops) on aggregate stability through soil internal forces (SIFs) (electrostatic repulsive force (Perf), van der Waals attractive force (Pvdw), and surface hydration repulsive force (Ph)) remains unclear. The objectives of this study were compare three fall/winter cover crops (lucerne, rapeseed, six-year-vetiver (Vet_6Y)) and two control (fallow and fallow with SOC removal (fallow-SOC-R)) to determine SOC effects red soil aggregation through SIFs. Plant root morphological and chemical traits, SOC properties, soil surface charge properties, soil internal forces and aggregate breakdown were all determined. The perennial crop (Vet_6Y) showed the highest root number density (0.21 counts cm−2), second highest root mass density (1.80 mg cm−3), and the lowest root lignin/cellulose ratio (0.69), and thus contributed to higher SOC content and SOC functional groups (mainly polysaccharide-C) than annual crops (rapeseed and lucerne). Such SOC traits in perennial vetiver resulted in a higher specific surface area (SSA), lower surface charge density and surface charge number (Qs) compared to annual crops (rapeseed and lucerne) and controls, and the relationship between the root, SOC and soil surface properties (i.e., SSA) was further confirmed by significant correlation (r ranging from 0.76 to 0.97). Ultimately, these soil surface charge properties after cover crops increased Pvdw, decreased Perf, and thus decreased repulsive net force (Pnet) (the sum of Pvdw, Perf, and Ph) and the average repulsive net force displayed in order of fallow-SOC-R (2.77 MPa) > fallow (2.11 MPa) > lucerne (2.02 MPa) > rapeseed (1.78 MPa) > Vet_6Y (1.45 MPa) at a distance of 1 nm. This resulted in the mass percentage of released small particles (<20, <10, and <2 µm) w (<d) % from aggregate being reduced after cover crops compared to controls. Generally, clayey red soil aggregate stability can be improved by decreasing the repulsive soil Pnet through cover crop root contribution to SOC and SOC-functional groups.

Selectivity for intercalated ions in MXene toward a high-performance capacitive electrode

The intercalation of foreign ions has been demonstrated to be one of the effective methods to improve the electrochemical performance of Ti3C2Tx MXene. However, whether different intercalated ions have diverse impacts on the MXene structure and electrochemical properties is not well understood. Herein, we comprehensively investigated the structural features and electrochemical performances of a series of ions, including Li+, Na+, K+, Cs+, Zn2+, Mg2+, SO42−, and OH− intercalated MXenes. Different ions are observed to exhibit variations in the intercalation effect because of the differences in their sizes, charge numbers, and chemical features. Among the investigated intercalation agents, CsOH composed of monovalent Cs+ with a large size and strong base anion OH− exhibits a superior intercalation effect, where a large interlayer space accommodating a large amount of free water, a high oxidation state of Ti and a preferred surface with more O-containing functional groups for redox reaction is created, intensifying the pseudocapacitive H+ intercalation. Therefore, CsOH-treated MXene exhibits a significant enhancement in gravimetric capacitance (i.e., approximately 725% of the original) and more than 100% capacitance retention over 20,000 cycles. This paper provides a guideline for the rational design and construction of high-capacitance MXene and MXene-based hybrid electrodes in aqueous electrolytes.

Analysis of energy storage materials for developments in solar cookers

Solar energy is accessible freely and can be utilized for many household and industrial applications. The consumption of solar energy for cooking applications has found significant success. Various innovations have been employed in facilitating cooking during off-sunshine hours. Thermal energy storage helps in overcoming the fluctuations in the supply of energy required for cooking during different time periods of the day. This study focuses on the different types of thermal energy storage mediums that are currently utilized in solar cooking. Primarily, oils and pebbles are most commonly used as sensible heat storage (SHS) while organic phase change materials (PCMs) are used as latent heat thermal energy storage materials (LHTES). The properties and performances of various SHS and latent heat storage (LHS) mediums have been compared for their suitable utilization. SHS materials are cost-effective but have lower thermal gradient compared to LHTES materials. The energy storage capability of LHTES is high while degradation with the increasing number of charging and discharging cycles is also considerable. The melting point should be close to the utilization temperature for being used as LHTES as thermal diffusivity of the materials greatly influences the performance of solar cookers. The cooking time is lower for solar cooking systems equipped with energy storage compared to non-equipped cooking systems. It is recognized that the use of energy storage has been proved as a huge advantage to solar cooking systems, however, the design, and heat transfer characteristics of the cooking vessel along with the storage material type and volume must be optimized in order to make this technology more influential.

