Nuclear Destruction Research Articles

Follicular dendritic cells and apoptosis: Life and death in the germinal centre

The germinal centre forms a specialized microenvironment thought to play a key role in the induction of antibody synthesis, affinity maturation of B cells and memory B cell formation. Clonal-expanded follicular B lymphocytes with mutated antigen receptors (centrocytes) have to be selected on the basis of their capacity to compete for binding to antigen held in limited amounts on the follicular dendritic cells. In this way, only high-affinity B cells are selected. Binding to a follicular dendritic cell is an unconditional prerequisite for centrocytes to survive. Cells that do not succeed in binding to a follicular dendritic cell die rapidly by apoptosis. Apoptosis is a common form of cell death characterized by the activation of an endonuclease culminating in nuclear destruction. The pathway by which apoptosis is triggered varies from cell type to cell type. However, for germinal centre B cells this process is still poorly understood.

The Bombed:.

Hara Mieko, who was a youngster in Hiroshima when the city was bombed, later wrote of herself that “the Mieko of today is completely different from the Mieko of the past.”1 Most hibakusha experienced this fracturing of identity, and for Japan as a whole the very meaning of time was altered by the atomic bombings of 6 and 9 August 1945. Such a profound sense of disjuncture was, of course, not peculiar to Japan. For much of the world, the holocaust in Europe and the nuclear genocide of Hiroshima/Nagasaki signified the closure of “modernity” as it had been known and dreamed about until then and the advent of a new world of terrible and awesome potentialities. In Japan, however, the situation was unique in two ways. Only the Japanese actually had experienced nuclear destruction. And in the years immediately following, only they were not allowed to publicly engage the nature and meaning of this new world. Beginning in mid-September 1945, U.S. authorities in occupied Japan censored virtually all discussion of the bombs.

Mass Loss and Lithium Abundances in Popii Stars: A New Approach of The Primordial Value

The observations by Spite & Spite (1982), that the upper values of the lithium abundance in halo stars are one order of magnitude smaller than the ones observed in galactic stars, lead to a large debate about the primordial lithium abundance. The whole problem can be summarized by the following question: has lithium been depleted in the outer layers of halo stars, or has the original lithium been preserved at their surfaces since the beginning?It seems difficult to maintain the original lithium abundance in halo stars during all their lifetime. Either lithium is depleted due to element separation, or it is destroyed by nuclear reactions. Computations by Proffitt & Michaud (1989) showed that nowhere inside halo stars the lithium abundance could have remained at its original value.It was suggested by Vauclair (1988) that rotation-induced turbulence could lead to a nuclear destruction of lithium in halo stars large enough to explain their present abundances, with an original abundance equal to the present galactic one. It seemed possible that the “plateau shape” of the abundances be preserved if the turbulent diffusion coefficient decreased rapidly with radius, as in Zahn (1987) (see also Pinsonneault et al. 1992).

Reflexive Matriarchal Art as Re-Vision of Nuclear Fear: Stephanie S. Tolan's Pride of the Peacock

