Number Of Ambiguities Research Articles

Bootstrapping conformal defect operators on a line

We study a conformal field theory with cubic anisotropic symmetry in presence of a line defect. We compute the correlators of the low lying defect operators using Feynman diagrams and derive explicit expressions for the two, three and four point defect correlators at the cubic fixed point in 4 – ϵ dimensions to O(ϵ). We also compute the defect g-function for this setup and demonstrate that this is in agreement with the g-theorem, which states that the g-function is monotonic under the renormalisation group flow along the defect. Next, we focus on conformal bootstrap techniques to determine the CFT data associated with the defect operators, which is the main objective of the paper. We utilize the framework of crossing symmetric Polyakov bootstrap and compute the averaged CFT data to O(ϵ) up to a finite number of ambiguities. We comment on unmixing the CFT data for the double trace operators at O(ϵ) and use this to compute the O(ϵ2) data. Finally, we study these defect correlators non-perturbatively using numerical methods and isolate them near the free theory limit close to four dimensions.

Resolving Ambiguities in Deceased Donor HLA Typing: Next Generation Sequencing’s Role in DPB1 Allele Discrimination and Immunological Implications

Abstract HLA typing is crucial for assessing immunological compatibility between donors and recipients before transplantation. Deceased donor (DD) typing, typically via real-time PCR (rtPCR), provides rapid results vital for organ allocation. rtPCR primarily targets exons encoding the highly polymorphic peptide binding region (PBR) of HLA molecules. rtPCR cannot target all polymorphic sequences. Consequently, several possibilities of allele combinations are provided, leading to ambiguous typing results. As recent evidence suggests antibody responses can target regions in exons outside the PBR, notably in Exon 3 of the DPB1 locus, typing ambiguities can lead to the inability to assess histocompatibility between a donor and recipient. Herein, the aim was to investigate the utility of Next Generation Sequencing (NGS) in resolving DPB1 ambiguities in DD typing. A retrospective analysis of DD typing from February 2022 to January 2024 examined instances where NGS was used to resolve ambiguities reported via rtPCR. Each case was reviewed to understand the reason for resorting to NGS typing. The study focused on DPB1 ambiguities and assessed whether NGS effectively reduced ambiguity and differentiated alleles with polymorphisms outside the PBR. In total, 29 DD cases were found to have NGS testing results. In 14 cases, NGS was specifically performed to resolve DPB1 ambiguities. The ambiguities were significantly reduced from hundreds detected in rtPCR to 4 or fewer possible allele combinations with NGS. Eleven cases demonstrated polymorphism in exons outside the PBRs. Of these, only 2 cases showed no typing ambiguity with NGS. In the remaining 9 cases, though polymorphisms could be resolved in the PBR, ambiguities remained in exon 3, specifically at codon 96. In these cases, NGS could not distinguish lysine (K) from arginine (R). For example, DPB1*835:01 with the 96R motif could not be distinguished from DPB1*34:01with the 96K motif. The current investigation found that NGS cannot resolve all ambiguities at position 96, likely due, at least in part, to persistent cis-trans ambiguities. Our results suggest that although NGS drastically limited the number of ambiguities in 9 of 11 cases, it still could not adequately distinguish all immunologically relevant alleles. Inability to resolve the 96R/K epitope, which has been shown to be immunogenic, could impact solid organ transplantation, potentially leading to rejection in mismatched recipient-donor pairs at this position. Sequencing methods that generate longer reads, such as nanopore, may help resolve some of these cases if they are indeed due to cis-trans ambiguities.

