Number Of Cases Research Articles

Relationship between haptoglobin and serum amyloid A in milk and milk quality

The objective of this study was to evaluate relationships between the presence in milk of the major bovine acute phase proteins, haptoglobin (Hp) and serum amyloid A (SAA), and milk quality parameters. Composite milk samples were collected from 89 clinically healthy dairy cows and analysed for Hp and SAA, total protein, casein, and whey protein levels, casein number, proteolysis, total fat and lactose levels, and somatic cell count (SCC). Milk samples with detectable levels of Hp showed lower total protein and casein levels than those samples without Hp, whereas milk samples with detectable levels of SAA had lower casein number and lactose level than samples without detectable SAA. Samples with detectable levels of acute phase proteins also showed an elevated SCC. The results suggest that the presence of Hp and SAA in milk might indicate unfavourable changes in milk composition, especially in relation to protein quality.

Extended lactation in dairy cows: effects of milking frequency, calving season and nutrition on lactation persistency and milk quality

Twelve spring-calving and twelve winter-calving cows were managed for extended lactation cycles of 18-months duration, with the former group then completing a second extended lactation. Half of the cows were fed according to standard management practice for the herd; the other half received supplementary concentrate from week 9 of lactation onwards. Commencing at the same time, half of the udder of each cow was subjected to increased milking frequency (thrice daily rather than twice daily). Lactation persistency (and hence total milk yield) was significantly increased by frequent milking. Winter calving cows and supplemented cows also exhibited better persistency, but this was only evident up until the point of re-breeding, at around lactation week 33. Milk composition was measured in the spring-calving cows in both their first and second extended lactations. Composition altered during the course of the lactation, protein and fat percentages increasing and lactose percentage decreasing, irrespective of treatment. The quality of the milk for processing into cheese, fermented products, heat-treated products and cream liqueurs was assessed by calculation of casein number (casein protein as a proportion of total protein). Processing quality declined across the course of lactation in those groups that showed poor persistency but not in those that maintained a persistent lactation. Milk hygienic quality (somatic cell counts) showed parallel changes. Body condition score increased during the course of lactation but was not affected by supplementation; none of the cows became excessively fat. All cows remained healthy throughout the extended lactations and the majority (33/36) re-bred successfully. By demonstrating that lactation persistency is plastic and can be improved by simple management interventions, the results lend support to the economic arguments in favour of extended lactation cycles. The likely welfare benefits of extended lactation are also discussed.

HIV-associated cryptococcal meningitis

While the incidence of cryptococccal meningitis in thedeveloped world has declined with widespread, earlyantiretroviraltherapy(ART),cryptococcaldiseaseremainsa major opportunistic infection and leading cause ofmortality in patients infected with HIV in much of thedeveloping world. Most HIV-related cases are caused byCryptococcus neoformans var. grubii (serotype A), while var.neoformans (serotype D) is responsible for a proportion,especially in Europe, and there are a small number ofCryptococcus gatti infections (formerly C. neoformansserotypes B and C) [1,2]. The last includes a small numberof cases in HIV-infected individuals forming part of anunprecedented outbreak of C. gattii infections, predomi-nantly in apparently immunocompetent patients, onVancouver Island, Canada [3,4].C. neoformans is distributed worldwide. An ubiquitousenvironmental saphrophyte, it is found in soil contami-nated with pigeon droppings and has also been isolatedfrom the heartwood of several tree species in SouthAmerica [5] and India [6], and from the homes of AfricanHIV-seropositivepatients[7,8].Exposuremaybecommon[9], although the exact circumstances are usually unclear.Inhalation of small, thinly encapsulated yeasts, orbasidiospores [10], may lead to an initial pulmonaryinfection,which,dependingonhostimmuneresponseandthe number and virulence of the organisms, is cleared,contained within granulomata as a latent infection ordisseminates. The minority in whom disease disseminatestypically have defects in T cell function, throughmalignancy,immunosuppressivemedication,autoimmunedisease or sarcoidosis [11,12] or HIV infection, indicatingthe role of T cell-mediated immunity in host defence.In HIV-seropositive patients, most episodes of crypto-coccalmeningitisprobablyrepresentreactivationoflatentinfection, which may have been acquired many yearsearlier. There is compelling evidence for latent infectionin a rat model [13] and humans [14]. Dromer andcolleagues [15] typed C. neoformans isolates from HIV-seropositive patients diagnosed with cryptococcosis inFrance, some of whom were from Africa but had lived inFrance for a median of over 9 years. There was asignificant clustering of isolates from African comparedwith European patients, suggesting that the patients hadacquired their isolates long before the development ofclinical disease. A proportion of HIV-related cases,however, may result from dissemination of new orprimary infection [16], as has been observed in the recentoutbreak of C. gattii infection in British Columbia [17].HIV-associatedcryptococcalmeningitisusuallypresentsasa subacute meningo-encephalitis in profoundly immuno-suppressedpatients(CD4cellcounts<100cells/ml), withmalaise, headache, fever and, later, visual disturbance andaltered mental status. Signs, if present, may includemeningism, papilloedema, cranial nerve palsies [particu-larly sixth nerve palsies reflective of raised pressure incerebrospinal fluid (CSF)] and reduced conscious level.The diagnosis is usually straightforward. The highorganism load in this setting means the sensitivity of Indiaink staining of CSF is high. Those who have a negative

