Number Of Bulbs Research Articles

The effect of bulbs size and induction techniques of tuberose (Polianthes tuberose L.) on its sprouting rate, simultaneity, and bulbs number

Increasing flower production of Polianthes is hindered by limited supply of bulb. After ripening, a newly harvested bulb exhibits a phenomenon in which new bulbs do not readily sprout. Farmers usually air or sun-dry the bulbs before curing them for 1-3 months above the kitchen stove to induce sprouting. Therefore, it is necessary to accelerate sprouting. The purpose of this research was to determine the effect of bulb size and induction techniques on the sprouting rate, sprouting simultaneity, and buds number of Tuberose bulbs. The research was conducted at the Laboratory of Seed Science and Technology, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, Bogor Agricultural University. A completely randomized design with two factors was used, namely, bulbs size and induction techniques. The bulbs were grouped into three sizes; small (0.5 < Ø < 1.5 cm), medium (1.5 < Ø < 2.5 cm) and large (Ø > 2.5 cm) sizes and subjected to air-dry and fumigation for six days. Each treatment was replicated four times with 20 bulbs for each experimental unit. The result showed that larger bulb produced higher number of side-bud, so did fumigation as opposed air-drying. The large bulb produced higher percentage of sprouting bulb than medium and small bulb The larger the bulb, the earlier they sprout.

Respons growth and production of shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) on Complementary Liquid Fertilizer (CLF) dosage and interval of application time

Shallot is one of the agricultural commodities whose production needs to be increased in the national food security program framework. One effort to increase yield is by conducting cultivation techniques including, fertilization. The study was objective at determining the dose of complementary liquid fertilizers (LCF) and interval application time and their interactions to increase the growth and yield of shallots. The study was conducted in Lampoko Village, Barebbo District, Bone Regency, in April-June 2018. The experiment used a factorial randomized block design with two factors. The first factor was the CLF dose at three levels (1,0, 2,0, and 3,0 ml L−1) and the second factor was an interval of application time at three levels (every 5,7, and 9 days). The results showed that the treatment of CLF dose significantly affected plant height and number of leaves. The treatment of the interval of application time significantly involves the number of bulbs, bulbs’ diameter, fresh bulbs weight, and dry bulbs weight. In general, the best growth and production of shallots were obtained in the treatment of LCF with a dose of 2,0 ml L−1 at an interval of 5 days for once application.

Effect of Abiotic Stress on Onion Yield: A Review

Onion (Allium cepa L.) is a spice crop and a valuable economic crop cultivated in a variety of environments around the world. Because of its export demand, it is extremely important in terms of foreign exchange. Drought stress, waterlogging stress, heat stress, cold stress, and salinity stress all have an impact on onion growth, production, and yield in different ways. A lack of water causes low productivity, therefore to increase onion yield, a constant supply of water is needed. Onions are particularly susceptible to salt stress. The number of bulbs per unit area, height, and fresh weight of onion bulbs, are all affected by salinity in irrigation water. It has an effect on bulbing and the quality of harvested bulbs. Waterlogging has a major effect on bulb development and yield at various growth stages. Waterlogging stress in onions may prevent moving from source to sink, lowering bulb yield. The possible flavor of onions can be affected by the surrounding climate. The bulbing response is influenced by temperature, and the degree to which it is influenced varies by variety. As the temperature increases, the number of leaves decreases. The bulb diameter, bulb weight, and bulbing index (bulb/neck diameter) all increase as the temperature rises. This review provides an in-depth description of the effect of abiotic stress on onion yield.

Evaluation of the growth and yield of true shallot seed on the application of two technology packages during two planting seasons in Central Sulawesi

True shallot seed (TSS) considered to be used due to their technical and economis feasibility. The aim of the study was to evaluate the growth and yield productivity of TSS and shallot bulbs generated from TSS. The study was conducted in Kotarindau Village, Dolo District, Sigi Regency, Central Sulawesi. The seeds was planted on dry lowland area. The experiment was arranged using a Randomized Block Design with two treatments, namely the Introduction Technology Package and Farmer Technology Package during two planting seasons. Each treatment was repeated 13 times. Parameter observed were the growth and yield of shallot. The data obtained were analyzed using the T test. The results showed that the Introduction Technology Package had a significant effect on several components of shallot growth and yield compare with the Farmer’s package in the first (using seeds) and the second season (using bulbs). In the second planting season, the number of bulbs was 7-9 times higher than in the first planting season, and the productivity was 2-3 times higher. We can conclude that the shallot bulbs harvested from the seeds have the opportunity to be used as a source of seeds for the next planting season.