Utilizing statistical and MCDM techniques in indexing morphometric parameters towards improved watershed management in the Nandhour-Kalish drainage system

ABSTRACT Morphometric analysis plays a crucial role in the effective management of the surface as well as subsurface water resources. In the present study, ASTER DEM and Survey of India toposheets were utilized to characterize various morphological aspects of the Nandhour-Kalish watershed in Uttarakhand, India. In total, 12 sub-watersheds were determined using the SWAT 2012 in ArcGIS v10.4.1 and were coded as SW1–SW12. For each sub-watershed, 17 morphometric indices were estimated using Principal Component Analysis to determine the most influential indices or criteria of morphometric parameters in the context of the hydro-sedimentological response. The relative influence of identified criteria parameters was assessed using the Criteria Importance for Intercriteria Correlation (CRITIC) method. The developed sub-watersheds were then prioritized towards the prompt implementation of soil and water conservation measures. The results indicate that three sub-watersheds (SW2, SW3, and SW4) were categorized under a very high class of priority, while three (SW1, SW5, and SW6) were indexed under a high priority class. The study is an attempt to ease out the morphometry-based prioritization, which otherwise is relatively complex due to the availability of a large number of input parameters and ambiguity concerning parameter selection for the process of prioritization.

Chern-Simons Modified RPA-Eliashberg Theory of the ν=1/2+1/2 Quantum Hall Bilayer.

The ν=1/2+1/2 quantum Hall bilayer has been previsously modeled using Chern-Simons-RPA-Eliashberg (CSRPAE) theory to describe pairing between the two layers. However, these approaches are troubled by a number of divergences and ambiguities. By using a "modified" RPA approximation to account for mass renormalization, we can work in a limit where the cyclotron frequency is taken to infinity, effectively projecting to a single Landau level. This, surprisingly, controls the important divergences and removes ambiguities found in prior attempts at CSRPAE. Examining BCS pairing of composite fermions we find that the angular momentum channel l=+1 dominates for all distances d between layers and at all frequency scales. Examining BCS pairing of composite fermion electrons in one layer with composite fermion holes in the opposite layer, we find the l=0 pairing channel dominates for all d and all frequencies. The strength of the pairing in these two different descriptions of the same phase of matter is found to be almost identical. This agrees well with our understanding that these are two different but dual descriptions of the same phase of matter.

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The squashed seven-sphere operator spectrum is completed by deriving the spectrum of the spin-3/2 operator. The implications of the results for the AdS4N\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$ \\mathcal{N} $$\\end{document} = 1 supermultiplets obtained from compactification of eleven-dimensional supergravity are analysed. The weak G2 holonomy plays an important role when solving the eigenvalue equations on the squashed sphere. Here, a novel and more universal algebraic approach to the whole eigenvalue problem on coset manifolds is provided. Having obtained full control of all the operator spectra, we can finally determine the irreps D(E0, s) for all supermultiplets in the left-squashed vacuum. This includes an analysis of possible boundary conditions. By performing an orientation flip on the seven-sphere, we also obtain the full spectrum for the non-supersymmetric right-squashed compactification which is of interest in the swampland context and in particular for the AdS swampland conjecture. Here, a number of boundary condition ambiguities arise making the analysis of dual marginal operators somewhat involved. This work is a direct continuation of [1] and [2].

“…noxiousness of my work:” Miroslav Macháček’s 1971 "Henry V" at the Normalized National Theatre

The essay focuses on the 1971 production of William Shakespeare’s rarely staged historical drama Henry V, directed by Czech director Miroslav Macháček at the Prague National Theatre in a new translation by Czech literary historian and translator Břetislav Hodek. Macháček staged the play shortly after the 1968 occupation of Czechoslovakia by Warsaw Pact troops. The premiere of the play provoked negative reactions from influential Communist officials, including the leading post-1968 politician Vasil Biľak. Macháček’s performance, which, in the director’s words, was intended as a universal anti-war parable, became a political topicality that the newly emerging normalisation authorities understood as a deliberate political, anti-socialist provocation. The essay traces the background of the production, including the translation of the play, and the consequences of the staging for Macháček. At the same time, it attempts to unravel a number of ambiguities and ambivalences associated with the period of normalization (1970s and 1980s) and its research. A special focus is given to the production itself as it disturbed the audience with its ambivalence. In this analytical section, the essay works with Norman Rabkin’s conception of Henry V, as presented in his essay “Rabbits, Ducks, and Henry V,” which traces Shakespeare’s complex grasp of the historical figure and the events associated with Henry. Macháček, who staged the play several years before this essay by Rabkin, pursued similar intentions with his stage concept. It was this unsettling ambivalence that carried within it the features of both a parable and a political gesture that spoke out against the communist occupation.

