Nuclear Family Households Research Articles

Intra-Household Resource Allocation and Familial Ties

In this paper, we investigate the link between intra-household resource allocation and familial ties between household members. We show that, within the same geographic, economic and social environments, households where members have 'stronger' familial ties (nuclear family households) achieve near Pareto efficient allocation of productive resources and Pareto efficient allocation of consumption while households with 'weaker' familial ties (extended family households) do not. We propose a theoretical model of the household based on the idea that altruism between household members vary with familial ties which generates predictions consistent with the observed empirical patterns.

경북지역 신축 농촌주택의 건축경향에 관한 연구 - 경북 지역의 12개 군 지역을 중심으로 -

The purpose of this study is to analysis the change of rural house type in Gyeongbuk province. There are 13 Gun(a kind of administrative district) areas in Gyeongbuk province. According to definition of rural area, the scopes of the research of rural houses limited the 12 places rural area(Gun area, excluded Ulleung-Gun) of Gyeongbuk province. The method of study is to compare and analyze about housing situation, structure of house, housing type and housing area etc. through the statistical data of each Gun area and other various data etc. during these 5 years. As a results of the analysis : 1) The supply ratio of housing is steadily decreasing in rural areas. 2) The houses of rural areas are changing from a detached house to multi-household house and small apartment by development near the rural area. 3) The number and area of commercial buildings are gradually increasing because of urbanization of rural areas. 4) The most houses inside area scopes in the rural area was from <TEX>$60m^2$</TEX> to <TEX>$85m^2$</TEX> area. And the family types of rural house are changing from large family to nuclear family and single households. 5) The structure of rural houses is changing from the brick house type to lightweight steel construction house because of cost-cutting of construction and easy way to construct etc.

Fifty Years of Family Change

The first section of the article discusses how and why we went from a relatively undifferentiated family system in the middle of the last century to the current system of diverse family forms. Even conceding that the family system was always less simple than it now appears in hindsight, there is little doubt that we began to depart from the dominant model of the nuclear-family household in the late 1960s. I explain how change is a result of adaptation by individuals and family members to changing economic, demographic, technological, and cultural conditions. The breakdown of the gender-based division of labor was the prime mover in my view. Part two of the article thinks about family complexity in the United States as largely a product of growing stratification. I show how family formation processes associated with low human capital produces complexity over time in family systems, a condition that may be amplified by growing levels of inequality. The last part of the article briefly examines complexity in a changing global context. I raise the question of how complexity varies among economically developed nations with different family formation practices and varying levels of inequality.

‘I’d rather work in a supermarket’: privatization of home care work in Japan

The rise in nuclear family households and more married women engaging in paid work have forced governments to address the issue of aged care for the elderly to a greater degree. A good illustration is home care in Japan where the government introduced a Long Term Care Insurance scheme (LTCI) (2000) focused on offering affordable almost universal care by extending existing home care services. Japan’s home care services were privatized in 2006 and, while this is not unique to Japan, the combination of cost-cutting measures and the client-driven model encompassed in the LTCI has had a significant impact on employment conditions and the organization of work in home care services. This research assesses the impact on employment conditions and the organization of work in Japan’s former government-run home care sector compared with the pre-LTCI period and argues that privatization has resulted in work intensification and deteriorating employment conditions.

Work–family attitudes and behaviours among newly immigrant Pakistani expatriates: the role of organizational family-friendly policies

The work–life interface literature is often criticized for its limited sample base, with the majority of research focusing on the experiences of white women living in nuclear family households in Western societies. This paper aims to address some of these criticisms by using a qualitative methodology to explore the impact of organizational family-friendly policies on the work–family attitudes and behaviours of 26 newly expatriate Pakistani employees in the UK. Individual, family and religious/cultural influences on these outcomes were also explored. Findings indicate that study participants undergo a shift of priorities that result from expatriation and the consequent attenuation of extended family and societal pressures to have children immediately after marriage; participants are delaying childbirth in order to gain educational qualifications and establish careers in a foreign country. A strong preference for familial childcare suggests that family-friendly policies such as part-time or flexible hours have the potential to significantly affect employment outcomes for Pakistani expatriate women, who, in the absence of extended family to provide care for children, might not otherwise return to work following childbirth. Other potential organizational interventions are also discussed.