Optimal scheduling of integrated energy systems including hydrogen electrolyzers, HFCVs, and electric vehicles

AbstractHydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs) are promising environmentally friendly technologies that are increasingly supported by governments around the world. In the integrated energy system (IES) of this paper, by adding the method of electrolysis to hydrogen production, the electrical energy is converted into chemical energy, which cannot only absorb the new energy with fluctuating output but also meet the use of more and more HFCVs. Aiming at the newly introduced hydrogen energy conversion and consumption pathways, this paper uses a statistical analogy to model HFVCs, taking into account the energy conversion efficiency and the needs of vehicle owners. Using the GUROBI solver in the YALMIP toolbox, the IES optimization problem is formed into a MILP problem and solved, and the corresponding co‐optimization scheduling method is given. Based on meeting the needs of HFCVs and electric vehicle (EV) owners, the system can schedule the number and timing of charging and discharging of EVs and the power of hydrogen production from electrolyzers on the time scale, and finally smooth the total power curve. Simulation results show that the proposed collaborative optimal energy scheduling method can meet the current demand for new energy in the system and improve the economy of the IES.

Impurity iron separation from molten secondary aluminum by pulsed electric current

Secondary aluminum has received extensive attention due to its low energy consumption, low emissions, and good recyclability; however, the high impurity iron content in secondary aluminum limits its development. Traditional iron removal methods generally have the problems of high cost and low efficiency. Therefore, exploring an efficient, economical, and environmentally friendly iron removal method is of great significance for achieving sustainable development and adhering to a circular economy. The effect of pulsed electric current on the distribution of impurity element iron in secondary aluminum melt was investigated. Compared to the non-pulsed sample, iron impurity accumulates near the cathode and at the bottom in the pulsed sample, while the content in the middle region is greatly reduced, that is, the impurity iron in the secondary aluminum melt is effectively driven and separated. Based on the difference in the effective charge number between Al and Fe, the iron atoms are forced to diffuse and move directionally toward the cathode under the action of electromigration, resulting in a gradual increase in the concentration of iron atoms near the cathode. According to the Al-Fe phase diagram, the increase of iron content makes the solidification point of the alloy to the right, and the solidification temperature of the alloy increases. In other words, at the same temperature, the Fe-rich phase is preferentially precipitated near the cathode. Due to the different electrical conductivity from the matrix, the Fe-rich phase migrates to the bottom of the melt driven by electrical free energy.

Monte Carlo Simulation of Transient Response of Coaxial Cable Irradiated by Intense Pulsed Gamma Rays

To obtain the transient current law of typical coaxial cable irradiated by intense pulsed gamma rays, the irradiation effect experiment of intense pulsed gamma rays on typical coaxial cable was carried out on the “Qiangguang-1” accelerator, and the relationship between the amplitude of pulsed current in the center conductor of coaxial cable and the instantaneous gamma dose rate was measured. The simulation model of irradiation effect of intense pulsed gamma rays on the coaxial cable is presented. By using the Monte Carlo particle transport method, the electron charge deposition rate in the center conductor and the outer shielding conductor of different types of coaxial cables under intense pulsed gamma irradiation is calculated. The calculated results are basically consistent with the experimental results. When the gamma ray energy is greater than 0.6 MeV, the electron charge deposition rate in the center conductor of coaxial cable first increases, then decreases, and then increases with the increase of gamma ray energy. When the gamma ray energy is greater than 0.1 MeV, the number of electrons deposited in the center conductor of the cable per unit length increases with the increase of gamma ray energy. The number of electron charges deposited in the outer shielding conductor layer is greater than that deposited in the center conductor for typical coaxial cable. The gamma radiation sensitivity of the coaxial cable increases at the same gamma ray intensity when the cable is obliquely irradiated.