Influence of composite κ-casein and β-lactoglobulin genotypes on composition, rennetability and heat stability of milk of cows of Slovak Pied breed

The effect of the phenotypic combination of genetic variants κ-CN/β-Lg on the contents of technologically and nutritionally important components of milk as well as technological properties of milk was investigated in this paper. The samples of milk were collected from 72 cows of Slovak Pied breed in the second lactation coming from three farms, once from the different lactation stage. The genotyping of milk samples was determined by the horizontal electrophoretic separation of milk proteins on starch gel with addition of urea and mercaptoethanol. Statistical analysis was carried out in the programmes Statistica 6.0 and Statgraphic Plus 5.1 by the least-squares method using the GLM. A non-significant association of &lt;i&gt;B&lt;/i&gt; allele in the κ-CN/β-Lg phenotypic combination with milk fat, crude protein content and true protein content was found out. A positive significant effect of κ-CN/β-Lg &lt;i&gt;BB/BB&lt;/i&gt; on casein content and casein number was confirmed. The value of casein number increased in the following order: &lt;i&gt;BB/BB&lt;/i&gt; &gt; &lt;i&gt;AB/AB&lt;/i&gt; &gt; &lt;i&gt;AA/AA&lt;i&gt; (78.43%:77.53%:75.78%). With regard to whey proteins and heat stability, a negative effect of B allele in the phenotypic combination κ-CN/β-Lg was found out.

The state as a key success factor for Self-Regulation? Empirical evidence in brief

The necessity of the state’s involvement in self-regulation is a controversial issue in the debate about Governance. As Puppis (earlier in this section) mentioned, the role of the state varies across the six domains of media governance, but there are hardly any empirical studies about the question whether a state’s involvement is a key success factor for self350 The state as a key success factor for Self-Regulation? regulation. By focusing on three domains of media regulation, namely processes, content, and organizations, some answers will be formulated. What follows is a secondary analysis of two empirical studies, comparing forms of self- and co-regulation in the broadcasting sector in different western states (Jarren et al., 2002; Puppis et al., 2004). The cases were selected so as to include as broad a spectrum of different forms of self-regulation (SR) and co-regulation (CR) as possible. Document analysis and expert interviews were chosen as research methods. The advantages of these two qualitative methods are their openness and flexibility, which allow discovering new aspects not taken into consideration in existing theories, the possibility to take into account a small number of cases, and their ability to make a step in the direction of theorybuilding (Deacon et al., 1999). The interviewees were professionals from self-regulatory organizations, broadcasting companies, and representatives from regulatory agencies, ministries and researchers. Laws, codes of practice, and secondary literature about the organizations under study were analyzed. The case studies were updated by the author in 2006. The following presentation of some of the research results is conducted by comparing four dimensions of forms of co- and self-regulation: The types of media co- and self-regulation are responsible for, the role of the state, the rationales for implementing these forms of governance, and the assessment of self- and co-regulation by the interviewees.