Reflexive Matriarchal Art as Re-Vision of Nuclear Fear:Stephanie S. Tolan's Pride of the Peacock William J. Scheick (bio) Recently, books treating nuclear themes for young adults have been criticized as both unoriginal and escapist (Glazer); a more recent related article indicts these books further for failing to convey any depth of emotional deprivation and, especially, for failing to subvert the status quo through their structure and meaning (Bosmajian). Stephanie S. Tolan's Pride of the Peacock (1896) transcends these limitations. This novel concerns the profound emotional impact of Jonathan Schell's The Fate of the Earth on fourteen-year-old Whitney, who has read this hardly escapist work for "a nonfiction book report" (75). Tolan's novel details Whitney's lonely awareness not only of her own nuclear fear but also of others' lack of concern over or their overt denial of the possibility of nuclear destruction. In a ruined garden, Whitney meets Theodora Bourke, a sculptor who is renovating the site as therapy in coping with the violent loss of her husband. Working with Theodora to restore the garden, this paradise lost as it were, Whitney begins to fashion a clearer sense of herself and specifically to sculpt a strategy for expressing her feelings. Tolan's novel, simultaneously activist propaganda and aesthetic achievement, reminds us once again that art and politics can be brilliantly integrated. The reflexivity of Pride of the Peacock provides one mechanism of this integration of art and politics. At a number of points, Tolan's novel alludes to several genres of young-adult fiction, and, accordingly, draws attention to its own relationship to these genres. It mentions the sort of fiction seemingly preferred by young female readers, such as Whitney's friend Allie, who is "forever reading romance novels" (9). Whitney's effort, on [End Page 171] one desperate occasion, "to immerse her brain so thoroughly in [the] mindless mush" of "a teen romance novel" that "she couldn't think" is an indicative failure (39). Through her protagonist and by the example of her own novel, Tolan critiques the girl-boy romance genre as well as all other "escapist fiction"—including spy thrillers, mysteries, and science fiction—urged upon Whitney by various male characters (26). In the process of its own narrative, Pride of the Peacock revises such fiction for young adults. Tolan particularly targets the comfortable closure conventionally provided by popular escapist fiction. Her own book, in contrast, withholds any simple solution to the question of nuclear fear. In this respect, Tolan's fictional art mimics Schell's documentary art, as described by Whitney: "She was sure at the end of the book there would be an answer, the thing that would save her and everybody else and the earth. But the author didn't have the answer. He didn't even say for sure there was one" (5). In Tolan's novel, a deep friendship is formed between two women, and a communal female aesthetic, as we shall see, is offered as one progressive response to the ruined garden of the status quo; however, nothing in Tolan's book amounts to a sure solution. Its reader is left only with a tentative hope that a matriarchal aesthetics might "push the darkness back a little" (182, emphasis added). Both Whitney's adjustment and the world's redemption remain uncertain. The implied reader, in short, cannot close Tolan's book with a comfortable mental resolution concerning Whitney's or the world's fate. This discomfort, the result of resisting the conventions of young-adult fiction, is one means Tolan employs to revise the expectations of her readers. In terms of reader-response theory, the provocation of dissatisfaction in a reader through managed absences can potentially lead to reflection that, in effect, invites "the reader to participate not only in the viewing but in the making of the novelistic universe" (Iser 111-12). Mental reflection is crucial if Tolan is to attain a new readership for her kind of book, a readership distinct from the passive consumers (such as Allie) of escapist fiction. This reflexivity in Tolan's work also instructs future authors on the need, as imaged in Theodora's ruined garden...

A-Bomb Radiation Effects Digest

During the past 49 years, since the nuclear destruction of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, both Japanese and US scientists have attempted to understand the medical and physical effects of those detonations. A major compilation of that work was published in 1992 as Genbaku Hoshasin no Jintai Eikyou (Effects of A-Bomb Radiation on the Human Body ). Because of the great length and scientific complexity of the compendium by 39 authors, making it incomprehensible for laypersons and others not involved in radiation research, this brief, simplified digest outlining major findings was written. The digest contains 12 chapters, a summary, a glossary, and three forewords. Each chapter outlines the major findings, with the first chapter providing the physical and mechanical damage data correlated with location and casualty estimates. Chapters 2 through 12 summarize and outline graphically the major findings related to malignant disease, endocrine and metabolic diseases, ocular lesions, dermatologic effects, chromosome aberrations, mutations,

Cell-free apoptosis in Xenopus egg extracts: Inhibition by Bcl-2 and requirement for an organelle fraction enriched in mitochondria

Apoptotic cell death involves a ritual series of morphological changes, presumably reflecting a conserved molecular pathway. We now report that the nuclear events typical of apoptosis can be reproduced in “apoptotic” Xenopus egg extracts. In this cell-free system, nuclear assembly and protein import are initially normal; after 2–4 hr, however, a process of nuclear destruction ensues involving chromatin condensation and the shrinkage and fragmentation of the nuclei. This apoptotic process, which also occurs in nuclei added exogenously, is blocked by the addition of baculovirus-expressed Bcl-2 protein. To block the disintegration of nuclei that are added later, Bcl-2 must be present during this latent period. “Apoptosis” in these extracts requires a dense organelle fraction enriched in mitochondria. The cell-free system described here provides a novel tool for understanding intracellular events in apoptosis and the inhibitory function of Bcl-2.