Bones of contention: animals and religion in contemporary Japan

Since the 1990s the Japanese pet industry has grown to a trillion-yen business and estimates place the number of pets above the number of children under the age of fifteen. There are between 6,000 to 8,000 businesses in the Japanese pet funeral industry, including more than 900 pet cemeteries. Of these about 120 are operated by Buddhist temples, and Buddhist mortuary rites for pets have become an institutionalised practice. In Bones of Contention , Barbara Ambros investigates what religious and intellectual traditions constructed animals as subjects of religious rituals and how pets have been included or excluded in the necral landscapes of contemporary Japan. Pet mortuary rites are emblems of the ongoing changes in contemporary Japanese religions. The increase in single and nuclear-family households, marriage delays for both males and females, the falling birthrate and graying of society, the occult boom of the 1980s, the pet boom of the 1990s, the anti-religious backlash in the wake of the 1995 Aum Shinriky incident--all of these and more have contributed to Japan's contested history of pet mortuary rites. Ambros uses this history to shed light on important questions such as: Who (or what) counts as a family member? What kinds of practices should the state recognise as religious and thus protect financially and legally? Is it frivolous or selfish to keep, pamper, or love an animal? Should humans and pets be buried together? How do people reconcile the deeply personal grief that follows the loss of a pet and how do they imagine the afterlife of pets? And ultimately, what is the status of animals in Japan? Bones of Contention is a book about how Japanese people feel and think about pets and other kinds of animals and, in turn, what pets and their people have to tell us about life and death in Japan today.

Accommodating Intimacy, Compromising Sex

Review Article| June 01 2013 Accommodating Intimacy, Compromising Sex Bloomsbury, Modernism, and the Reinvention of Intimacy, by Wolfe, Jesse, Cambridge University Press, 2011. 272 pages. Matthew Eatough Matthew Eatough Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google Twentieth-Century Literature (2013) 59 (2): 360–368. https://doi.org/10.1215/0041462X-2013-3003 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Twitter Permissions Search Site Citation Matthew Eatough; Accommodating Intimacy, Compromising Sex. Twentieth-Century Literature 1 June 2013; 59 (2): 360–368. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/0041462X-2013-3003 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll JournalsTwentieth-Century Literature Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. © 2015 by Hofstra University2013 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal Issue Section: Reviews You do not currently have access to this content.

"The House on the Borderland": Lesbian Desire, Marriage, and the Household, 1950-1979

Using interviews, diaries, memoirs, and letters to the Daughters of Bilitis and/or its long time leaders Del Martin and Phyllis Lyon, this article examines the lives of more than 160 wives who expressed lesbian desires from the 1950s through the 1970s. Scholars have typically understood such wives as being trapped within marriage in the postwar era, before breaking free and building new lesbian lives in the midst of the women's and gay liberation movements. While I do not overturn this narrative entirely, I demonstrate the remarkable extent to which wives were able to create space for lesbian desires within their homes and marriages throughout this time period. Confined to their local communities by the responsibilities of childcare and housework, and ambivalent about publicly claiming a lesbian or bisexual identity, most wives had limited access to out lesbian worlds. Instead, they transformed the nuclear family household into a lesbian space. They contacted lesbian communities remotely, found lovers among female friends within the context of their straight lives, and engaged in affairs within their own homes. Initially, such wives carried on affairs without their husbands' knowledge, but by the 1970s they chose with greater frequency to tell their husbands directly about their lesbian relationships and to openly balance marriage and affairs. The women's experiences described here compel us to reconsider how marriage and the household have functioned, as well as what constitutes lesbian space.