What is recovering? Reflection on the place of perception, time and norms in health recovery

The notion of recovery is frequently evoked in healthcare, but it carries with it a number of ambiguities: do we envisage a return to a state that preceded the illness, or a way of composing a new way of living based on the illness? In order to think more precisely about recovery, this paper proposes to take a philosophical look at the notion of norm and to develop its importance through an approach to time, body and world. This analysis will make it possible to clarify the existential aspects involved in health recovery, and to describe the issues at stake in the care relationship in terms of these dimensions of subjective experience.

The practical implications of the EN 17037 minimum target daylight factor for building design and urban daylight in several European countries

Sufficient daylight in the indoor environment of buildings is important not only for vision and well-being as daylight also has significant non-visual effects on the human organism. The provision of daylight in the interiors of buildings significantly affects the architectural and urban parameters of the building environment. Harmonized EN 17037 introduced a number of changes and ambiguities to the relatively established principles of incorporating daylight in buildings in several European countries; these were significant for both architects and other stakeholders. This paper compares the long-standing practice and historical context of daylight provision according to the criteria of national standards in selected European countries (Germany, Czech Republic, Slovak republic, Sweden) with the minimum target daylight factor according to the harmonized EN 17037. The consequences of the methodological differences and design criteria of daylight provision are presented in case studies of the assessment of the daylight in residential rooms and typical school classrooms. Daylight factor and lighting distribution are analyzed for different room scenarios, different window configurations and obstruction angles according to local standards in the mentioned European countries versus EN 17037. The paper also highlights the practical impact of the EN 17037 criteria on building design and the extent of façade obstruction.

A single dwell velocity estimation method for pulse Doppler radar using multicarrier signals

For pulse Doppler radars, targets become undetectable for Doppler frequencies in the detection-blind range occupied by the clutter Doppler spectrum. To overcome this problem, different Pulse Repetition Frequencies (PRFs) are used to search for targets with Doppler ambiguity and estimate their velocity, which is required for target tracking. Owing to the different PRFs used for velocity estimation, many beam dwells are required for illuminating the targets, Doppler compensation cannot be realized in a short time. In this paper, we propose a novel velocity estimation method that uses multicarrier signals in a single dwell. First, we obtain separated subcarrier signals from the echo signal and multiply some separated subcarrier signals by other separated subcarrier signals in a conjugate manner, obtaining Frequency-Converted Subcarrier (FCS) signals. We derive the potential ambiguous and unambiguous Doppler frequencies for the separated subcarrier and FCS signals, respectively, using a slow-time Discrete Fourier Transformation (DFT). Subsequently, the actual Doppler ambiguity number is derived from the results. Finally, the unambiguous Doppler frequency and target velocity are inferred. The effectiveness and superiority of the proposed method are validated by performing simulation studies.

A Coherent Integration and Parameter Estimation Method for Constant Radial Acceleration Weak Target via SOKT-IAR-LVD

In order to enhance the detection and parameter estimation capacity to the maneuvering target with complex motions, a low complexity coherent integration and parameter estimation method named SOKT-IAR-LVD is proposed in this paper. In SOKT-IAR-LVD, first, the second-order keystone transform (SOKT) is utilized to eliminate the range curvature induced by target acceleration. Second, improved axis rotation (IAR) is applied to regulate the linear range migration by rotating the fast time axis and the target envelope is aligned along the slow time axis with a quadratic phase characteristic. At last, the target signal is coherently integrated via the Lv’s Distribution (LVD) transform. The target motion parameters, including range, velocity, and acceleration, are estimated by the IAR and LVD results. The integration gain and computational load of SOKT-IAR-LVD are analyzed. Without needing to estimate the Doppler ambiguity number and target acceleration, the computational burden of SOKT-IAR-LVD is three orders of magnitude lower than that of the Radon-Lv’s Distribution (RLVD) method. Simulation results demonstrate that the detection performance of SOKT-IAR-LVD is almost the same as that of RLVD and that the required input SNR of SOKT-IAR-LVD is 17.4 dB lower than that of SOKT–Radon Fourier transform (SOKT-RFT) when the detection threshold is set to 12 dB.

