Number Of Air Bubbles Research Articles

Effect of using Erythritol as a Sucrose Replacer in Making Spanish Muffins Incorporating Xanthan Gum

Spanish muffins are sweet, high-calorie baked products which are highly appreciated for their good taste and soft texture. The aim of this work was to evaluate the suitability of erythritol and of its combination with xanthan gum and double quantities of leavening agent for replacing sucrose in Spanish muffins and to understand their functionality in a muffin system. The linear viscoelastic properties of the batter during heating, its specific gravity and bubbles, muffin weight loss during baking and muffin bubbles, height, volume, and instrumental texture were studied. Both erythritol and sucrose increase in the temperature at which the viscoelastic functions increased with temperature. In comparison with the reduced sucrose muffins, the use of erythritol increased the number of air bubbles in the batter. The height of the muffins also increased in the presence of erythritol when compared to the corresponding reduced sucrose muffins, although the volume did not. Erythritol was not effective in diminishing the increased hardness associated with sucrose reduction, but the combination of erythritol with xanthan gum and a double quantity of leavening agent significantly improved the muffin volume (from 94 cm3 for 100% erythritol formulation to 108 cm3 for 100% erythritol–xanthan double-leavening agent formulation) and significantly decreased the hardness (from 75 N for 100% erythritol formulation to 25 N for 100% erythritol–xanthan double leavening agent formulation).

The role of various immersion liquids at digital dermoscopy in structural analysis

Dermoscopy is a useful method that allows dermal and epidermal structures to be easily analysed non-invasively. In this study, immersion oil, which is widely used in dermoscopy, and ultrasound gel, which is less preferred, are evaluated comparatively in terms of displaying structural parameters and number of air bubbles in the image. A total of 71 nevomelanocytic or non-melanocytic pigmented lesions were taken up for this study. Structural characteristics of the obtained images were assessed by an experienced observer who scored the images in terms of color, pigment network, globule, vascular structure, number of air bubbles and other pigmentation parameters. In the images obtained through immersion oil or ultrasound gel from all of the lesions, no statistical difference was found between the average values of air bubbles and in the evaluation of structural components (t=1.09, P=0.2). In the identification of pigment network in melanocytic lesions, immersion oil was observed to be more appropriate than ultrasound gel (t=0.01, P=0.02). Ultrasound gel may be preferred in the assessment of mucosa and nail bed lesions. Ultrasound gel is a good alternative compared to immersion oil in pigmented skin lesions as it is cheap and easily removable.

Cerebral Air Embolism as a Result of Inducing Pneumoperitoneum After Bilobectomy

A 62-year-old man with lung cancer underwent a right lower bilobectomy of the lung. After resection, we insufflated air through the diaphragm into the peritoneal cavity, and sudden cardiac arrest developed in the patient. A large number of air bubbles were aspirated from the heart and great vessels, and the patient recovered after resuscitation. However, he remained with a left sensory deficit, a left homonymous hemianopia, and left hemiparesis. A brain computed tomographic scan revealed an acute ischemic lesion in the right parieto-occipital area. Our case shows that an air embolism is a possible complication of artificial intraoperative pneumoperitoneum after pulmonary resection.

A New Method for Casting Three‐Dimensional Shoeprints and Tire Marks with Dental Stone

Dental stone is used as the major material for recovering three-dimensional shoeprints and tire tracks from crime scenes. The procedure for using dental stone sparsely changed over the years. There are two common methods for mixing dental stone: (i) a premeasured amount of dental stone is put in a zip-lock bag to which water is added, and (ii) the water and dental stone are mixed in a bucket. We suggest a novel rapid and efficient method of mixing dental stone and water in a bottle. These methods were compared at equal conditions. The parameters measured were the number of air bubbles, the strength of the cast, the ease of use, and the sharpness and quality of the accidental characteristics present in the cast. The proposed bottle method has the advantages of both the bucket and the zip-lock methods hence it combines strength, sharpness, high quality, and ease of use.

Rapid Echocardiographic Detection of a Massive Air Embolism in a Patient With a Single-Lung Transplant

Received April 20, 2010, from the Department of Cardiovascular Diseases (M.C., M.L., S.M.), Thoracic Surgery Unit (L.L.), and Anesthesia and Intensive Care Units, Department of Surgery and Bioengineering (E.B., L.M., B.B.), University of Siena, Siena, Italy. Revision requested May 6, 2010. Revised manuscript accepted for publication May 17, 2010. Address correspondence to Matteo Cameli, MD, Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, University of Siena, Viale Bracci 1, 53100 Siena, Italy. E-mail: cameli@cheapnet.it Abbreviations CVP, central venous pressure; ICU, intensive care unit 46-year-old woman underwent a single-lung transplant for severe pulmonary fibrosis aggravated by recurrent episodes of a hypertensive pneumothorax and an emaciated state. On postoperative day 5, she was extubated, and a right internal jugular Swan-Ganz catheter was changed via a guide wire to a triple-lumen central venous pressure (CVP) line. For respiratory muscle fatigue, the patient needed several cycles of noninvasive ventilation and bronchoscopy, and for this reason, she was transferred out of the intensive care unit (ICU) on postoperative day 15. Approximately 2 hours after her transfer from the ICU, the patient became acutely confused, dyspneic, tachypneic (40–50 breaths per minute), and tachycardic (120 beats per minute) and had severe rapid oxygen desaturation to approximately 45%, as measured by pulse oximetry. Urgent chest radiography showed modest nonspecific signs of edematous imbibition of the transplanted lung. Urgent bedside transthoracic echocardiography revealed hyperdynamic left ventricular function and dilatation of the right ventricle (42 mm) and pulmonary artery (33 mm) with preserved right ventricular function. The cavities of both right and left chambers contained numerous air bubbles (Figures 1 and 2 and Videos 1 and 2). This echocardiographic picture strongly suggested that a massive pulmonary and systemic air embolism, arising from right-to-left passage of intravenous air across a patent foramen ovale, was the etiology of the clinical presentation. The number of air bubbles increased substantially during inspiratory phases (Figure 3).