Genetic polymorphism of β-lactoglobulin gene and effect on milk composition in Leccese sheep

The distribution of the two main genetic variants of LGB gene in 192 Leccese dairy ewes was analysed to evaluate the effects of the substitution of Tyr 20 with His encoding variants on ovine milk composition. The main traits of milk production were measured every 2 weeks for over 5 months from morning and evening milking after lambs’ weaning (30 ± 3 days); in particular fat, protein and lactose, total nitrogen, casein content and casein number, whey protein and ash were analysed. Milk composition did not differ considerably among the LGB genotypes, the main differences were found for fat content ( P > 0.01), with AA = AB > BB genotype, and whey protein content ( P > 0.05) with BB = AB > AA genotype.

PER-CUTANEOUS FNA BIOPSY WITH OPEN LYMPH NODE BIOPSY

Objective: To compare the efficacy of per cutaneous FNA biopsy with open lymph node biopsy. Setting: Nishtar Hospital, Multan. Sample size: 50 patients. Duration: One year. Results: Maximum numberof cases 35 (70%) were between the ages of 11-40 years. During this procedure adequate specimens were obtained from all cases for cytological interpretation and no complication was observed. Benign result in 30 cases while malignant disease was observed in 19 cases and an unsatisfactory result was observed in one case. Results of this study showed that tuberculosis is still a common disease in our population. Overall accuracy of FNAB cytology was 98% on comparison with histological diagnosis indicating the usefulnessof this technique. Conclusion: FNAB-C may be performed by clinician, pathologist or radiologist as an outpatient procedure. So along with other advantages it brings a new dimension of cooperation between the medical specialist, cytopathologist and radiologist in this era of emphasis on ambulatory care.

Shigellosis in children less than five years in urban slum area: a study at primary health care in Jakarta

Background Shigellosis has a global distribution especially incountries with poor hygiene and sanitation. The most commonmanifestation of shigellosis in children is diarrhea with broadspectrum manifestations from watery diarrhea to classicaldysentery. Appropriate antibiotic management is important toeradicate Shigella spp.Objective To find out shigellosis prevalence and manifestationsand also Shigella spp. resistance pattern in children less than 5years with acute diarrhea in certain district urban slum areas inJakarta.Methods This cross sectional study involved 475 outpatients ofless than 5 years old with acute diarrhea who visited primary healthcares in Jakarta from July– October 2005. Stool for culture andantibiotic resistance test was taken with single rectal swab.Results Shigella spp. was found only in 3 (0.6%) patients. Thesubjects were between 6 to 24 months. Watery diarrhea was foundin 1 subject and so was the classical dysentery manifestation offever and bloody diarrhea. Two strains were found, 2 cases of S.sonnei and 1 case of S. flexneri. They were resistance tocotrimoxazole, tetracycline, and colistine.Conclusion Shigella spp. was not the main cause of acute diarrheain children less than 5 years old. Due to the small number ofcases, we could not find the most common manifestation andresistance pattern of shigellosis in these children.

English

Conventional ceramic piezoelectric materials have been used in hydrophones for sonarapplications since 1940's. In the last few years since the discovery of polymeric piezoelectrichydrophones, the technology has matured, applications have emerged in extraordinary number ofcases such as underwater navigation, biomedical applications, biomimetics, etc. Hydrophones areused underwater at high hydrostatic pressures. In the presence of hydrostatic pressures, theanisotropic piezoelectric response of ceramic materials is such that it has poor hydrophone performancecharacteristics whereas polymeric piezoelectric materials show enough hydrostatic piezoelectriccoefficients. Moreover, piezoelectric polymers have low acoustic impedance, which is only 2-6 timethat of water, whereas in piezoelectric ceramics, it is typically 11-time greater than that of water. Aclose impedance match permits efficient transduction of acoustic signals in water and tissues. Newlydeveloped hydrostatic-mode polyvinylidene flouride (PVDF) hydrophones use a pressure-releasesystem to achieve improved sensitivity. Recently, voided PVDF materials have been used for makinghydrophones having higher sensitivity and figure of merit than unvoided PVDF materials.