RESPON PERTUMBUHAN DAN PRODUKSI BAWANG MERAH (Allium cepa L) TERHADAP KONSENTRASI AIR KELAPA DAN MEDIA TANAM SECARA VERTIKULTUR

The study was conducted at experimantal field at Faculty of Agriculture, Asahan University, Asahan Regency on October 2020 until December 2020. The study aims to the find out the growth response and production of shallots (Allium cepa L.) to the concentration of coconut water and growth media veticulture. This study used randomized complete block design with two factors: (1) Concentration of coconut water (K) with 3 levels: K1 = 25% (250 ml coconut water + 750 ml water), K2 = 50% (500 ml coconut water + 500 ml water), K3 = 75% (750 ml coconut water + 250 ml water) and (2) growth media (M) with 3 levels: M1 = soil + cow manure (1:1), M2 = soil + cow manure (2:1), M3 = soil + cow manure (3:1). Observation parameters were plant height, number of leave, number of bulbs, bulbs weight. The results showed that coconut water concentration had a significant effect on the number of tubers per clump and tuber wet weight, but had no significant effect on observations. plant height and number of leaves, the best treatment at K3 = 75% (750 ml coconut water + 250 ml water). The planting medium did not significantly affect the observations of plant height, number of leaves, number of tubers per clump and wet weight of tubers. The interaction between the concentration of coconut water and growing media did not have a significant effect on all observed variables.

Soil characteristic and shallot growth with gypsum and zeolite amendments in irrigated saline Alfisol and Inceptisol

Salinity of soil and irrigation is a factor that may cause a decrease in shallot productivity, so it requires efforts with amendments. This research aimed to determine the effect of gypsum and zeolite amendments on soil and shallot growth with saline irrigation. A pot experiment was conducted in the field using a completely randomized design with three factors. The first factor was two soil types (Alfisol and Inceptisol); the second factor was three shallot cultivars (Brebes, Purbalingga, and Pemalang); and the third factor was two types of soil amendments. The results showed that gypsum and zeolite reduced pH, sodium adsorption ratio (SAR), electric conductivity paste (ECp) and Na of the soils studied. Gypsum and zeolite increased the uptake of N, P and K by shallot plants. The increase of N uptake by applying gypsum on Inceptisol was more effective to Brebes and Purbalingga cultivars than Pemalang cultivar. Gypsum increased the diameter and number of bulbs in Inceptisol. Zeolite and gypsum increased bulb weight of Purbalingga cultivar in Alfisol.

An Investigative Study on Energy and Cost-Efficiency Measures in Commmercial Buildings: Case Study of University College Hospital, Ibadan, Nigeria

The quality and amount of energy expended are of paramount importance in the pursuit of economic recovery and diversification for both electricity consumers and authorities within the energy sector. This study concentrated on establishing energy and cost efficiencies within commercial buildings. All the incandescent bulbs within the eight departments considered were replaced by fluorescent lamps. Fluke 381 meter was employed in measuring power and energy consumed in KVA and Kilowatt-hour respectively for 30 days with mean daily use of 8 hours. The wattage of incandescent bulbs are 40 W, 60 W,75 W, 100 W, 120 W, 150 W and 200 W while the equivalent fluorescent bulbs are 10 W, 14 W, 20 W, 25 W, 30 W, 45 W and 60 W respectively. The number of incandescent bulbs replaced in various departments are given as follows: Psychiatry, 4000; Pharmacy, 2775; Pediatrics, 900; Anesthesia, 720; Physiotherapy, 684; Family medicine, 752; Surgery, 320; Emergency, 354. Analysis from each department shows that Psychiatry recorded the highest savings in terms of energy and money. It was also deduced that after the mean life span of a bulb expires, a total of 701 and 103 bulbs would be bought for incandescent and energy saving respectively in ten years, which shows 598 incandescent bulbs would be saved if replaced by energy saving.