"The End of History" as a Sociosophical Problem

In the contemporary period of history, so deeply contradictory and in many respects conflict ridden, eschatological themes, predictions of universal catastrophe and the ecological or nuclear destruction of mankind, and other motifs of the end of human history have become unprecedentedly widespread and greatly attractive. Despite the huge stores of scientific knowledge accumulated in the past few decades, many people are being drawn more and more into the stream of mystical monstrous visions and are beginning to connect the end of the second millennium with implausible, obsessive apocalyptic presentiments with regard to the world as a whole as well as to our own Russian history. Soothsayers have appeared who have begun to link the phenomena of disintegration and decline and the destruction of political, ethical, and aesthetic criteria being manifested in our country in one way or another directly with the end of Russian history, with the final act of the Russian historical drama. In the sphere of concrete theoretical and philosophical-sociological knowledge, notions of the limit of historical progress, that history has fundamentally, in its essentials, run its course and that from now on the future will bring nothing essentially new, are being put forward and defended.

Value-Free Science? Purity and Power in Modern Knowledge

Medicine has always been a field that reflected the interplay between science and the larger issues of society. Medical practitioners and researchers alike have always had to integrate overarching principles and general observations with the real or potential demands of individual patients. More recently, issues such as genetic engineering, human experimentation, euthanasia, and disclosure of research funding sources have forced medical scientists to grapple with issues of human values and ethics even as they pursued "truth" in the isolation of the laboratory. The idea that social goals and conditions influence science has, of course, become a commonplace among both historians and sociologists of science, as well as among a general public haunted by memories of Nazi medicine and plagued by issues such as nuclear power, environmental destruction, and militarized science. Such beliefs co-exist with the somewhat contradictory and persistent conviction that science itself represents pure truth and that only the

Nuclear Discourse in the 1980s: The Unravelling Conventions of the Cold War

The power and importance of discourse conventions in the cold war are revealed through their breach. The Reagan Administration talked publicly about nuclear weapons as a way to win a nuclear war. This new mode of representing nuclear weapons breached the deterrence convention, i.e. the purpose of nuclear weapons is to avoid war, not fight war. Humanists fearful of nuclear destruction, moralists condemning the sinful nature of nuclear war, and peace activists demanding a freeze on the production of nuclear weapons challenged this discourse move and struggled to reset the parameters of the nuclear conversation. To repair this breach, the Reagan Administration advocated a strategic defense and considered abolishing nuclear weapons entirely. SDI countered the moral phrasings of the bishops and silenced the peace movement, but only by further undermining cold war conventions. Reagan's abolitionist moves breached the convention of relying on nuclear weapons to counter the threat of Soviet expansion. In this newly opened discourse space, Gorbachev challenged the most basic convention of cold war discourse, the Soviet threat, by denying the US an enemy. It is more difficult for the US to use the Soviet Union as a rationale for its policies when the Soviet threat is removed from US strategic discourse. Our analysis suggests Gorbachev was led to an alternative security vision for the superpowers by the West's loss of discursive control over nuclear weapons, which occurred when the Reagan Administration breached the conventions that tied cold war discourse together.