A Cerebral Air Embolism That Developed Following Defecation in a Patient with Extensive Pulmonary Tuberculosis: A Case Report

Cerebral air embolisms generally result from invasive procedures such as a percutaneous needle biopsy, chest tube insertion, central venous catheter access or removal, operations and so on. Likewise, they are mostly iatrogenically induced and present various degrees of severity depending on the number of air bubbles. With the exception of divers, the occurrence of a cerebral air embolism in the absence of invasive procedures is very rare. We report a case of a cerebral air embolism that developed following defecation and was detected by CT in a patient with extensive pulmonary tuberculosis.

Backscattered Acoustic Energy by Monobubbles Experimental Approach and Statistical Study of the Attenuation

Problem statement: As the number of air bubbles in the sea is very high, they are so many acoustic diffusers who make illegible the recordings the purpose of which is to quantify the alive bodies. The signals backscattered by air bubbles constitute a parasite in offshore recordings and must be eliminated. It is planned to finalize techniques allowing the localization and the identification of a signal backscattered by an air bubble. Once this type of signal was localized and identified on an offshore recording, it is easy to eliminate it. From then, we could have recordings where the only diffusers would be alive bodies like the zooplankton. Approach: We began a work of characterization of signals of bubbles to discriminate between them and those backscattered by alive diffusers. We realized in laboratory a bench test then we finalized an original method of production of air bubbles with known size in a liquid medium. Five types of monobubbles were generated in a water column by a technique using a peristaltic pump. This technique allowed obtaining a continuous water flow carrying same-sized air bubble. The bubbles radii were calculated from the measure of rise limit speed. The acoustic responses of these bubbles (to a frequent wide bandwidth ultrasonic wave) were studied by statistical methods in order to determine the variation of the energy backscattered by a calibrated bubble according to its depth. Results: Besides the production technique of calibrated bulles that was finalized, we established that the variation of backscattered energy according to depth can be explained by simple exponential models which permitted to estimate the constant of absorption. Conclusion: The coming step will be to correct the signal of the effect of the absorption of energy by the middle, then to elaborate a protocol of localization of the signals of bubbles on recordings where multiple diffusers appear. The results had to be refined and adapted for in-situ applications.

Evaluation of four types of resistant starch in muffin baking performance and relationship with batter rheology

The influence of wheat flour partial replacement with different types of resistant starch (RS) in muffin batter rheological properties and in baked muffin height, volume and number of air bubbles was investigated. The type of RS affected the above-described properties differently. In comparison to the control batter (without RS), replacement with RS type 3 (Novelose 330 and C*Actistar) increased viscosity and viscoelasticity, at both 20 and 80 °C. On the contrary, RS type 2 (Hi-maize 260 and Novelose 240) decreased them. These differences in viscosity and viscoelasticity were related to different baking performance. The RS3 type muffins had higher height, volume and number of air bubbles than the RS2 type muffins. An increase in viscosity and elasticity of the raw batter and during the heating process favours bubble retention and stability, thus favours baking performance. However, despite the improvement provided by the RS type 3, the baking performance was still lower than in the control muffins. One feature that may contribute to the baking differences is the delay in all the RS batters in the starch gelatinization temperature.

Improvement of Rheological and Baking Properties of Cake Batters with Emulsifier Gels

ABSTRACT: Effect of emulsifier gels prepared using sodium stearoyl‐2 lactylate (SSL), distilled glycerol monostearate (DGMS), propylene glycol monostearate (PGMS), polysorbate‐60 (PS‐60), and sorbitan monostearate (SMS) in shortening medium and on the physical properties of cake batter and the quality of cake were studied. Both storage modulus (G') and loss modulus (G”) of batters containing emulsifier gels increased compared with the control. The evaluation of cake batters for batter density showed that the emulsifier gels decreased the batter density from 0.95 g/cm3 for the control to 0.85 g/cm3. The photomicrographs of cake batters with different emulsifier gels showed an increase in the number of air bubbles, which were evenly distributed when compared with the control, indicating a lighter batter and better air incorporation. Among the emulsifier gels, cakes with PS‐60 gel showed a maximum increase in specific volume followed by cakes with SSL, DGMS, PGMS, and SMS gels.

A statistical study of air bubbles on athletic shoesoles

Comparisons of a shoemark with a shoesole (and standards) sometimes lead to associations based on air bubbles (among other manufacturing or acquired characteristics). Today, the assessment of the evidential value of air bubbles coincidences relies largely upon the examiner’s experience and/or follows sometimes a verification based on the examination of a small number of analogous pairs collected for the case at hand. Statistical data related to the occurrence and characteristics of air bubbles on shoesoles in an attempt to model the potential variability have been gathered. Seventy-one pairs of shoes with the same design, brand, model and size were obtained. Right and left soles were photographed. An image-processing algorithm was developed to allow the systematic acquisition of data such as: (1) the number of air bubbles on the sole and around given structural elements; (2) the measure of air bubbles characteristics such as their surface and position. These data allow a discussion of the assessment of the probability of finding on shoesoles (same design, brand, model and size) a certain number of air bubbles on a surface with the same positions and morphology.