Clonal performance of Scirpus yagara in multiple levels of substrate heterogeneity and submergence

Abstract Aims Environmental heterogeneity affects the performance of clonal aquatic plants. Few researchers integrated two aspects of heterogeneity into the study of clonal plant ecology. The aims of the present study are to (i) test whether different substrate heterogeneity and submergence exert similar effects on plant performance and (ii) explore the foraging behaviour. Methods In this study, Scirpus yagara was subjected to multiple levels of substrate heterogeneity and submergence. Substrate treatments included one homogeneous substrate and three heterogeneous substrates (two-patch, four-patch and eight-patch). Water level treatments included 0, 10 and 30 cm. Traits including ramet number, generation number, leaf number, bulb number, ramet height, culm length, rhizome length, clonal radius, spacer length, spacer thickness, total biomass, biomass of bulbs and biomass per bulb were measured. Important Findings Deeper water levels significantly reduced variables associated with growth such as ramet number, generation number, leaf number and bulb number, while substrate patchiness induced significant variations in traits such as spacer length and spacer thickness. Significant interactive effects of the two factors were found for ramet number, leaf number and spacer length. Scirpus yagara showed colonization towards the lake sediment patch in two-patch and four-patch substrates, and more structures were placed in the lake sediment patch. Especially for the two-patch substrate, all structures occupied the lake sediment patch. Two-sided intrusion was observed in the eight-patch substrate, which induced an even allocation of structures in different patches. The foraging behaviour was correlated with the patch size.

Effect of Chicken Manure and Mulch Types to Growth and Yield of Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) in Lowland

Aims: The research aimed to study the interaction between chicken manure dose and mulch type to growth and yield of shallot in lowland.&#x0D; Study Design: Factorial design in Randomized complete block design.&#x0D; Place and Duration of Study: The research was conducted in experimental garden of Faculty of Agriculture, Andalas University, West Sumatera, Indonesia from September-December 2019.&#x0D; Methodology: Factorial design with 3 factors in block randomized design was used in the research. The first factor chicken manure dose that consisted of three degrees (30 ton/ha, 40 ton/ha and 50 ton/ha). The second factor was type of mulch that consisted of two degrees (black plastic mulch and silver plastic mulch). The observed parameters were height of plant, number of leaves, number of bulb per clump and dry weight per hectare. The data was analyzed by using F test in 5% and followed by Duncan’s New Multiple Range Test in 5%.&#x0D; Results: The result showed that the interaction between chicken manure and mulch type did not affect the growth and yield of shallot.&#x0D; Conclusion: Chicken manure and mulch type were not effective to use for increasing the growth and yield of shallot in same time.

Effects of mycorrhiza biofertilizer and additive intercropping with peanut on growth, bulb formation, N and P contents of several varieties of shallot

Application of mycorrhiza biofertilizer to rice intercropped with soybean could increase growth and yield of rice. This study aimed to examine the effects of mycorrhiza biofertilizer application and intercropping with peanut relay-planted between double-rows of shallot on growth, N and P content, and harvest bulb number of several shallot varieties. The experiment was designed according to Split Split-Plot Design, testing three treatment factors, i.e. intercropping with peanut as the main plots (I0= without, I1= with intercropping), application of mycorrhiza biofertilizer as the sub-plots (M0= without, M1= with mycorrhiza application), and shallot varieties as the sub-sub-plots (V1= Bima Brebes, V2= Ketamonca, V3= Super Phillip). Results indicated that among the three treatment factors, mycorrhiza biofertilizer showed the most significant effects whereas intercropping did not show any significant effects. However, there were two-way interaction effects on some variables, and three-way interaction effect on harvest bulb number, with the highest average (12.8 bulb/clump) was on intercropped “Ketamonca” supplied with mycorrhiza biofertilizer whereas the lowest average (8.7 bulb/clump) was on monocropped “Bima Brebes” without mycorrhiza biofertilizer. Leaf N and P contents were also highest on peanut-intercropped shallot plants supplied with mycorrhiza biofertilizer, indicating the environmentally-friendly nature of using these treatments in increasing shallot productivity.