Gendering the Organization of Home‐based Work in Turkey: Classical versus Familial Patriarchy

This article examines the link between industrial homework and family dynamics in Turkey by asking how and why varied patterns emerge in the organization of industrial homework. I develop a framework for the analysis of gendered organization of industrial homework by comparing labour practices in extended family and nuclear family households. In extended family households, subcontracts are made between industrial enterprises and male family members. Women carry out piece‐rated work at home under the supervision of male family members and have very little contact with people outside their family. In nuclear family households, subcontracts are made between women homeworkers and industrial enterprises or middle persons. Women work at residential streets and neighbourhood homework stores, as well as at home. They have control over their income as well as their working hours. To explain the divergent practices of industrial homework, I show that enterprises incorporate distinct patterns of patriarchy into the subcontracting arrangements through gendered organization of industrial homework.

Money Management and Control in the Indian Joint Family across Generations

Studies of money management and control will have more cross-cultural relevance if the family context of money across generations is taken into account. The study of money management and control in middle-income nuclear and joint family households in urban India illustrates the importance of examining money flows within the wider family context because there is a two-way flow of money beyond the married couple – between parents and adult children, siblings and other members of the extended family. In the three or four generational joint family, control and management at the household level is not necessarily duplicated for the constituent couples. We draw on open-ended interviews of 40 persons from 27 urban middle-income households in North India, between November 2007 and January 2008, to show that the male control of money is the dominant pattern. This pattern is linked to the ideology of male dominance that is found among the middle, lower middle and struggling households, particularly in non-metropolitan households. The upper-middle-class households predominantly in metropolitan households show a pattern of joint or independent control. The focus is on the couple's money decisions within the context of the wider family.

Health information management in the home: A human factors assessment

Achieving optimal health outcomes requires that consumers maintain myriad health data and understand how to utilize appropriate health information management applications. This case study investigated four families' health information management tasks in their homes. Four different families participated in the study: a single parent household; two nuclear family households; and an extended family household. A work system model known as the balance model was used as a guiding framework for data collection. Data collection consisted of three stages: (1) primary health information manager interviews; (2) family interviews; and (3) task observations. Overall, families reported 69 unique health information management tasks that took place in nine different locations, using 22 different information storage artifacts. Frequently occurring tasks related to health management or health coordination were conducted in public spaces. Less frequent or more time-consuming tasks, such as researching a health concern or storing medical history, were performed in private spaces such as bedrooms or studies. Similarities across households suggest potential foundational design elements that consumer health information technology application designers need to balance with tailored interventions to successfully support variations in individuals' health information management needs.

“SINGLE MOTHERS BY CHOICE”: DISRUPTING DOMINANT DISCOURSES OF THE FAMILY THROUGH SOCIAL JUSTICE ALTERNATIVES

&lt;p style="background: white; margin-left: 0.5in;"&gt;This paper seeks to disrupt the dominant narrative of victimhood associated with the single mother family status. There are many barriers and difficulties associated with this status such as economic insecurity and political and social stigma. However, there are also many rewards and possibilities that make this family status desirable and rich with possibilities. Single mother families challenge the dominant paradigm of heteronormativity found within the notion of traditional nuclear family households. Drawing on critical feminist and queer theoretical perspectives and qualitative research from my doctoral studies, I will discuss how participants created a new narrative for themselves and their children. In particular, I focus on single mothers engaged in critical pedagogy and curriculum and community activism to seek connections with others who also viewed their families from a strengths perspective. “Single mothers by choice” establishes itself in its own right as a formidable alternative to dominant notions of the “family”.&lt;/p&gt;