The Spirit of Despotism: Invasions of Privacy in the 1790s (review)

Reviewed by: The Spirit of Despotism: Invasions of Privacy in the 1790s David Francis Taylor Barrell John , The Spirit of Despotism: Invasions of Privacy in the 1790s (Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006), pp. 278. £50.00 hardback. 0 19 928120 3. John Barrell's latest book bears all the hallmarks of his exemplary scholarship: meticulous research, a lucid and pacy prose style that renders even the most detailed or difficult material accessible and exciting, and, most importantly, a sustained level of interdisciplinarity. The Spirit of Despotism buildsits thesis upon an extraordinary array of sources spanning the breadth of cultural registers and media: from poems and journals, to maps of London, loyalist medals, political caricatures, and legal and parliamentary proceedings. Such a range of reference represents, for Barrell, a conscious exegetical strategy that seeks to avoid the label and potential pitfalls of 'old new historicism', as he calls it, and to occupy'a space somewhere between political and cultural history' (p. 14). Prescriptions of space, physical and theoretical, are central to the book's concerns. Barrell contends that the 1790s involved the 'politicization of the private' on a previously unseen scale (p. 8), and argues that the reaction of the Pittite administration to the regime of regicide and Terror in revolutionary France, and later to the continental war, involved new forms of state oppression and political surveillance that challenged the late eighteenth-century paradigm of privacy. The reactionism of the Tory government during this period has been well documented and debated by both historians and literary critics, as has its corollary in studies of parliamentary reformism, literary radicalism, the censorship of the press and theatre, and the state treason trials; Barrell's thesis marks a departure from these surveys in that it considers the consequences of institutionalised repression on private spheres such as those of metropolitan geography, cosmetics, and cottage life – spheres that have been largely neglected by current research. Barrell is keenly aware of the two major problems that such an approach entails: firstly, the difficultyof gathering and organising the often sparse and disparate evidential data relating to areas that were,by definition, beyond the apparatuses of regulationor reliable public records; and, secondly, the need to delimit the vast field of potential cultural material invoked in his notion of 'invasions of privacy'. He overcomes the first of these by working his argument around an exhaustively researched and adeptly managed plethora of sources, and the second by selecting just five instances of the aggressive renegotiation of British culture that, he maintains, pervades the decade. Each of these examples, through which Barrell structures his book, embody public incursions into issues or sites that, prior to 1789,were considered domestic, personal, or even trivial.In each case Barrell opens up his discussion by way of an historical or literary anecdote – the Godwinian man of talent pacing the city, the arrest of John Frost for republican sentiments voiced in a coffee house, or the bear's grease advocated in 1795 as a hair-restorative – which he then skilfully unpicks, eliciting complex issues from these brief narratives that serve as the basis for further analysis. His first chapter attempts to reconstruct the political geography of 1790s London. Barrell maps the polarised economic and ideological climate of the period onto the east–west division of the city and notes several occurrences of protests and triumphal parades that functioned as 'plebeian invasions of the west end' (p. 45). He then gives specific consideration to the distribution of divisions [End Page 189] of the London Corresponding Society throughout the capital, highlighting their dearth within the walled City and suggesting several possible explanations for this surprising absence. This discussion is followed by a chapter on the coffee house. Drawing on his detailed knowledge of the treason trials and unstable legal taxonomy of the 1790s, Barrell examines a numberof cases in which radicals were tried for seditious utterances made in coffee houses, which, he contends, operated as spaces in which conversation involved a 'delicate negotiation between public and private'(p. 83). Barrell's thesis here is indebted to, and perhaps slightly guilty of repeating, material already covered in the recent studies of the eighteenth-century coffee house provided by Markman...