Line of Fall by Miles Wilson

Reviews 275 The dialogue continues in this superb collection of letters from his forma­ tive period, to the great benefit of students not only of Manfred’s work and of western literature, but of American culture in general. The letters span the period from his college years through his struggle with tuberculosis, his early loves and marriage, his development as a writer, to the appearance of his masterpiece, Lord Grizzly. In 1946, in a project initiated by Sinclair Lewis, Manfred began deposit­ ing his papers at the University of Minnesota, and in 1982, prompted by fears of nuclear destruction, he designated Augustana College, in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, as a repository for duplicate copies of many of his papers. The collec­ tion has grown to some three thousand letters, virtually all of which are open to research. For this collection, the editors, with Manfred’s invaluable assist­ ance, have selected 161 which seem best to document his personal and intel­ lectual development. Manfred’s correspondents run the gamut from family members and col­ lege friends to editors and prominent writers and critics like Mark Schorer, Robert Penn Warren, John Crowe Ransom, and Van Wyck Brooks. Only Manfred’sletters, of course, are included;giving the other side of the dialogues would present intimidating logistical and legal difficulties. Still, one glimpses only with tantalizing incompleteness what people like Brooks and Warren thought of Manfred and his books. And one wishes the editors had included much more personal detail on people like Manfred’s college chum John Huizenga, to whom some of the most introspective letters in the entire collec­ tion are directed. Insights such as those remain alone for those fortunate scholars whose research takes them to the Manfred manuscript collections and to Manfred himself. GARY TOPPING Utah State Historical Society Line of Fall. By Miles Wilson. (Iowa City: University of Iowa Press, 1989. 180 pages, $17.95.) Although westering most characteristically lends itself to epic accountings it also invites portrayal in shorter narratives. Whether in letter or diary, tale or short story the larger themes and myths of the West always color the action and characters and provide historical and geographical/geological backgrounding for both the author’s and the reader’s expectations. In Line of Fall Miles Wilson’ssundry short stories all fall decidedly in the direction of the modern West—whether that be the Southwest, the Mountain West, California, or the Pacific Northwest. And although the characters which 276 Western American Literature make the most common appearance are professors, writers, and U.S. Forest Service personnel, they are shadowed by older archetypal travelers headed west either to make a name or lose it, find or forget themselves:the drifter, the “prospector,” the worker, the runaway, the tourist, the explorer, the reporter, et al. In this respect what Wilson’snarratives prove is that the old West lives on in the new—and helps determine it. But it is not just this point—important as it may be—which makes Wilson’sstories socompelling;rather it ishis imagina­ tive and varied dramatizations of new and imagined Wests rising. “On Tour with Max” is a delightful variation of the familiar story of sidekicks on the trail of the good and the beautiful with luck and chance. Here the Quixote-like character, Max, is a has-been poet on the reading circuit and headed not for New York but for New Mexico Tech in Socorro. His Panza-like pal (and narrator) is an aspiring poet who needs the “networking.” Only Max’s ability to recite everyone’s poetry but his own saves them both from barroom brawlers. In “Wyoming” it is a benevolent hitchhiker, an Ariel-like lover, Abby from “Abora Wells,” whose mute encouragements (written on a frosty windshield) see Professor McGrath and his Volvo through a Wyoming blizzard and on to a possible job at Long Beach State. The middle-age crisis of Mr. Parker in “Going Away” is only temporarily halted in its downward spin by a series of “memos” he writes about his runaway life and his few months’ sexual interlude in Firs, Oregon with an equally curious lost soul named Adrian. Soon, however, Parker’s menopausal rekindling of the...

The Selected Letters of Frederick Manfred, 1932–1954 ed. by Arthur R. Huseboe and Nancy Owen Nelson