A window into the academic term control mechanism: a thorough presentation of processed terms in the process of completing an environmental science dictionary

AbstractThe evaluation and improvement of scientific terminology translation plays a crucial role in consistently and accurately communicating knowledge at an academic level as well as in applying this theoretical knowledge in practice. This becomes even more important in countries such as Greece where the majority of scientific innovations originate from other, predominately English-speaking, countries. Consequently, the dissemination of this knowledge must go through a translation process. Within this context, the author is conducting postdoctoral research in the academic field of Environmental Engineering and Hydraulics in the School of Engineering of the AUTh, Department of Civil Engineering. The research focuses on evaluating English to Greek handbooks in the academic field of Environmental Engineering and Hydraulics by using a translation control mechanism based on seven variables firstly derived from the studies of Belgian translatologist Dirk Delabastita. The outcomes so far highlighted the quality of academic and translation work, but also identified a number of translation ambiguities, different semantic variations of terms within the source text in relation to their context, the complete absence of certain terms in the translated text, and the use of an incorrect term’s translation. The evaluation of all these cases constitutes a comprehensive decision-making process that can be applied by any translator of technical texts. This process involves first evaluating the translated texts in their mother tongue and then suggesting enhanced term translations, ultimately contributing to the establishment of a more cohesive scientific consensus in Environmental Engineering terminology to implement the optimal utilization of scientific environmental methods by the Greek academic community to protect the environment, particularly in the highly sensitive Eastern Mediterranean region. Moreover, this process represents an initial step toward creating a state-of-the-art tool in teaching technical translation and lexicography to Environmental Engineering students as well as introducing foreign terminology to students in the faculty of engineering and the schools of English language and literature in the department of translation and intercultural studies, with specialization in technical translation.

An investigation of ambiguous sets and their application to decision-making from partial order to lattice ambiguous sets

The idea of ambiguous set (AS) theory has been introduced to describe the uncertainties, imprecisions and haziness innate in information. This study generalizes the notion of AS to a single-valued ambiguous number (SVAN). We propose the concepts of partial ambiguous order set (PAOS) and lattice ambiguous set (LAS) for SVANs. Two operators, namely A-norms and A-conorms, are proposed for LAS. In this study, a degree of fitness function (DFF) and an ambiguous weighted geometric operator (AWGO) are also introduced to compare and aggregate the events in the form of SVANs. We propose a method based on A-norms, A-conorms and AWGO for solving multi-criteria group decision-making (MCGDM) problems. Finally, a real-time example of a MCGDM problem associated with the selection of cell phones by customers is presented, and its solution is suggested using the proposed method.

An Hybrid Integration Method-Based Track-before-Detect for High-Speed and High-Maneuvering Targets in Ubiquitous Radar

Due to the limited transmission gain of ubiquitous radar systems, it has become necessary to use a long-time coherent integration method for range-Doppler (RD) analysis. However, when the target exhibits high-speed and high-maneuver capabilities, it introduces challenges, such as range migration (RM), Doppler frequency migration (DFM), and velocity ambiguity (VA) in the RD domain, thus posing significant difficulties in target detection and tracking. Moreover, the presence of VA further complicates the problem. To address these complexities while maintaining integration efficiency, this study proposes a hybrid integration approach. First, methods called Keystone-transform (KT) and matched filtering processing (MFP) are proposed for compensating for range migration (RM) and velocity ambiguity (VA) in Radar Detection (RD) images. The KT approach is employed to compensate for RM, followed by the generation of matched filters with varying ambiguity numbers. Subsequently, MFP enables the production of multiple RD images covering different but contiguous Doppler frequency ranges. These RD images can be compiled into an extended RD (ERD) image that exhibits an expanded Doppler frequency range. Second, an improved particle-filter (IPF) algorithm is raised to perform incoherent integration among ERD images and to achieve track-before-detect (TBD) for a target. In the IPF, the target state vector is augmented with ambiguous numbers, which are estimated via maximum posterior probability estimation. Then, to compensate for the DFM, a line spread model (LSM) is proposed instead of the point spread model (PSM) used in traditional PF. To evaluate the efficacy of the proposed method, a radar simulator is devised, encompassing comprehensive radar signal processing. The findings demonstrate that the proposed approach achieves a harmonious equilibrium between integration efficiency and computational complexity when it comes to detecting and tracking high-speed and high-maneuvering targets with intricate maneuvers. Furthermore, the algorithm’s effectiveness is authenticated by exploiting ubiquitous radar data.