神経障害発現に及ぼすシスプラチン分割投与の影響

Several methods have been tried in reducing the adverse effects of chemotherapy, one of them divided dose schedules for chemotherapy agents. In the present study, we evaluated the impact of a divided dose schedule for cisplatin (CDDP) on the development of peripheral neuropathy.The study subjects were 7 Non Small Lung Cancer patients who developed peripheral neuropathy. All patients treated received CIC therapy (CDDP : 20 mg/m2, day 1-4, ifosfamide : 1500 mg/m2, day 1-4, irinotecan : 60 mg/m2, day 1, 8, 15) according to a divided dose schedule. We based our neuropathy evaluation on the medical records, medication history and nursing records of these subjects.As for neuropathy symptoms, there were 6 cases of numbness and one case of distal paresthesia in the hands or legs, which were considered to be caused by CDDP. Peripheral neuropathy is generally expected to occur after the administration of approximately 300 mg/m2 of CDDP. In our study, the mean total dose of CDDP was 330.1±67.3 mg/m2, that for ifosfamide 25716.8±6013.1 mg/m2 and that for irinotecan 662.3±158.0 mg/m2.The conclusion of our study was that peripheral neuropathy occurred after the administration of approximately 300 mg/m2 of CDDP for both the conventional and divided dose schedules.

Protein composition, plasmin activity and cheesemaking properties of cows' milk produced at two altitudes from hay of lowland and high-alpine origins

The influence of high altitude, alpine origin of the forage and roughage-only diets on milk protein content and composition, plasmin activity and cheesemaking properties was investigated. There were four treatment groups, each consisting of six dairy cows in early to mid-lactation. Two groups were fed only with hay ad libitum either at 2000 m or at 400 m a.s.l. One group, kept in the lowlands, was pair-fed to the alpine-site group and another group received a mixed diet of silages, hay and concentrates. Two hay types, harvested either at the alpine site or in the lowlands, were offered to all cows fed with hay alone, following a change-over design in three periods each of 3 weeks. In the respective third week, milk was sampled at every milking. Hay of alpine origin significantly reduced milk protein, in particular whey proteins, which is why the casein number increased. kappa-Casein proportion in total casein was reduced and its glycosylation was increased by the alpine hay. The apparent plasminogen-derived activity was reduced when alpine hay was given, but apparent plasmin activity and rennet coagulation properties of the milk were not affected by hay type. Independent of hay type, the high altitude group showed a significantly reduced milk protein content, lower glycosylation of kappa-casein and impaired rennet coagulation properties. For several of the traits, the trend was the same in the pair-fed group. There was no effect of altitude on apparent plasmin activity. Hay-alone v. the mixed diet resulted initially in marked declines in milk protein content but did not impair cheesemaking properties. Thus the extensive diet without concentrates, typical of high-alpine conditions, contributed less to the overall effect of extensive alpine v. intensive lowland feeding systems than hay quality and altitude did. In conclusion, certain positive influences of the alpine sojourn of cows on cheese processing quality are overruled by the major adverse impact of lower milk protein content.

Accuracy of Fourier transform infrared spectrometry in determination of casein in dairy cows' milk.

For practical purposes the casein content of milk is often estimated from the crude protein content using a general conversion factor. This is done even though it is known that several factors can influence the percentage of casein nitrogen in the total nitrogen (casein number). The uncontrolled variation in casein number affects optimization of cheese production because casein is a limiting factor for cheese yield. Fourier transform infrared spectrometry has recently been introduced for casein determination. Using this technique we obtained a standard error of prediction (SEP) of 0.033% for casein concentrations in the range 2.1-4.0%. The true prediction error was estimated as 0.025%. The correlation between casein numbers obtained by reference analysis and infrared spectrometry could be expressed by an R2 of 0.73 and an SEP of 0.89 for casein numbers in the range 70.7-81.0.