An electrochemical sensor based on graphene oxide/cholesterol nanohybrids for the sensitive analysis of cetirizine

Cetirizine (CTR) is second-generation piperazine that belongs to the class of antihistamine that helps reduce allergies. The present research reports on the fabrication of CTR-sensitive sensors for electrochemical detection and quantification of CTR. The electrochemical behavior of CTR was studied utilizing a carbon paste-based electrode (CPE) modified with 2D graphene oxide (GO) and cholesterol (CHO). The facile construction of this sensor was achieved by loading the homogenized CHO-GO/CP (cholesterol-graphene oxide nanohybrid-modified carbon paste) matrix into a polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) tube. The surface morphology of the developed sensor’s matrix was carried out employing SEM and AFM. The obtained results convey that fabricated CHO-GO/CPE is relatively more CTR sensitive than CPE or step-wise modified electrodes such as CHO/CPE and GO/CPE. The detection limit of CTR at CHO-GO/CPE was determined to be 9.2 nM. Further, the electrochemical impedance spectroscopy investigation (EIS) showed that CHO-GO/CPE offered less resistance to charge transfer than CPE. Additionally, participation of the total number of charges in the CTR electro-oxidation mechanism, the standard reduction potential of CHO-GO/CPE, charge transfer coefficient, and heterogeneous rate constants were estimated using the effect of the electrolyte’s pH and scan rate variation investigation results. Moreover, adding several excipients to the CTR analyte did not affect the overall electrochemical behavior of CTR, thus confirming the anti-interference characteristics of the fabricated sensor. To evaluate the sensor’s efficiency for a real-time application, CTR detection in tablet solutions was investigated, and the results demonstrated remarkable detection with good recovery.

Novel imidazole-based, ionic liquid: Synthetics linked to enhancing the life cycle of lead-acid batteries

The goal of this study is to improve the performance of lead-acid batteries (LABs) 12 V–62 Ah in terms of electrical capacity, charge acceptance, cold cranking ampere (CCA), and life cycle by using novel ionic liquid (IL) based on the imidazole nucleus. The working electrode was a lead‑calcium (Pb-Ca) alloy. The IL compound (1-octyl-3-propyl-1H-imidazol-3-ium tetrafluoroborate) was chosen, for the first time, as a battery electrolyte additive. The electrical capacity increased from 78.95 to 100.98 % in the presence of IL inhibitor. Furthermore, by increasing the current from 14.06 to 16.12 at a given temperature and voltage, the battery's ability to receive and store energy increased. Also, a rise in the (CCA) by not having the voltage collapse and falling below 7.2 V after 30 s of exposure to the discharge current at 255 K. The number of charging and discharging cycles increased from 113 to 133, extending the life of the battery. Several studies, including electrochemical impedance spectroscopy (EIS), electrochemical frequency modulation (EFM), potentiodynamic polarization (PP), and cyclic voltammetric (CV) analysis, were used to characterize the cells' electrochemical properties. The mechanism for corrosion reduction was adsorption of the IL inhibitor particles on the lead alloy's surface, forming a layer that covered the surface and closed the centers, preventing the sulfate anion attack.

Modeling and Simulation of a Commercial Lithium-Ion Battery with Charge Cycle Predictions

The analysis of the behavior of lithium-ion batteries has gained considerable interest in recent years. There are different alternatives for the analysis of this behavior; however, depending on the type of modeling, there are application and optimization restrictions. In this work, a hybrid model has been made that is capable of predicting the characteristics of a lithium-ion battery. As a novelty, the simplification, at the same time, facilitates the sampling of parameters for their prompt selection for optimization. A new model open to the user is proposed, which has proven to be efficient in simulation time. For example, one hour simulates it in 5 min, providing information detailing how these parameters, State of Health (SOH), Open Circuit Voltage (VOC), State of charge (SOC), and Number of charge and discharge cycles, in the face of temperature variations and charge and discharge cycles. Opening the possibility of optimizing the parameters with different techniques to estimate the performance and dynamics in the face of temperature change and charge and discharge cycles. A model based on linear regressions, manufacturer characteristics, and integrating equations in the electrical model of electrochemical phenomena is proposed.

Asymmetric spin splitting of Laguerre-Gaussian beams in chiral PT-symmetric metamaterials.

