Nuclear Explosions Research Articles

Evaluated Material Attractiveness of Plutonium Composition from Economic Simplified Boiling Water Reactor (ESBWR)

The potential for misuse of nuclear fuel has prompted many to make efforts to prevent a country from acquiring nuclear explosive devices (weapons). Weapon utility equated with nuclear material attractiveness when applied to protection and security. Material attractiveness evaluated using an equation first developed by Masaki Saito, namely ATTR. ESBWR is one of the reactors of the BWR reactor type that is still operating. The purpose of this study is to evaluate Material Attractiveness based on the composition of plutonium in the ESBWR reactor, during reactor operation and after reactor operation. The ATTR concept utilizes the plutonium isotope composition to evaluate the material attractiveness aspect. Parameters such as BCM, Rossi-alpha, and neutron prompt life become additional aspects in evaluating material attractiveness. In the research results, the ATTR value decreased from the beginning of reactor operation until the reactor stopped operating. At the beginning of the reactor operation, it was categorizing as a weapon-grade with an ATTR value of 0.19 and when the reactor stopped operating it was categorizing as an unusable grade with an ATTR value of 0.012. At the time of cooling time up to 1x106 (one million) cooling time, the ATTR value increases by 0.019 which was categorizing as an unusable grade. After a cooling time of 1x106 (one million) years up to 1x107 (ten million) years, the ATTR value was 0.001 which categorized as an exempt level. This states that the increasing burnup value will further reduce the ATTR value. Likewise with the Rossi-Alpha and Bare Critical Mass values. Conversely, it will decrease the value of neutron lifetime. The ATTR value after the reactor operates up to one hundred years of cooling time increases and then decreases significantly after 1x106 (one million) years due to the half-life of plutonium isotopes. Likewise, the Rossi-Alpha and Bare critical mass values. However, it is different with the neutron fast lifetime.

Faint calcium-rich transient from a double detonation of a 0.6 M⊙ carbon-oxygen white dwarf star

We have computed a 3D hydrodynamic simulation of the merger between a massive (0.4 M⊙) helium white dwarf (He WD) and a low-mass (0.6 M⊙) carbon-oxygen white dwarf (CO WD). Despite the low mass of the primary, the merger triggers a thermonuclear explosion as a result of a double detonation, producing a faint transient and leaving no remnant behind. This type of event could also take place during common-envelope mergers whenever the companion is a CO WD and the core of the giant star has a sufficiently large He mass. The spectra show strong Ca lines during the first few weeks after the explosion. The explosion only yields < 0.01 M⊙ of 56Ni, resulting in a low-luminosity Type Ia supernova-like light curve that resembles the Ca-rich transients within this broad class of objects, with a peak magnitude of Mbol ≈ −15.7 mag and a rather slow decline rate of Δm15bol ≈ 1.5 mag. Both its light curve shape and spectral appearance resemble the appearance of Ca-rich transients, suggesting such mergers as a possible progenitor scenario for this class of events.

Classification of Small Sample Nuclear Explosion Seismic Events based on MSSA–XGBoost

Classification of Small Sample Nuclear Explosion Seismic Events based on MSSA–XGBoost

Adjoint Waveform Tomography for Crustal and Upper Mantle Structure of the Middle East and Southwest Asia for Improved Waveform Simulations Using Openly Available Broadband Data

ABSTRACT We present a new model of radially anisotropic seismic wavespeeds for the crust and upper mantle of a broad region of the Middle East and Southwest Asia (MESWA) derived from adjoint waveform tomography. The new model enables fully 3D simulations of complete three-component waveforms and provides improved fits that were not possible with previous models. We inverted over 32,000 waveforms from 192 earthquakes recorded by over 1000 openly available broadband seismic stations from permanent and temporary networks in the region with highly uneven coverage. Inversion iterations proceeded from the period band 50–100 s in six stages and 54 total iterations reducing the minimum period to 30 s. Our final model, MESWA, improves waveform fits compared to the starting and other models for both the data used in the inversion and an independent validation set of 66 events. Restitution tests indicate that the model resolves features in the central part of the model to depths of about 150 km. The new model reveals tectonic features imaged by other studies and methods but in a new holistic model of anisotropic shear and compressional wavespeeds (VS and VP, respectively) covering a larger domain with smaller scale length and amplified features. Examples include low crustal VS in the Tethyan belt and low mantle VS following divergent (Gulf of Aden, Red Sea) and transform (Dead Sea fault) margins of the Arabian plate. Low VS is imaged below Cenozoic volcanic centers of the Mecca–Madina–Nafud Line, Arabian Peninsula, and the Türkiye–Iran border region. Elevated VS tracks Makran subduction under southeast Iran with near vertical dip. MESWA could be used as a starting model for further improvements, say, using waveforms from in-country seismic networks that are not currently openly available and/or smaller-scale studies targeting a shorter period. The model could be used to improve earthquake hazard studies and nuclear explosion monitoring.