Effects of the hot season on milk protein fractions in Holstein cows

Effects of the hot season on milk protein fractions were studied in 40 mid-lactating Hol- stein cows (141 ± 67 days in milk). The trial was carried out on a commercial dairy herd located in Central Italy (42 o 15' North, 12 o 21' East, 227 m of altitude). Twenty cows were monitored for six weeks from March to April; the other 20 cows were monitored for six weeks from June to August. The two groups were balanced for parity, days in milk (DIM), genetic index for milk production, and fre- quency of κ-casein B and β-lactoglobulin B variants. The diet for the two groups was a base-ration fed as a total mixed ration, plus concentrate given by self-feeders. During the two experimental peri- ods, values of air temperatures and relative humidity were recorded daily and were used to calculate the temperature-humidity index; average feed intake was recorded daily, and rectal temperatures were measured weekly. Milk yield was recorded at both morning (06:00 h) and evening (18:00 h) milkings. Individual milk samples were taken weekly and analysed for concentration of crude protein content, casein number, and protein fractions. During the summer, cows had higher rectal tempera- tures but lower DMI and milk yield. Moreover, milk from cows in the summer had lower contents of crude proteins and caseins, lower casein number, and higher milk serum proteins. Among caseins, the κ-casein fraction did not differ between the two groups. Conversely, milk from summer cows showed lower contents of αs-casein and β-casein. The results from the present study indicate that the reduc- tion of milk protein content observed in the summer was due to the reduction in the casein content, which was in turn caused by a reduction in αs-casein and β-casein contents. These changes might ex- plain the alteration in cheesemaking properties of milk commonly observed during the summer. summer / dairy cows / milk protein fractions / casein

The Postsocialist Experience and Comparative Politics

I see four areas where the study of postsocialism has made significant contributions to our understanding of politics, One is in providing an ideal laboratory for comparison. Here, I refer to three aspects of the region. First, it contains a large number of cases—28 in all and a good deal more, once we take into account “patch-work” politics and economics of the Russian Federation, for example. Second, the “great transformation,” to borrow from Polanyi and to refer in this instance to an even “greater” process involving the construction of economic and political regimes, nations, and states, deals with virtually all the fundamental issues of politics. Finally, the region exhibits enormous variation in political and economic outcomes, whether we focus on economic and political regime types and the institutional details of these regimes; economic performance, levels of economic development, types of economic reforms, and the role of foreign capital; the age and size of the state and its capacity to define and defend borders, command compliance and extract resources; and the national composition of the population. At the same time, causes are limited, largely because of the homogenizing effects of state socialism and the temporal similarities in when these great transformations commenced. This combination of variable outcomes and constrained causes is, of course, precisely what comparativists value.

Thrice-daily milking throughout lactation maintains epithelial integrity and thereby improves milk protein quality.

Cows managed for extended lactations of 16 months duration were milked on a half-udder basis twice or thrice daily, commencing in lactation week 9. Mammary epithelial integrity (assessed by milk sodium : potassium ratio) was greater in the half-udder which was milked thrice daily. This difference was evident throughout the lactation but became greater after week 41. Milk protein composition was assessed during late lactation (52+/-3 weeks). Casein number (casein as a proportion of total protein) was significantly higher in half-udders milked thrice daily, as were the relative amounts of alpha- and beta-caseins, whilst those of kappa- and- caseins were reduced. Two days of inverted milking frequency (i.e. thrice-milked udder halves now milked twice, and vice versa) only partly reversed these differences. We concluded that thrice-daily milking will help to prevent or ameliorate the usual decline in milk processing quality associated with late lactation. Part of this effect is due simply to reduced exposure to proteolytic enzymes as a result of decreased storage time in the udder, but part is due to a better maintenance of epithelial tight junction integrity as lactation advances, which restricts leakage of proteolytic enzymes from serum into milk.