We systematically study the spin Hall effect of light (SHEL) in chiral PT-symmetric metamaterials when Laguerre Gaussian beams (LG beams) are incident and discover that cross-polarization (rs p, rp s) and intrinsic orbital angular momentum (IOAM) result in an asymmetric splitting of left-spin circularly polarized (LCP) light and right-spin circularly polarized (RCP) light. Additionally, there are spin Hall shift peaks near |rpp | ≪ |rss | (rs s and rp p are Fresnel reflection coefficients). Altering the topological charge number ℓ, the chiral parameter κ, the dimensionless frequency M, and the incident angle θ may also influence the asymmetric spin splitting and displacement peak. We believe that this research will provide new ways to manipulate and enhance the asymmetric spin splitting of light and provide new applications for spin photonic devices.

Single-pair Weyl points with the maximum charge number in acoustic crystals

To observe the Weyl phonon (WP) with the maximum charge and to design a realistic material structure containing only single-pair-WPs have long been considered two challenges in the field of topology physics. Here we have successfully designed an acoustic crystal to realize the single-pair-WPs with the maximum charge for the first time. Our theoretical simulations on acoustic band dispersions demonstrate that protected by the time-reversal symmetry ($\cal T$) and the point group symmetries, a WP with the charge -4 ($\mathcal{C}=-4$) and another WP with $\mathcal{C}=+4$ are located at the high-symmetry point $\Gamma$ and R, respectively, with the absence of any other kinds of WPs. Moreover, the singe-pair-WPs obtained here are designed by the simplest two-band mode, and the related quadruple-helicoid Fermi acrs can be observed clearly in experiments, since they aren't covered by any bulk bands and hybridized by other kinds of WPs. Our theoretical results provide a reliable acoustic crystal to study the topological properties of the single-pair-WPs with the maximum charge for experimentalists in this field.

First-Principles Study on Interlayer Spacing and Structure Stability of NiAl-Layered Double Hydroxides.

Interlayer spacing and structure stability of layered double hydroxides (LDHs) on their application performance in adsorption, ion exchange, catalysis, carrier, and energy storage is important. The effect of different interlayer anions on the interlayer spacing and structure stability of LDHs has been less studied, but it is of great significance. Therefore, based on density functional theory (DFT), the computational model with 10 kinds of anions intercalated Ni3Al-A-LDHs (A = Cl-, Br-, I-, OH-, NO3 -, CO3 2-, SO4 2-, HCOO-, C6H5SO3 -, C12H25SO3 -) and four Ni R Al-Cl-LDH models with different Ni2+/Al3+ ratios (R = 2, 3, 5, 8) were constructed to calculate and analyze interlayer spacing, structural stability, and their influence factors. It was found that the interlayer spacing order of Ni3Al-A-LDHs intercalated with different anions is OH- < CO3 2- < Cl- < Br- < I- < HCOO- < SO4 2- < NO3 - < C6H5SO3 - < C12H25SO3 -. The hydrogen bond network between the base layer and the interlayer anions affects the arrangement structure of the interlayer anions, which affects the interlayer spacing. For interlayer monatomic anions Cl-, Br-, and I- and the anion of comparable size in each direction SO4 2-, the interlayer spacing is positively correlated with the interlayer anion diameter. The larger difference between the long-axis and short-axis dimensions of the polyatomic anions results in the long axis of the anion being perpendicular to the basal layer, increasing interlayer spacing. The long-chain anion C12H25SO3 - intercalation system exhibits the largest layer spacing of 24.262 Å. As R value increases from 2 to 8, the interlayer spacing of Ni R Al-Cl-LDHs gradually increases from 7.964 to 8.124 Å. The binding energy order between the interlayer anion and basal layer is CO3 2- > SO4 2- > OH- > Cl- > Br- > I- > HCOO- > NO3 - > C12H25SO3 - > C6H5SO3 -. The smaller the interlayer spacing, the higher the binding energy and the stronger the structural stability of LDHs. The factors affecting structural stability mainly include the bond length and bond angle of the hydrogen bond and the charge interaction between the basal layer and interlayer anion. In the CO3 2- intercalated system, the hydrogen bond length exhibits the shortest of 1.95 Å and the largest bond angle of 163.68°. The density of states and energy band analysis show that the higher the number of charges carried by the anion, the stronger its ability to provide electrons to the basal layer.

From concept to reality: computing visual vortex beam interferometer for displacement measurement.