274 Western American Literature Notes seems contrived to convince the reader that this really is a journal. In a three-page span the author manages to talk about how it feels to know oil is beneath the ground, a winter in Utah, and the global oil crisis. He then con­ tinues with, “. . . soft-shell crab. Key lime pie. Tomatoes.” “Girls with big chests. . . . Calves that have been to aerobic class.” “Shish kebob. Mediterran­ ean beef. Melon balls.” It’s the sort of non-sequitur nonsense that one might have heard in a San Francisco coffee house during the late ’50s. Nonetheless, there are manyelements, and I suspect these are not the lucky punches of a “wild fighter,” to commend the book. For starters, anyone under thirty who sits on his porch in the morning and listens to a John Prine album can’t be all bad. Also, as Bass tells the reader, “I know how to find oil.” And in the process of relating this knowledge of “reverse history,” he tells us many fascinating things about his craft. The history of oil exploration in Black Warrior Basin is brief and interesting. The discussion of geological mapping and drilling new holes is well wrought. In addition, there are many fresh and delightful images that make Oil Notes worthwhile. Bass reflects on the slowness of changes, saying, “We do not see them, do not call them ‘changes’at all, no more than we call a beach ‘sand­ stone’ or a jellyfish ‘oil.’” Comparing keeping discovered oil samples in a frosted glass jar with an Olympic gold medal, or a photo of a home run hit in a World Series, Bass says, “But you can’t hold those things and you can’t put them in a bottle and see them after they are gone. Immortal as these other things may sound, capturing energy is really the most magnificent experience.” So what is the final verdict on Rick Bass and Oil Notes? Is he, as Annie Dillard suggests on the book’s jacket, “the best young writer to come along in years.”? Probably not. Is good writing like finding oil, asBass tells us, a combi­ nation of luck and skill? Probably. Am I impressed with Oil Notes enough to read more Rick Bass? You bet! DICK KIRKPATRICK Mesa Community College The Selected Letters of Frederick Manfred, 1932-1954. Edited by Arthur R. Huseboe and Nancy Owen Nelson. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1989. 421 pages, $35.00.) One of the many delights of attendance at our annual WLA conferences is the regular appearance there of Frederick Manfred, whose ebullient person­ ality and approachability for discussion of his books (or anything else, for that matter) are great attractions even for such shamefully irregular attenders as myself. For such a major writer not only not to avoid, but in fact to seek out both formal and informal dialogue about his work is quite unusual and refreshing. Reviews 275 The dialogue continues in this superb collection of letters from his forma­ tive period, to the great benefit of students not only of Manfred’s work and of western literature, but of American culture in general. The letters span the period from his college years through his struggle with tuberculosis, his early loves and marriage, his development as a writer, to the appearance of his masterpiece, Lord Grizzly. In 1946, in a project initiated by Sinclair Lewis, Manfred began deposit­ ing his papers at the University of Minnesota, and in 1982, prompted by fears of nuclear destruction, he designated Augustana College, in Sioux Falls, South Dakota, as a repository for duplicate copies of many of his papers. The collec­ tion has grown to some three thousand letters, virtually all of which are open to research. For this collection, the editors, with Manfred’s invaluable assist­ ance, have selected 161 which seem best to document his personal and intel­ lectual development. Manfred’s correspondents run the gamut from family members and col­ lege friends to editors and prominent writers and critics like Mark Schorer, Robert Penn Warren, John Crowe Ransom, and Van Wyck Brooks. Only Manfred’sletters, of course, are included;giving the other side of the dialogues...

Lithium nuclear destruction in stellar outer layers - A consistent theoretical view of the characteristic features observed in young and old stars

view Abstract Citations (134) References (37) Co-Reads Similar Papers Volume Content Graphics Metrics Export Citation NASA/ADS Lithium Nuclear Destruction in Stellar Outer Layers: A Consistent Theoretical View of the Characteristic Features Observed in Young and Old Stars Vauclair, Sylvie Abstract Lithium nuclear destruction in young and old stars has been computed within the framework of Zahn's theory of turbulent mixing induced by rotation. The lithium gap observed for F stars in the Hyades and other clusters by Boesgaard and her collaborators may be due to nuclear destruction, as already proposed by Boesgaard. The destruction law follows the increase of the rotation velocities with Teff in these F stars. Above 6700 K the existence of two separate zones of meridional circulation may prevent complete mixing between the bottom of the convection zone and the lithium nuclear burning layer so that lithium remains normal at the surface as observed. A fit of the observations with the theoretical results gives a parameter-free value for the mixing length, which must be equal to 1.9 times the pressure scale height, consistent with recent computations of solar evolutionary tracks and solar oscillations. For Population II stars, preliminary computations show that the observed lithium abundance of Li/H = 10-10 could also be due to nuclear destruction with an original value of 10-9. The "plateau" observed by Spite and Spite and confirmed by more recent observations may be accounted for in this framework owing to the rapid increase of the turbulent diffusion coefficient with radius. In this case the primordial lithium abundance would be 10-9 instead of 10-10. The two possibilities are discussed. Publication: The Astrophysical Journal Pub Date: December 1988 DOI: 10.1086/166983 Bibcode: 1988ApJ...335..971V Keywords: Early Stars; Late Stars; Lithium; Nuclear Astrophysics; Stellar Envelopes; Stellar Rotation; Abundance; Galactic Clusters; Halos; Metallicity; Stellar Luminosity; Astrophysics; ABUNDANCES; DIFFUSION; HYDRODYNAMICS; STARS: ROTATION full text sources ADS | data products SIMBAD (2)