Ashéninka amity: a study of social relations in an Amazonian society

Starting with Ashéninka people's avowed preference for living apart, in nuclear family households, this article analyses Ashéninka social practices within the context of ongoing academic debates over reciprocity, kinship, and the relative importance of similarity and difference in Amazonian thought. I argue that instead of attempting to pull others into fixed and narrowly prescribed relationships, particularly those based on kinship, the Ashéninka prefer for all ties to be based on relations of friendship that remain voluntary, limited, and flexible. I show how these relationships are underpinned by a cultural imperative on unilateral giving that is manifested in masateadas, social gatherings centred on the consumption of manioc beer.RésuméÀ partir de la préférence déclarée des Ashéninkas pour une vie isolée en maisonnées composées de familles nucléaires, l’article analyse les pratiques sociales dans le contexte des débats académiques actuels sur la réciprocité, la parenté et l’importance relative de la similitude et de la différence dans la pensée amazonienne. L’auteur avance qu’au lieu de tenter de contraindre les autres à des relations fixes et strictement prescrites, notamment sur la base de la parenté, les Ashéninkas préfèrent qu’elles soient tissées à partir de liens d’amitié volontaires, limités et souples. L’auteur montre comment ces relations sont sous‐tendues par un impératif culturel de don unilatéral, manifesté dans les masateadas, des rassemblements sociaux centrés sur la consommation de bière de manioc.

Gender Life Course Transitions from the Nuclear Family in England and Wales 1981-2001

In recent years there has been much political debate in the popular media about the fate of the nuclear family in the UK. Very little work has been done, using population data, to actually demonstrate the decline, or indeed continuance of this type of household formation. In this paper we use Office for National Statistics (ONS) longitudinal census data, from England and Wales, to explore the formation, dissolution and continuance of the nuclear family household over a twenty year period (1981- 2001). Our findings indicate a continuing importance of this household arrangement, however routes into and trajectories from nuclear family households take different forms for men and women across the life course.

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Introduction Philippa Maddern School of Humanities (History) The University of Western Australia Few subjects in history are so widely thought to be popularly understood, and are in fact so difficult to describe and analyse, as 'families' and 'households'. The instant we attempt to unpack the meanings and practice of these everyday terms, we find a complex and burgeoning array (often culturally determined) of assumptions, definitions, and practices. The problems start with the terms themselves; as is now widely recognized, even the word 'family' derives not from any understanding of kin-group or intimate blood connections but instead from the medieval familia, or extended household, an institution which comprised not only blood-relatives, but the servants and retainers of the household head, and which acted not just as a private organization, but also as a quasi-public authority structure.1 The Cambridge Population Research Group, investigating demographics and household formation in early modern England, were forced to create a new term, 'houseful', to describe situations where co-residency under one roof—or a set of roofs—did not imply any of the other connections (blood-relations, shared economies or common family aims) we more usually associate with 'household'.2 Unsurprisingly, many criteria can be proposed for what constitutes a 'family' and/or a 'household' in past time. In 1974, Hammel and Laslett carefully proposed that the domestic group…consists and consisted of those who share the same physical space for the purposes of eating, sleeping and taking rest and leisure, growing up, child rearing and procreating.3 [End Page 1] They also noted that when the record-keepers of medieval and early modern Europe set down blocks of names together as if to signify a family or household membership in these blocks was determined by three main considerations. Persons would only appear together within a block if they shared a certain space (a locational criterion), if they shared a number of activities (a functional criterion), and if they were related to one another by blood or marriage (a kinship criterion).4 But each of these criteria could be flexible. In the European past, for instance, shared domestic spaces could vary from the single-room tenements, or storeys of single rooms (discussed by Vanessa Harding in her article here) and inhabited by married couples, widows/widowers, singletons, and lodgers in a variety of social conformations, to sprawling district conglomerates housing extended patrilineages of rich renaissance Italians.5 The functional activities shared by 'households' could be multitudinous and diverse; artisanal production, conspicuous consumption, the socializing of children and dependents, the care of the elderly, or even (as MacKinney argues of the household described in John Baret's will of 1467, in this issue) the creation of devotional space and timetables. In view of this astonishing diversity of past households and families, it is perhaps odd that much research has concentrated heavily either on the pre-modern nuclear family (especially in England, and particularly in relation to the conjugal bond), or on the patrilineage (especially in renaissance Florence).6 In part this [End Page 2] narrowing of the field may represent a second orthodoxy, deriving from Hajnal's demographic theories. Hajnal posited that marriage patterns between north-western and southern and eastern Europe differed markedly. The former was characterized by a comparatively high average age of marriage for both men and women (leading, perhaps, to more companionate marriage), comparatively high numbers of single people in the population, neo-local marriages, and, in consequence, a predominance of small, nuclear-family households. In southern and eastern Europe Hajnal saw a contrasting pattern; a lower average age of marriage for women, a greater age-gap between marriage partners, and a greater tendency for newly-married couples to live in a paternal, or patrilineal, household. Furthermore, all these tendencies were held to be, broadly, unchanging from at least the end of the middle ages to the industrial period.7 Hajnal's conclusions (widely accepted) hence stressed first the importance of marital age (especially of women) in producing both demographic regimes and household formation, and secondly...