Distribution of protein fraction in the milk of West African dwarf goat

Milks from lactating West African dwarf goat and white Fulani cow were analysed for total protein, casein, whey protein, non protein nitrogen, Globulin and albumin and proteose peptone contents. Milk samples were from healthy goats and cows (n=24) in mid-lactation. The data were grouped and analysed as treatment 1 (Goat milk) and treatment 2 (cow milk). The average casein nitrogen, globulin and albumin, non-protein in nitrogen, whey nitrogen and proteose peptone were o.4034, 0.0574, 0.0563, 0.0225 and 0.0225g/ 100ml for goat milk and 0.414, 0.0572, 0.030, 0.0212 and 0.0219 g/ 100ml for cow milk. In total nitrogen (g/100ml) goat milk ranked 0.56, 0.54 (cow milk). Goat milk also ranked higher in casein nitrogen, protein nitrogen and non-casein nitrogen. Milk differed also in the casein number with higher casein number reported for cow milk. This study revealed the protein fraction of West African dwarf goat milk with special attention on the whey nitrogen since milk supplied to the market in Nigeria is intended for fluid consumption due to little or no cheese industry. The Journal of Food Technology in Africa Volume 6 Number 1 (January-March 2001), pp. 8-10 KEY WORDS: Protein fraction, goat milk , cow milk.

Reflections on Language by Stuart Hirschberg , Terry Hirschberg (review)

is then illustratedthrough an enumeration of the scientific commissions of AILA and througha numberof case studies. My onlyregretaboutthisveryinterestingbookisitsveryanglocentricperspective. The fact that the International Association of Applied Linguistics is commonly referred to as AILA, the French Association Internationale de Linguistique Appliquee, suggeststhatmany appliedlinguistsworkedoutsidethe English-speaking and -writingcommunity. However, thereis no mention, forexample, of the workof the French applied linguists who helped shape the discipline: Huot, Veronique, Porquier,Noyau, Liidi, Trevise,to name but a few. To sum up, one could say that this Introduction toApplied Linguistics is obligatory readingforstudentsand researchersin appliedlinguistics,forlanguageprofessionals and for anyone interestedin the linkbetween linguisticsand appliedlinguistics. BIRKBECK COLLEGE, LONDON JEAN-MARCDEWAELE ReflectionsonLanguage. Ed. by STUART HIRSCHBERG and TERRYHIRSCHBERG. New Yorkand Oxford:Oxford UniversityPress. I999. xxxix + 632 pp. I9.99. All undergraduatestudentsof Modern Languagesor Englishshouldfollow a course that introduces them to the nature and functions of language, but it is not an easy task to find an appropriatecourse-book, not all introductorytexts for students of linguistics being suitable for this purpose. Is a reader such as this is a possible contender, and what view of language emergesfrom it? The volume contains a wide variety of accessible articles on language, this heterogeneity manifesting itself in three ways. First, the varied topics range from 'AcquiringLanguage' to 'Cybertalk'.There is a tendency to favour the politically correct,althoughwithvariousattemptsto maintaina balance, such as an extracton anti-male bias in language, in 'Communication Between the Sexes' (for'language', read 'English',here as generallyin the book).The approachesrangefrom academic to anecdotal, with an over-representationof the latter. Instead of Bickertonon the phylogenetic nature of the evolution of creoles, there is Diamond's vulgarization: highly readable, but containing misleading comments about the ways in which creoles are 'simplerthan normal languages' (for example, nouns not declined for case!).Certaintexts are classics;othersthat do not merit inclusion as 'reflectionson language' arepresumablyincludedbecause they offergristto the rhetorician'smill. This applies to Earl Spencer's eulogy for PrincessDiana (under 'The Language of Politics')or to a text on dating (banalbeyond belief but checkthat irony). This brings me to the most problematic aspect of the volume: its unresolved pluralityof purpose. The volume smacksof the conversion of a freshmanprimeron 'Rhetoric' into a reader 'on language as a social form'. In so far as there is any critical apparatus, it belongs to the field of rhetoric. A second index classifies contents under rhetoricalcategories, and the glossarycontains 'Metaphor'but not 'Morpheme', 'SexistLanguage'but not 'Speech Act'. Despite the textson language variation, bilingualism, and the analysisof advertising,the equivalent criticaltools for sociolinguistic or semiotic analysis are missing. There is a no indication that some texts contain more reliable observations on language than others. Editorial comment could better bring out the fact that recent opposing ideas of language are present in this volume in a nutshell. (Compare Chomsky'sassertionthat language can constitutean objectof rationalenquiryonly ifviewed as theproduct of'an ideal homogeneous speech community in which there is no variation in style or dialect' of which 'communication' is not a prime purpose, with Bakhtin'sdenunciation of the study of 'a word excised from dialogue and taken for the norm'.) Apart from is then illustratedthrough an enumeration of the scientific commissions of AILA and througha numberof case studies. My onlyregretaboutthisveryinterestingbookisitsveryanglocentricperspective. The fact that the International Association of Applied Linguistics is commonly referred to as AILA, the French Association Internationale de Linguistique Appliquee, suggeststhatmany appliedlinguistsworkedoutsidethe English-speaking and -writingcommunity. However, thereis no mention, forexample, of the workof the French applied linguists who helped shape the discipline: Huot, Veronique, Porquier,Noyau, Liidi, Trevise,to name but a few. To sum up, one could say that this Introduction toApplied Linguistics is obligatory readingforstudentsand researchersin appliedlinguistics,forlanguageprofessionals and for anyone interestedin the linkbetween linguisticsand appliedlinguistics. BIRKBECK COLLEGE, LONDON JEAN-MARCDEWAELE ReflectionsonLanguage. Ed. by STUART HIRSCHBERG and TERRYHIRSCHBERG. New Yorkand Oxford:Oxford UniversityPress. I999. xxxix + 632 pp. I9.99. All undergraduatestudentsof Modern Languagesor Englishshouldfollow a course that introduces them to the nature and functions of language, but it is not an easy task to find an appropriatecourse-book, not all introductorytexts for students of linguistics being suitable for this purpose. Is a reader such as this is a possible contender, and what view of language emergesfrom it? The volume contains a wide variety...