Main Sequence Abundances, Mass Loss and Meridional Circulation

AbstractConstraints that abundance anomalies observed on main sequence stars put on turbulence, meridional circulation and mass loss are reviewed. The emphasis is on recent observations of Li abundances.Upper limits to turbulence are obtained from the Be abundance in the Sun and from underabundances of Ca and Sc in FmAm stars. The Li abundance in G type stars suggests the presence of turbulence below convection zones.The abundance anomalies, both over and underabundances, observed in FmAm and λ Booti stars can be explained by diffusion in the presence of mass loss. A mass loss rate of 10−15 Mo yr−1 is required to explain the FmAm stars while a mass loss rate of 10−13 Mo yr−1 is required by the λ Booti stars.The position and width of the Li abundance gap observed in Hyades and other open clusters is explained by diffusion. A detailed reproduction of the Li(Teff) curve seems to require a mass loss rate of slightly more than 10−15 Mo yr−1, of the same order as the mass loss rate required by the FmAm stars. In the presence of such a mass loss only small overabundances of heavy elements are expected. The observed variations in the Li abundance as a function of the age of clusters suggests that the Li abundance observed in old halo stars does not represent the cosmological abundance.Detailed two dimensional calculations of diffusion in presence of meridional circulation for HgMn and FmAm stars lead to a cut-off of about 100 km s−1 for the maximum equatorial rotational velocity at which abundance anomalies are expected in these objects. This agrees with observations. A similar calculation for the F stars of the Hyades where Li underabundances are observed leads to a contradiction, unless meridional circulation patterns are modified by the presence of convection zones once they become as large as in late F stars. There remains a possibility that meridional circulation would be responsible for some of the reduction of the Li abundance as observed in the Hyades and UMa. Further observations are suggested to distinguish the effects of settling and nuclear destruction.

The Ethics of Space-Based Ballistic Missile Defense

In 1967 the United States and the Soviet Union signed the Treaty on Principles Governing the Activities of States in the Exploration and Use of Outer Space, Including the Moon and Other Celestial Bodies, commonly known as the Outer Space Treaty. The treaty went into effect on October 10, 1967 and prohibits the stationing of weapons of mass destruction in space or on celestial bodies. Both nations apparently perceived benefits in preventing escalation of the arms race into space. Space exploration could concentrate upon nonmilitary missions such as medical research, or military missions designed to guarantee peace, such as orbiting spy satellites. The weapons-of-mass-destruction clause in the treaty is officially inter preted as including only nuclear weapons. In 1981, the Soviets proposed a treaty at the United Nations calling for a ban on the stationing of weapons of any kind in space and, in 1983, they presented a resolution seeking the prohibition of space based antisatellite weapons (ASATs).1 Of course, Soviet proposals are always met with a great deal of skepticism. Colin Gray, for instance, warns us that Soviet calls for negotiations to prevent the militarization of space are part of a Soviet plan to untrack the Strategic Defense Initiative (SDI). Gray remarks that SDI will need ASATs to defend against Soviet satellites whose mission will be to destroy SDI tracking in stallations on space-based platforms.2 Regardless of what the real intentions of the Soviets are, it is fair to say that the U.S. has undertaken a new orientation toward space-based weapons under President Reagan. In his now famous speech, Peace and National Security, delivered on March 23, 1983, Reagan urged the development of a defensive system which would make nuclear weapons ob solete. The speech presented a vision of a population defense which would free citizens from the threat of nuclear destruction and allow the United States to abandon reliance upon the immoral policy of mutual assured destruction (MAD) for deterrence.3 SDI will be a layered system with many space-based components. The version envisaged by James C. Fletcher, head of the Reagan-commissioned Defense Technologies Study and current director of NASA, involves four defensive layers correlated to the phases of a ballistic missile's flight: boost, post-boost, midcourse, and terminal.4 Three of these layers rely upon space-based weapons. It is doubtful that any of the layers would involve