Residential Locations of Working Women in the Tokyo Metropolitan Area: A Case Study of Office Workers in the Central Business District

This study examines the characteristics of the residential locations of working women in the Tokyo metropolitan area, based on a questionnaire survey and some interviews. The spatial differentiation of residential location is discerned among groups of working women. In particular, the residential locations of married women in nuclear family households are more concentrated around inner Tokyo than those of married childless women. This is different from the spatial pattern suggested by the life cycle theory. Restrictions of time in women's everyday lives, location of husbands' workplace, and difference in the resignation rate between inner Tokyo dwellers and suburban dwellers are investigated as the factors that cause the residential location differentiation among groups of working women. Single working women are quite mobile in terms of residence and move mainly around inner Tokyo. Some single women purchase their own houses. Although the circumstances thus far do not easily allow single women to buy their own houses, the number of single female owner occupiers is expected to increase.

Parenting Style and Academic Achievement for East Indian and Canadian Adolescents

This paper is an attempt to study the current size and structure of family according to different socio-demographic and economic characteristics of the households in India and its states. Data are obtained from the National Family Health Survey conducted in 1998-99 which covered a representative sample from 26 states in the country. Results suggest that the proportion of nuclear family households in 1998-99 increased relatively in both urban (9 per cent) and rural areas (12 per cent) as compared to that in 1981. The mean family household size in India is 5.24 and it varies by the type of family and the demographic development of the state. This paper tests several socio-demographic hypotheses posed in the context of changing family structure and indicates that caste alone does not determine the joint family system. Rather, the jointness in a family depends on the standard of living and the agricultural land owning status of households in the country.

Chayanov revisited: A model for the economics of complex kin units

Chayanov's model of the peasant economy is based on autarkic nuclear family households. Expansion to the more complex households and kin groups common in peasant societies shows that the sharp changes Chayanov observed in the consumer/producer ratio over the domestic cycle are smoothed by the intergenerational structure of complex households and extended kin groups. This amelioration may be retarded by competition between constituent units. Understanding the dynamics of the developmental cycle and micropolitics of domestic groups is a useful correction to Chayanov's widely used formulation, especially in developing countries where complex kin structures are common.

Wage Labor, Housing Policy, and the Nucleation of Inuit Households

Public policy practices in the Canadian North, particularly those connected to housing and employment, are encouraging a reorganization of Inuit social organization to more closely resemble the insular and independent nuclear family household idealized by Eurocanadians. This has wide-ranging implications for the social stability of northern communities without sufficient employment opportunities. The paper examines the symbolic and structural effects of housing policies and employment on culturally valued social practices such as sharing in Holman, a community in the Inuvialuit Settlement Region of the Northwest Territories of Canada.