Response of silicon solar cells to neutrons in post-detonation monitoring

In this study, we evaluated the feasibility of using solar photovoltaic (PV) panels for the detection of prompt neutrons from a nuclear denotation. Monte Carlo (MC) simulations were performed to evaluate the response of silicon (Si) solar cells (SCs) to neutrons and support the experiments. The response of Si SCs to fission spectrum neutrons was measured experimentally using the fast neutron beam of a research reactor. Steady-state neutron measurements indicated a clear response of the Si SCs, which correlated with changes in the neutron intensity. Time-modulated neutron measurements performed using a neutron chopper demonstrated a clear transient response of Si SCs to neutrons, which was observed in the signal power spectral density plots containing peaks corresponding to frequencies of neutron pulses produced by the chopper. The resulting signal was found to be small, which was attributed to the extremely small active neutron interaction volume inside the SCs. In a real detonation scenario, the transient neutron flux is expected to be higher, and the effective neutron interaction volume of large area solar PV panels is much larger, which could significantly boost the signal. The study, overall, demonstrated the potential of large area solar PV panels or a solar farm for prompt detection and identification of a nuclear detonation.

Explaining supernova remnant G352.7-0.1 as a peculiar type Ia supernova inside a planetary nebula

I identify a point-symmetric morphology of the supernova remnant (SNR) G352.7-0.1 and propose that the outer axially-symmetric structure is the remnant of a common envelope evolution (CEE) of the progenitor system, while the inner structure is the ejecta of a thermonuclear explosion triggered by the merger of a white dwarf (WD) and the core of an asymptotic giant branch (AGB) star. The main radio structure of SNR G352.7-0.1 forms an outer (large) ellipse. The bright X-ray emitting gas forms a smaller ellipse with a symmetry axis inclined to the symmetry axis of the large radio ellipse. The high abundance of iron and the energy of its X-ray lines suggest a type Ia supernova (SN Ia). The massive swept-up gas suggests a relatively massive progenitor system. I propose a scenario with progenitors of initial masses of MZAMS,1≃5–7M⊙ and MZAMS,2≃4–5M⊙. At a later phase, the WD remnant of the primary star and the AGB secondary star experience a CEE that ejects the circumstellar material that swept up more ISM to form the large elliptical radio structure. An explosion during the merger of the WD with the core of the AGB star triggered a super-Chandrasekhar thermonuclear explosion that formed the inner structure that is bright in X-ray. A tertiary star in the system caused the misalignment of the two symmetry axes. This study adds to the wide variety of evolutionary routes within the scenarios of normal and peculiar SNe Ia.

The Peculiar Bursting Nature of CP Pup

Abstract The classical nova CP Puppis has been observed to have particularly puzzling and peculiar properties. In particular, this classical nova displays occasional bursts in its long-term ASAS-SN light curve. Here we report on 5 sectors of TESS data displaying 2 of these rapid bursts, lasting ∼ 1 day. Based on the estimated lower energy limits of the bursts we discuss whether the bursts may be examples of micronovae resulting from localised thermonuclear explosion. Furthermore, its orbital period remains uncertain, with several inconsistent periodic signals appearing in spectroscopic and photometric observations at various wavelengths. Although we cannot unambiguously unravel the physical origin of the signals, the previously suggested nature of CP Puppis as a long orbital period system may be a viable explanation. The recurrence time of the bursts in CP Puppis, together with the unexplained variable modulations make it a prime candidate for intense monitoring.