A Case of Tracheobronchopathia Osteochondroplastica Diagnosed by Fiberoptic Bronchoscopy Upon Removal of an Aspirated Crown

Tracheobronchopathia osteochondroplastica (TO) is a relatively rare benign disease, around 300 and 130 cases have been reported in English and Japanese literature, respectively. Most of the cases have been diagnosed incidentally at autopsy. Due to the widespread use of fiberoptic bronchoscopy (FOB), the number of cases diagnosed upon examination is increasing. Here, we report a case of a 72 year-old man with a history of crown aspiration, who was diagnosed as TO upon removal of a foreign body using FOB. The diagnosis of TO and the removal of an aspirated crown by FOB are discussed.

Size of native and heated casein micelles, content of protein and minerals in milk from Norwegian Red Cattle—effect of milk protein polymorphism and different feeding regimes

Abstract Milk samples of 59 cows of the Norwegian Red Cattle breed receiving three different supplementary concentrates, were analysed for genotypes of caseins and whey proteins, the content of different milk salts (Ca 2+ , Ca, Mg and citrate), the content of total protein, casein and whey protein and the mean micellar size of native and heated casein micelles. The genotype of α s1 -casein had a statistically significant effect on the content of protein and casein, and the content of whey protein and the casein number were significantly influenced by different feeding regimes, and the content of citrate. The mean size of native and heated casein micelles was significantly influenced by the feeding regimes, genotype of α s1 -casein (native mean size only) and κ -casein, pH and the content of casein, whey protein and casein number. The heat-induced changes in mean micellar size were significantly affected by the calcium ion activity which accounted for approximately 40% of the total variation.