A general model of ambiguous sets to a single-valued ambiguous numbers with aggregation operators

The ambiguous sets have recently been proposed to represent inherent uncertainties, imprecision, and vague information. In this study, we generalize the concept of the ambiguous set to a single-valued ambiguous number (SVAN). We propose many comparison functions and operational laws for SVANs. This study also introduces three new aggregation operators, the ambiguous weighted geometric operator (AWGO), the ambiguous ordered weighted geometric operator (AOWGO), and the ambiguous hybrid geometric operator (AHGO), for aggregating the input information in the form of SVANs. We discuss some significant properties of the operators along with numerical examples. We develop a method based on the AWGO and AHGO for solving multi-criteria group decision-making (MCGDM) problems. Finally, a real-time example of a MCGDM problem associated with the selection of cars by customers is presented, and its solution is recommended using the proposed method.

Bayesian inference of three-dimensional gas maps

The 21 cm emission from atomic hydrogen (H I ) is one of the most important tracers of the structure and dynamics of the interstellar medium. Thanks to Galactic rotation, the line is Doppler shifted and, assuming a model for the velocity field, data from gas line surveys can be deprojected along the line of sight. However, given our vantage point in the Galaxy, such a reconstruction suffers from a number of ambiguities. Here, we argue that those can be cured by exploiting the spatial coherence of the gas density that is implied by the physical processes shaping it. We have adopted a Bayesian inference framework that allows reconstructing the three-dimensional map of H I and quantifying its uncertainty. We employ data from the HI4PI compilation to produce three-dimensional maps of Galactic H I. The reconstructed density shows structure on a variety of scales. In particular, some spurs and spiral arms can be identified with ease. We discuss the morphology of the surface mass density and the radial and vertical profiles.

Neutrosophic multivariate EWMA control chart

The MEWMA chart is one of the traditional multivariate charts which are widely employed in inspecting the quality of manufacturing and services. This chart is created through monitoring the small shifts of mean vectors of variable quality characteristics. Often in practice, the measurement of a quality characteristic produces uncertain, incomplete values, so that ambiguous numbers are obtained. In this condition, a neutrosophic-based control chart can overcome the problem resulting from the ambiguous data. The paper’s objective is to construct a new multivariate monitoring scheme based on a neutrosophic chart, namely the neutrosophic Multivariate EWMA (NMEWMA). Furthermore, the performance of the new multivariate monitoring scheme is evaluated in detecting process shifts employing the Average Run Length (ARL) and Standard Deviation Run Length (SDRL). This control chart is an innovation in the quality monitoring of uncertain data. The research result obtained indicates that the NMEWMA chart performs better than the MEWMA in finding the small mean shifts as well as in the real case application.