Thermonuclear explosions as Type II supernovae

We consider a binary stellar system in which a low-mass (0.6 ) carbon-oxygen white dwarf (WD) merges with the degenerate helium core (0.4 ) of a red giant. We analyse the outcome of a merger within a common envelope (CE). We predict the observational properties of the resulting transient. We find that the double detonation of the WD, being a pure thermonuclear explosion and embedded into the hydrogen-rich CE, has a light curve with the distinct plateau shape of a supernova (SN) Type\,IIP, with a duration of about 40 days. We find five observed SNe IIP (SN 2004dy, SN 2005af, SN 2005hd, SN 2007aa, and SN 2008bu) that match the $V$-band light curve of our models. Hence, we show that a thermonuclear explosion within a CE might be mistakenly identified as a SN IIP, believed to be an outcome of a core-collapse neutrino-driven explosion of a massive star. We discuss a number of diagnostics that may help to distinguish this kind of thermonuclear explosion from a core-collapse SN.

Seismic moment tensor classification using elliptical distribution functions on the hypersphere

SUMMARY Discrimination of underground explosions from naturally occurring earthquakes and other anthropogenic sources is one of the fundamental challenges of nuclear explosion monitoring. In an operational setting, the number of events that can be thoroughly investigated by analysts is limited by available resources. The capability to rapidly screen out events that can be robustly identified as not being explosions is, therefore, of great potential benefit. Nevertheless, possible mis-classification of explosions as earthquakes currently limits the use of screening methods for verification of test-ban treaties. Moment tensors provide a physics-based classification tool for the characterization of different seismic sources and have enabled the advent of new techniques for discriminating between earthquakes and explosions. Following normalization and projection of their six-degree vectors onto the hypersphere, existing screening approaches use spherically symmetric metrics to determine whether any new moment tensor may have been an explosion. Here, we show that populations of moment tensors for both earthquakes and explosions are anisotropically distributed on the hypersphere. Distributions possessing elliptical symmetry, such as the scaled von Mises–Fisher distribution, therefore provide a better description of these populations than the existing spherically symmetric models. We describe a method that uses these elliptical distributions in combination with a Bayesian classifier to achieve successful classification rates of 99 per cent for explosions and 98 per cent for earthquakes using existing catalogues of events from the western United States. The 1983 May 5 Crowdie underground nuclear test and 2018 July 20 DAG-1 deep-borehole chemical explosion are the only two explosions out of 140 that are incorrectly classified. Application of the method to the 2006–2017 nuclear tests in the Democratic People’s Republic of Korea yields 100 per cent identification rates and we provide a simple routine MTid for general usage. The approach provides a means to rapidly assess the likelihood of an event being an explosion and can be built into monitoring workflows that rely on simultaneously assessing multiple different discrimination metrics.

ASSESSMENT OF LOCATION AND COURSE OF INFERIOR ALVEOLAR CANAL USING CONE BEAM COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY

Background and Rationale:Forensic radiology is an evolving integral branch of forensic medicine. The most challenging tasks for forensic dentists and anthropologists has been identification and determination of sex of unknown human skeletal remains. Morphological and morphometric analysis of course and relationship with adjacent structures of mandibular canal can be useful in determining gender. CBCT being very useful in forensic contexts offering several advantages for postmortem forensic imaging including good resolution for skeletal imaging, relatively low cost, portability, and simplicity. Aim and objectives:To determine the sexual dimorphism of mandibular canal using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT) images. Materials and Methods:Course of mandibular canal classified into types based on considerable distance between the mandibular canal and the root apexes of premolars and molars, A) Catenary, B) Progressive descending, C) Straight. Location of mandibular canal was evaluated in 4 different points. Comparison of length and width of mandibular canal, prevalence of anterior loop, bifid mandibular canal, accessory mental and mandibular canal among genders. Comparison of continuous variables such as distance, length and width of canal with gender and side was done using unpaired t-test. Comparison of categorical variables with gender and side was performed using Chi-square test. The level of significant was 5%. Results:The prevalence of type of canal was highest in straight canals 53.9% followed by progressive descending and catenary canals 23.7% and 22.4% respectively. Measuring the length of canal showed statically significant result as mean length of IAC was 68.36 ± 5.24, 64.10 ± 3.18 in males and females respectively. Width and distance to adjacent structures had no significant result but dimensions were slightly lesser in females. Prevalence of anterior loop was found to be 57.9%.The most frequently observed type of bifid canal was retromolar42.9% followed by forward 28.6%, dental 19%and buccolingual 9.5%. There was no significant difference of assessing prevalence of anterior loop, accessory mental and mandibular foramen in relation to gender and side. Conclusion:Sex determination becomes one of the first priorities in the process of identification by a forensic investigator in the case of mishaps, chemical and nuclear bomb explosions, natural disasters, crime investigations, and ethnic studies.Advanced cross-sectional imaging modalities especially CBCT is a suitable tool for observing anatomic characteristics of mandibular canal in forensic odontology. In the current study we found significant result on type of course and length of canal for gender determination.