An experimental study of the load carrying capacity of straight shaft and underreamed piles in expansive soil

This research aimed to determine and evaluate the load carrying capacity of underreamed piles embedded in expansive soils. Eight models of concrete piles were developed to examine the influence of piles’ bulb number and length on ultimate load carrying capacity. The piles used in this work had 20 mm stem diameters and 40 mm bulb diameters, and multi-layer soils (expansive soil above dense sand) were used. The piles used in the experiments were divided into two groups, each with four piles. The first group with l/d=14 had all piles embedded in the expansive soil layer and the pile’s tip set on dense sand while the other group, with l/d=24, had the pile stems embedded in the expansive soil and all bulbs in the dense sand. Experiments were then done under two conditions: optimum moisture content and soil completely saturated with water, with results that showed that the percentage of ultimate load carrying capacity increased in proportion to the l/d ratio on adding one bulb to a straight shaft pile and then increased slowly for piles with 2 or 3 bulbs in saturation conditions. The percentage of ultimate load carrying capacity increased similarly in optimum moisture content conditions. The results also showed a decrease in ultimate load carrying capacity between the two conditions of tests for piles with the same l/d and the same number of bulbs, however.

Growth and production of seed bulbs from true seed shallot planted on dry low land in rainy season

Bulb propagated from true seed shallot (TSS) has a potency to become a good seed bulb. This study aimed to analyze the growth and production of seed bulbs from TSS planted on dry low land in rainy season. The study was conducted from November to December 2014 in Grobogan Regency, Central Java, Indonesia. A group of G0 bulbs, called Trisula and Tuk Tuk varieties, consisting of small bulbs (Ø 1-1.5 cm, weight 2-5 g) and large bulbs (Ø >1.6 cm, weight >7 g) were planted in a-2 factorial RBD with four replications. Variety and bulb size had a significant effect on all components of growth (plant height, number of tillers) and production (number of bulbs, fresh and dry weight of bulb, bulb diameter, and productivity). The small and large size of G0 Trisula seed bulbs have equal quality as seeds source in the lowland area during rainy season with productivity > 20 tons ha−1 and a small percentage of rejected bulbs ( <0.5 % (0.08 tons ha−1). Meanwhile, although having high productivity, Tuk Tuk variety had high percentage of rejected bulbs, 34.22% (9.79 tons ha−1); so it is unsuitable to be used as seed bulb in the rainy season.

Growth and yield of shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) on different types of media and nutrient solution on hydroponic wick system

Effect of planting media and nutrient solutions and their interaction on growth and yield of shallot on hydroponic wick system was studied. The study was conducted in a screen house. A two factor experiment with three replications, arranged in randomized completed block design, was carried out. First factor was types of planting media i.e. sand, sand+husk charcoal (1:1), and sand+sawdust (1:1). Second factor was types of nutrient solution i.e. AB Mix, fermented urine of rabbit, and fermented vermicompost. Observed variables were plant height, leaf, tiller, and bulb number, root volume, total root length, plant fresh weight, and bulb dry weight. Data were analysed by F test followed by DMRT at a 5% error level. Results showed that shallot grown on sand+sawdust was the lowest, but types of media did not have significant effect on the other variables; plants supplied with fermented vermicompost nutrient solution had the lowest values for all observed variables. It was concluded that 50% substitution of sand with husk charcoal or sawdust did not reduce yield of shallot; solution of fermented urine of rabbit could replace solution of AB Mix, but solution of fermented vermicompost could not replace AB Mix solution for growing shallot on wick system.

The effect of organic fertilizer, biochar, and hormones on bulb splitting in the cultivation of true seed shallot

The study aimed to analyze the effect of organic fertilizer, biochar and hormone to the bulb splitting in cultivation of true shallot seed. The research was conducted in Grobogan Regency, in March-June 2019. The applied experimental design was Split-Split Plot with three replications. The main plot treated with organic fertilizer (P) consisted of P1=5 t/ha, P2=10 t/ha, and P3=20 t/ha, the subsidiary plot treated Biochar (B) marked B1=without Biochar and B2=Biochar 12.5 t/ha, and the sub-subsidiary plot was treated with Hormone (H); H1=without hormone, H2=with hormone; altogether were 12 treatment combinations and 36 experimental plots. Parameters observed were plant height, number of leaves, number of plants/clump, number of bulbs/clump, number of bulbs splitting, bulbs diameter, and dry weight of bulb/clump. Data were analyzed statistically using ANOVA, and if there was a significant difference between treatments, it was tested with the Duncan Multiple Range Test at a 5% level. The results showed that the provision of biochar as many as 12.5 tons/ha positively affected the growth components and the yield components of true shallot seed (number of plants/clump, number of bulbs/clump, number of bulbs splitting, bulbs diameter, and dry weight of bulb/clump).