Two High-Precision Ultrashort Baseline Location Methods Based on Phase Difference

In this paper, two ultra-short baseline location methods for underwater broadband signal are proposed. In order to improve the positioning accuracy of acoustic positioning, the coarse time delay is measured by parabolic interpolation of cross-correlation results. According to the coarse time delay, the ambiguity number of the phase at the cross-correlation peak is solved and the ambiguity is solved twice, so as to obtain the high-precision time delay difference and improve the positioning accuracy. This method is suitable for the case without near body multipath. Aiming at the near body multipath problem, its influence on ambiguity resolution and positioning accuracy is analyzed. Based on the coarse time delay, adjusting time delay and the Fourier transform of cross-power spectrum phase joint method is proposed to further improve the accuracy of coarse time delay, so as to improve the accuracy of ambiguity resolution. On this basis, the location information feedback and real-time attitude information are used to estimate the coarse time delay difference, and the ambiguity number is further constrained to further improve the accuracy of ambiguity resolution. In order to reduce the influence of multipath on the phase and improve the positioning accuracy, a Kaiser window is added to the source and the phase difference is changed to the phase difference at the first point of threshold. Numerical simulation and field test demonstrate that the first algorithm proposed in this paper improves the positioning accuracy and the accuracy of ambiguity resolution. The second algorithm improves the accuracy of ambiguity resolution and positioning accuracy in the presence of near body multipath.

Solving Linear Programming Problems Involving Hexagonal and Octagonal Fuzzy Numbers via Two Ranking Functions

Many types of ambiguous numbers have been studied in many mathematical fields. Two of these types, the obscure number hexagonal and octagonal are widely used, especially in mathematical programming. A linear fuzzy number (LFN), which generalizes these two types, is presented in this paper. Based on the definition of the order function by the total value, two ranking function for this linear fuzzy number is used. Arithmetic operations with their properties are entered on ambiguous numbers as a special case. It also turns out that the operations proposed on LFN are acceptable generalizations of conventional arithmetic operations on real numbers.

Multi-baseline phase unwrapping with robust branch and bound pure integer programming algorithm

Phase unwrapping (PU) represents a crucial bottleneck restricting the practical application of InSAR technique. According to the relationship between the same relative elevation and each interferometric phase differential, a new robust branch and bound pure integer programming phase unwrapping (BB-PIP-PU) algorithm for multi-baseline InSAR based on operations research is proposed. This algorithm constructs an N dimensional space with the ambiguity number as the axis. It takes the intercept of the ith ambiguity number axis as the objective function, and the directed ray intersecting the N-1 dimensional plane as the constraint condition. Firstly, it takes the optimal solution of ith ambiguity number axis as the solution starting point. Then, it increments by one pixel successively to verify whether the solution set composed of the remaining ambiguity numbers meets the integer condition, until the condition is established. Finally, the optimal integer solution of the N ambiguity numbers is determined. To improve noise robustness, a rectangular window is innovatively designed to replace ambiguity number at the center mutation point with ambiguity number with the highest frequency in the rectangular window. The significant advantages of this algorithm are that it has better unwrapping ability in the abrupt topographic change region, compared with the branch-cut, LS and MCF algorithms. Moreover, it weakens the baseline requirement of interferometric pairs, compared with the CRT algorithm. Finally, experimental results on both simulated and real data illustrate the good performance of our approach in terms of the effectiveness, universality, reliability, and noise robustness ability.

Coherent integration for maneuvering target detection via fast nonparametric estimation method

Maneuvering target presents a great threat for radar detection applications. The complex unknown motions between radar and maneuvering target seriously affect the performance of target coherent integration. Existing methods utilizing parameter search or estimation are limited by the high computational burden and the propagation errors of different parameter estimations. In this study, a fast nonparametric estimation method is proposed for coherent integration of maneuvering target. Firstly, the second-order Keystone transform is adopted to eliminate the quadratic range cell migration (RCM). Secondly, the modified range frequency reversal process is proposed to simultaneously remove the complex low- and high-order Doppler frequency broadenings (DFBs) by a one-step matrix multiplication operation. Subsequently, the residual RCM is corrected by the proposed improved time-scaled transform without searching for the Doppler ambiguity number, and then a well-focused result can be obtained. The proposed method is simple to implement and computationally efficient given that searching and estimation of parameters are avoided. It also addresses the high-order DFB and blind speed sidelobe. The processing results of simulated and real data are presented to verify the performance of the presented approach.