RENEWING THE AGENDA FOR PEACE: MOBILIZING THE MULTILATERAL SYSTEM TO PREVENT NUCLEAR RISKS

The Russian invasion of Ukraine has brought back the spectre of nuclear war. A sustained nuclear “sabre-rattling” from Russian authorities has triggered a dynamic debate about the Russian nuclear doctrine, the feasibility of use of “tactical” nuclear warheads in the Ukrainian battle theatre, the alleged consequences of such use, including escalation to a wider nuclear exchange with the United States and NATO, and the impact of such developments in global peace and security. The alarming prospect of nuclear devastation requires a bold political response from all peace-loving nations, particularly those from the South, cooperating with United Nations members coalescing around the Treaty on the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons (TPNW) and, more widely, in like-minded coalitions galvanized by the humanitarian consequences of nuclear detonations. The Latin American and Caribbean region, and Chile in particular, have a special responsibility to deploy their diplomatic capabilities, inter alia, by supporting the Secretary General’s “New agenda for peace”, and mobilising the normative and operational powers of the General Assembly.

Nuclear War as It Looks

Currently, there are practically no people left who have seen the consequences of the use of nuclear weapons. This is the reason for certain frivolous statements about the advisability of using tactical nuclear weapons to solve certain tactical problems. The purpose of this work is to remind, using the example of the consequences of the atomic bombings of the cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, how does the nuclear war looks like in reality. Materials and Methods. Open sources from the Cold War era and more recent reviews of the consequences of the use of nuclear weapons were analyzed. The analysis was carried out from general to specific, i.e. from the understanding of physical processes underlying a nuclear explosion and determining the design of the nuclear devices, to the specific consequences of their use. Discussion. The article analyses the history of the creation of the «Gadget», «Fat Man» and «Kid» bombs, their design, preparation and the results of the use. Detailed descriptions of nuclear explosions and the consequences of their use, made both by those who used nuclear weapons and by those against whom they were used, are provided. Being imperfect in design and ineffective in using fissile matter, they showed stunning power even for the present time, destroying two densely populated cities and at least 106 thousand people at once. Real examples show the features of the destruction of engineering objects and the impact on people of the damaging factors of a nuclear explosion. Attention is drawn to the fact that the power of the bombs used was 15 and 22 kt, respectively. According to modern NATO classification, these are tactical nuclear weapons. It is designed to destroy targets in the tactical depth of enemy troop deployment (up to 300 km). The maximum power of tactical ammunition according to NATO standards is up to 100 kt. It means that the yield of the tactical ammunition used in battle will depend on the tactical mission, and not be limited to a few kilotons. Conclusions. The use of tactical nuclear weapons without escalating their power, causing large casualties among the population and the risk of being drawn into a global nuclear war is impossible. Currently, the world is oversaturated with nuclear and thermonuclear weapons. Some countries possess them secretly, others have the potential to create such weapons. Therefore, any use of nuclear weapons by anyone will lead to the lowering of the threshold of nuclear deterrence. It will become a common thing during the resolution of military conflicts.

Beyond The Nuclear Explosion Verification Monitoring, the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty Offers A Strong Capacity Building System Support