In addition to the concept of picometer resolution, we discuss macro displacement measurement with a vortex beam interferometer. Three factors limiting large displacement measurement are resolved. Small topological charge numbers promise both high sensitivity and large displacement measurements. With a computing visual method, a virtual moiré pointer image immune to beam misalignment is proposed to calculate displacements. Interestingly, the absolute benchmark is found for cycle counting in the moiré pointer image of fractional topological charge. The vortex beam interferometer would not stop at the tiny displacement measurement in simulations. We report experimental measurements of nanoscale to hundred millimeter displacement in a vortex beam displacement measurement interferometer (DMI) for the first time, to the best of our knowledge.

Surface energetics mediated charge transfer and exciton transfer in cation-adsorbed rubrene/PbS nanocrystal hybrids

Organic molecule and inorganic nanocrystal (NC) hybrids have become a promising platform for photon energy conversion. Although surface energetics modification has proven effective in promoting triplet energy transfer, singlet energy transfer and charge transfer have been barely investigated. Here, we systematically clarify the photophysical dynamics of charge, singlet exciton, and triplet exciton within the energy conversion process based on hybrids of rubrene and Cd2+-adsorbed PbS NCs. It is found that a considerable number of charges in rubrene molecules can be transferred to cation-induced surface states in the ∼2 ps time scale with high efficiency to trigger a delayed biexciton effect, which provides a novel approach to uncover the intermediate role of NC surface states. For the triplet exciton, strong interaction with surface states is investigated with a recycling energy transfer of around 14% efficiency, which is found to be insensitive to changes in NC surface energetics. As a result, the maximum photoluminescence lifetime of PbS NCs was enhanced by about 38%. This work reveals the neglected photo-physical dynamics in the transfer process between organic molecules/inorganic NCs and validates the capability of the surface state in sensitization of organic charges and excitons.

Real-Time Battery Temperature Monitoring Using FBG Sensors: A Data-Driven Calibration Method

Battery storage has an important role to play in integrating large-scale renewable power generations and in transport decarbonization. Real-time monitoring of battery temperature profiles is indispensable for battery safety management. Due to the advantages of small size, resistance to corrosion, immunity to electromagnetic interference, and multiplexing, fiber Bragg-grating (FBG) sensing has received substantial interest in recent years for battery temperature measurement. However, traditional temperature calibration for FBG sensors often requires a high-standard reference and causes the sensors to fail to be consistent during the calibration or recalibration processes. To tackle the challenges, an ensemble data-driven calibration method is developed in this article for FBG sensors. The calibration model consists of a linear part and a nonlinear part. First, the fuzzy <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">${C}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -means (FCM) algorithm is used to extract the linear relationship between the measured FBG wavelength shift and temperature variation. Then, the empirical mode decomposition (EMD) technique is used to classify the intrinsic mode functions (IMFs) and the remainder of the unmodeled nonlinear information. The unmodeled nonlinear information is further compensated using battery state of charge (SOC) and cycle number information. The experimental results confirm that the proposed temperature calibration method achieves desirable accuracy and reliability, with both the mean absolute error (MAE) and root mean square error (RMSE) being around 0.2 °C, respectively. Compared with the traditional temperature calibration method, the proposed approach can be used online in real-life applications.

Quantifying the Impact of Charge Rate and Number of Cycles on Structural Degeneration of Li-Ion Battery Electrodes

A quantitative link between crack evolution in lithium-ion positive electrodes and the degrading performance on cells is not yet well established nor is any single technique capable of doing so widely available. Here, we demonstrate a widely accessible high-throughput approach to quantifying crack evolution within electrodes. The approach applies super-resolution scanning electron microscopy (SEM) imaging of cross-sectioned NMC532 electrodes, followed by segmentation and quantification of crack features. Crack properties such as crack intensity, crack width and length are quantified as a function of charge rate (1C, 6C, and 9C) and cycle number (25, 225, and 600 cycles). Hundreds of particles are characterized for statistical confidence in the quantitative crack measurements. The data on crack evolution is compared to electrochemical data from full cells and half cells with the NMC532 positive electrodes. We show that while crack evolution strongly correlates with capacity fade in the first 25 cycles, it does not correlate well for the following hundreds of cycles indicating that cracking may not be the dominant cause of capacity fade throughout the cycle-life of cells.