Evaluation of Carrageenan, Xanthan Gum and Depolymerized Chitosan Based Coatings for Pineapple Lily Plant Production

Some natural polysaccharides and their derivatives are used in horticulture to stimulate plant growth. This study investigated the effects of coating bulbs with carrageenan-depolymerized chitosan (C-DCh) or xanthan-depolymerized chitosan (X-DCh) on growth, flowering, and bulb yield as well as physiological and biochemical attributes of pineapple lily (Eucomis autumnalis). The results showed that treatment with C-DCh or X-DCh significantly increased all growth parameters, bulb yield, greenness index, stomatal conductance, total N, total K, and total sugar content of bulbs and accelerated anthesis as compared with untreated bulbs. The positive impact of coatings on plant growth and physiological attributes depended on the type of biopolymer complexes. The X-DCh treatment exhibited the greatest plant height, fresh weight, daughter bulb number, greenness index, stomatal conductance, total N, K, and sugar content. However, this treatment induced a significant decrease in L-ascorbic acid, total polyphenol content and antioxidant activity. Overall, the results of this study indicated high suitability of C-DCh and X-DCh as bulb coatings for pineapple lily plant production.

Three-dimensional numerical analysis of under-reamed pile in clay under lateral loading

Unlike the bearing and uplift capacities of under-reamed pile, the lateral resistance of under-reamed pile is studied by a very few researchers. Therefore, in the present study, a three-dimensional numerical analysis is carried out to study the response of under-reamed pile in clay under lateral loading. In the numerical analysis, various parameters such as embedment length to shaft diameter ratio (Lu/D), top bulb distance from the base to bulb diameter ratio (hb/Du), undrained cohesion (cu), rate of increase of undrained cohesion (m), number of bulbs, and bulb spacing to bulb diameter ratio (s/Du) are considered as variables. From the present study, load–deflection curve, variations of deflection, shear force, and bending moment, displacement contour, and soil stress in front of the pile are obtained. The lateral load-carrying capacity of under-reamed pile is estimated based on displacement-based criteria. The lateral load-carrying capacity of under-reamed pile (Qhur) is found to increase with increase in Lu/D, hb/Du, number of bulbs, cu, m, and decrease in s/Du. The deflection at the pile head is found to decrease significantly with increase in hb/Du and number of bulbs, and decrease in s/Du. It is expected that the present results will be useful from serviceability point of view.

On Discrete Functions and Repetitive Arrangements with Algorithms to Construct All Discrete Functions and a Practical Problem

The main idea of this work is based on the question: how can we control the electric circuits between a number of electric bulbs and a number of electric sources. This generates the correspondences between two discrete sets. The correspondence is based on the notion of discrete function and repetitive arrangements. The normal construction and notions of the work are introduced gradually and are detailed at every stage. Our constant endevour has been to ensure that every sentence in the work has a logical position. Here appears many questions: how to construct all discrete fuctions, which is the total number of these funtions, which is the relation between the number of bulbs and the number of sources, can we constract and control only a partial number of electric circuits (by direct access method) etc. The work answers all these questions by specialised algorithms: the construction algorithm and the decomposition algorithm. The algorithms use the rule from left to right to construct all possille discrete functions and, hence, all electric circuits. The decomposition algorithm supplies an access direct method. So we can control any part of the whole set of circuits. A lot of notions and specific notations are used to develop and illustrate the work. For combinations we have to show the constructon elements. A lot of examples explain this important notion. The work contains a lot of numerical examples and applications. The last section of the work deals with the bijective (and invertible) functions. Specialized notions and notations are used. Numerical examples and geometric designs illustrate the theory.