Purpose: The United Nations (UN) General Assembly, as part of nuclear non-proliferation and disarmament measures to prohibit nuclear test explosions and any other nuclear explosions in all environments (in the atmosphere, oceans, and underground) adopted the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty (CTBT). Thus, it ultimately enhances international peace and security. It is an essential step aimed at making the world a safer place. States that agree to sign on to this Treaty will be contributing to the protection of human health and the environment against nuclear test explosions and their severe impacts. This paper seeks to demonstrate that the CTBT beyond its global prohibition measure against all nuclear explosions, is offering a strong Capacity Building System support to State Signatories such as the Republic of Ghana. The CTBT global verification regime is built to monitor States Signatories compliance with the Treaty. CTBT Organization (O) through the International Data Centre (IDC) provides States Signatories with technical assistance to support their verification responsibilities to ensure effective global monitoring.
 Methodology: The Republic of Ghana through the Capacity Building project under the IDC technical assistance to States Signatories is a beneficiary of equipment support commissioned in July 2021. Under this project the GCI-III/VSAT equipment set was received from the IDC, establishing a new communication link for forwarding IMS waveform data from some selected stations in Africa in near-real-time to the National Data Centre – Ghana (NDC – GH). The IMS seismic data also contributes to prompt access to information on seismic events within our respective geographic territories globally, thus playing a complementary role.
 Findings: The monitoring data generated provides essential civil and scientific applications to greatly support to mitigate the effects of natural or man-made disasters. This is an example of what the CTBT is providing to Member States beyond the Treaty’s main purpose.
 Unique contributor to theory, policy and practice: It is therefore important for the international community to fashion out other multilateral agreements considering the possibility of incorporating the potential additional benefits States can derived from such agreements.

Analysis of Nuclear Explosion Detection Capability of IMS Hydroacoustic Network

The Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty (CTBT) organization has established a hydroacoustic network to ensure the effective detection of nuclear explosions in the vast ocean and in the atmosphere over it in order to effectively guarantee the implementation of the treaty. To assess its effectiveness, according to the reciprocity of underwater acoustic field, this study employs the hydrophone position as the central sound source and utilizes the parabolic equation, along with seabed topography and sound velocity profile data, to estimate the transmission loss. Background noise levels of station evaluation are conducted by using historical data so as to estimate the underwater nuclear explosion sound source level via a passive sonar equation. Utilizing the full ship shock trial (FSST) results of the “Ford” aircraft carrier on June 18, 2021, as a case study, the detection capability of the HA10 station for nuclear explosions is investigated. Subsequently, the network’s overall detection capability was evaluated using the source level at 20 Hz corresponding to a 1 kiloton nuclear explosion yield as a reference. Findings indicate the network’s proficiency in identifying long‐distance propagation signals, particularly those with high explosion source levels within the sound fixing and ranging (SOFAR) channel. The sensitivity analysis demonstrates the network’s ability to detect explosions smaller than 1 kg equivalent in close proximity to a station, and larger explosions exceeding 1 kg or 1 ton at greater distances. This evaluation underscores the network’s significance in detecting and monitoring underwater nuclear explosions across extensive oceanic regions.

Modeling airbursts by comets, asteroids, and nuclear detonations: shock metamorphism, meltglass, and microspherules

Asteroid and comet impacts can produce a wide range of effects, varying from large crater-forming events to high-altitude, non-destructive airbursts. Numerous studies have used computer hydrocode to model airbursts, primarily focusing on high-altitude events with limited surface effects. Few have modeled so-called “touch-down” events when an airburst occurs at an altitude of less than ∼1000 m, and no known studies have simultaneously modeled changes in airburst pressures, temperatures, shockwave speeds, visible materials, and bulk material failure for such events. This study used the hydrocode software Autodyn-2D to investigate these interrelated variables. Four airburst scenarios are modeled: the Trinity nuclear airburst in New Mexico (1945), an 80-m asteroid, a 100-m comet, and a 140-m comet. Our investigation reveals that touch-down airbursts can demolish buildings and cause extensive ground-surface damage. The modeling also indicates that contrary to prevailing views, low-altitude touch-down airbursts can produce shock metamorphism when the airburst shockwave or fragments strike Earth’s surface at sufficiently high velocities, pressures, and temperatures. These conditions can also produce microspherules, meltglass, and shallow impact craters. Regardless of modeling uncertainties, it is known that bolides can burst just above the Earth’s surface, causing significant damage that is detectable in the geologic record. These results have important implications for using shocked quartz and melted materials to identify past touch-down airbursts in the absence of a typical impact crater. Although relatively rare, touch-down events are more common than large crater-forming events and are potentially more dangerous.

Direct numerical simulations of long-range infrasound propagation: Implications for source spectra estimation.