Performance of Under-Reamed Piles in Collapsible Soil

One of the Iraqi geotechnical problems is the presence of gypseous soils covering about (27-36) percentage of Iraq soils containing gypsum between (10-70) ratios. The main reason for soil problematic is the gypsum dissolution when these soils are inundated. However, the soluble gypsum can be leached out of the soil particles, so these problems can be led to cracking, tilting, and collapsing the related soil structure and changing the soil properties. The aim of this work is to investigate the performance of under-reamed piles as a new, improved method to reduce the moisture sensitive and the primary triggering mechanism for the volume reduction of collapsible soil, which is considered as a non-elastic deformation; this was done by carrying series of inundation these soil with using different types of under reamed piles to arrive the best and suitable type useful in gypseous soils. The piles with reams are concrete piles with one or more ream, so under-reamed piles are suitable in weak soils where sizable ground movement, variations, filed up ground, silty clay, and loose sand which has the advantage to increase the soil strength. This paper includes the experimental model of under-reamed piles under static load simulated by a steel plate on the pile cap, then the load-settlement curve, friction force, and bearing force founded from the investigation of different patterns of reamed. It was found that a number of bulbs had a significant reduction on settlement reach to 93% in case of using triple under-reamed pile which is the greatest results in comparison with other patterns and reference pile of the uniform cross-section in the wet state.

Organic fertilizer dosages and biofilmed biofertilizer formula on nitrogen uptake and shallot yields in slightly acid soil

Research aims to study the effect of organic fertilizer dosages and Biofilmed Biofertilizer formula on nitrogen uptake and shallot yield in Alfisols. Field experiment was conducted at Sukosari Village, Jumantono, Karanganyar district, Central Java, Indonesia. The experimental design used was Randomized Completely Block Design with two factors namely dose of organic fertilizers (D0, D1, D2) and Biofilmed biofertilizer formula (F0, F1, F2, F3). Each combination treatment repeated three times. Variables observed included N-uptake, plant fresh and dry weight, number and diameter of bulb, and shallot yield. Data was analyzed by F test at 95% of level confidence, followed by Duncan Multiple Range Test (DMRT) if any significant influence. The result showed that organic fertilizer doses influence significantly on bulb weight, while the interaction of organic fertilizer dose and biofertilizer formula influence N uptake. Highest bulb weight achieved by the use of 20 tons ha-1 organic fertilizer (62,9 g clump-1), increase 348,65% from control treatment (14.04 g clump-1). The highest N-uptake was taken from the treatment combination of 10 tons ha-1 organic fertilizer and biofertilizer formula F1 (0,17 gr N/clumps), increase 183,33% from control treatment (0.06 g clump-1).

Can We Grow Shallot (Allium ascalonicum L.) Root in Hydroponic System with Simple Growing Media?

Unlike conventional agriculture, urban hydroponics are widely on a small yard scale. Hydroponics is a term used for farming without using soil as a growth medium. Plants can be planted in pots or other containers using water and other porous materials as growing media. Cheap, easily obtainable, and efficient growing media types are needed for urban communities to cultivate vegetable crops, especially shallots (Allium ascalonicum L.). Shallots have an important meaning, both in terms of high economic value and their nutritional content. It is unknown if the shallots are cultivated in a hydroponic system and how the performance of its roots and the suitable simple growing media for growing shallots in hydroponic will be enhanced. Therefore, this research was conducted to study the performance of shallot roots in several alternative hydroponic media and obtain growing media that can provide the best growth on the performance of shallot roots in the hydroponic system. The experiment was conducted in 3 months at the Glass House and Integrated laboratory of the Faculty of Agriculture, Mulawarman University, Indonesia. This research was arranged in a Randomized Block Design (RBD) with four replications. The factor is the growing media (m) which consists of 4 levels, namely: m1 = sand (± 80-100 mesh); m2 = burnt rice husk; m3 = egg cartons; and m4 = wood shavings (± 90-120 mesh). Data retrieval by observing the following parameters: Leaf length (cm), Number of leaves (strands), Number of plant bulbs (bulbs), bulbs wet weight (grams), bulbs dry weight (grams), Longest root length (cm), and Total root length (m). This research showed that the burnt rice husk and wood shavings growing media influence the growth and performance of the shallots' roots (Allium ascalonicum L.) plants and can be used as the simple growing media in urban hydroponic as Household scale cultivation. On the other hand, the growing media from sand and egg cartons are not recommended for growing shallots in the hydroponic system.