The evolution of observed dominant frequencies from a high-intensity infrasonic pulse with receiver range and stratospheric temperature is investigated using direct numerical simulations of the two-dimensional unsteady compressible Navier-Stokes equations. There is a high level of uncertainty in estimating source dominant frequencies based on received signals at sparse points on the ground. Nonlinear propagation effects in the ground-level thermospheric arrivals are found to significantly alter dominant frequency measurements compared to stratospheric arrivals with smaller amplitude sources. With a larger amplitude source, variations in observations are minimized as a result of nonlinear effects being ubiquitous across all atmospheric components of received signals but have a greater offset to the source dominant frequency. An approach to determine the source dominant frequency and minimize atmospheric variability is presented by calculating a source-to-receiver spectral transfer function averaged across the atmospheric states. This method reduces atmospheric variability in source frequency estimates within the pseudo-linear propagation regime and the average error to the known source frequency with a large amplitude source. The reduction of errors in source frequency estimates demonstrates the feasibility of using remote infrasound measurements as an indicator of source frequency and, in turn, the explosive yield of clandestine nuclear weapon test explosions.

Environmental Impact of Kakhovka Dam Breach and Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Explosion on Dnieper River Landscape

Environmental Impact of Kakhovka Dam Breach and Chernobyl Nuclear Power Plant Explosion on Dnieper River Landscape

Оценка биологического действия комбинированного облучения овец для определения «безопасных» уровней радиационного воздействия

After a ground-based nuclear explosion, a large amount of fused melted radioactive particles (MRP) is formed. Entering the body of pasture animals with food, they accumulate in the proventriculus and abomasum, irradiating them against the background of total radiation exposure in sublethal doses. Research on combined irradiation of sheep (MRP+1.6 Gy) was carried out under the guidance of Professor B.N. Annenkov in 1978 on 48 sheep irradiated at a dose of 1.6 Gy in combination with feeding sheep with ORF activity from 9.99 to 51.80 MBq/kg of live weight. One group of animals served as non-irradiated controls. In addition, the work used experimental data obtained on 10 sheep irradiated at a dose of 2 Gy. Experimental data were analyzed using mathematical statistics methods. Combined irradiation is accompanied by moderate leukopenia, increased blood viscosity and damage to the gastrointestinal tract. Changes in the gastrointestinal tract are characterized by atony of the proventriculus, pain in the area of the xiphoid cartilage (mesh) and abomasum, hemorrhages and ulcers on the mucous membranes, as well as a decrease in the consumption of feed and water, which led to loss of live weight and death of animals. A study of the dynamics of death of irradiated sheep (probit analysis) showed that the minimum values of death (1 and 5%) can be caused by the consumption of MRP + 1.6 Gy with activity from 4.07 to 6.57 MBq/kg of live weight. Similar data were obtained when analyzing the values of ruminal motility (rumination) in irradiated sheep (3.6 and 5.4 MBq/kg live weight). Therefore, the “safe” level of ORS activity can reach 6.6 MBq/kg live weight of sheep +1.6 Gy of total irradiation.

Indirect effects of oil products on the environment

The article is focused on chemical and radioactive contamination of the environment during hydrocarbon production. The objective of the research is to present relatively unknown facts of indirect long-term environmental effects of hydrocarbon production. Traces of radioactive contamination of soils, ground- and surface water were studied, and also in drinking water in the Republic of Bashkortostan. The authors’ own field and laboratory studies were used. They were performed as part of the preparation of geochemical base map (GHO-1000) of 1:1000000 scale in the Republic of Bashkortostan and in the Ukhto-Izhemsky oil and gas bearing region. The methods applied for laboratory research were inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) for soil and bottom sediment samples and atomic emission spectrometry (ICP-AMS) for ground- and surface waters. It has been determined that in the areas affected by oil production the chemical pollution aspects include deterioration of the groundwater quality caused by associated water and oil products ingress into aquifers due to violation of the oil and gas well drilling techniques, and soil salination caused by frequent equipment breaks during oil production. Aspects of radiation contamination of the environment during oil production include the intake of radionuclides with associated water, and sometimes with heavy hydrocarbon fractions, as well as the consequences of underground nuclear explosions. It is concluded that the territories of hydrocarbon exploration, production and storage should be classified as areas of potential risk for radioactive contamination and chemical pollution (by inorganic compounds, including heavy metal salts). Uranium concentration in drinking water was determined by the INAA method (instrumental neutron activation analysis).

Disaster Management Strategies Before, During and in the Aftermath of a Nuclear Explosion

Disaster Management Strategies Before, During and in the Aftermath of a Nuclear Explosion