Anti-T cell receptor antibodies fail to inhibit specific lysis by CTL clones but activate lytic activity for irrelevant targets.

In this report, we describe the functional effects of anti-T cell receptor antibodies on a panel of MHC-restricted, influenza virus-specific CTL clones. Approximately 25 to 30% of these clones are recognized by KJ16-133, an anti-T cell receptor monoclonal antibody presumably specific for products of the V beta 8 gene family, and an antibody with similar specificity, F23.1. In contrast to most previous reports, both KJ16-133 and F23.1, over a wide range of antibody concentrations, fail to inhibit the antigen-specific effector function of these CTL. Instead, the antibodies activate the CTL to kill without regard for the MHC haplotype of the target cells or the presence of the appropriate viral antigen. This anti-T cell receptor antibody-induced cytolysis by our clones does not appear to be mediated by Fc receptors on target cells. Nuclear destruction of target cells as a result of antibody-induced lysis suggests that it occurs via a mechanism similar to antigen-specific lysis by CTL. In addition, both soluble bivalent F23.1 and F23.1 coupled-Sepharose beads are able to induce the secretion of interferon-gamma from these CTL clones.

Naval weaponry and the law of the sea

Abstract Major naval weapons and weapons systems are examined as they relate to naval strategy and the law of the sea. Although there are some legal limitations on the development and use of nuclear and other mass destruction weapons on the seabed, and in nuclear free zones such as Latin America, and on naval weaponry in Antarctica, the use of naval weapons systems is largely unrestricted by international law and the law of the sea. Weapons systems from mines to large submarines and carriers are related to areas, to categories of states, and to the main sub‐fields of international relations. The conclusion to be drawn is that a third Hague Conference on the laws of war should be called and arms control and disarmament issues in naval weaponry should be addressed urgently. Detailed data on naval weapons, missile systems, and maritime zones are presented in three appendixes. Glossary of Abbreviations for Naval Weaponry immediately precedes the appendices.

"The Pure and Sacred Readjustment of Death": Connections between Lawrence Durrell's Avignon Quintet and the Writings of D. H. Lawrence

Lawrence Durrell's narrator, Blanford, bleakly meditates on the possible nuclear destruction of civilization in the fifth volume of The Avignon Quintet, Quinx: or, The Ripper's Tale. World War II is over, and the characters still remaining from the preceding volumes have returned to Avignon, "the City of the Popes," to enact the final stages of the quest for the lost treasure of the Knights Templar. What is apparent in this quotation and even more deeply throughout the whole Quintet is the profound echo of the voice of D. H. Lawrence. Lawrence wrote in "The Crown" during the early stages of World War I:

Building the Image of Peace

The "world at peace" remains today as illusive an image as was the concept of "megadeaths" a decade ago. But although concerted efforts have been made to build a realistic image of the horrors of nuclear destruction, no parallel effort has been made to build an equally realistic image of a peaceful world, nor to build an image of the procedures through which one goes in order to attain such a goal. Such goal-setting and visualization processes would enhance and guide contemporary peacemaking. Some examples of current efforts in this direction are presented.

International Education: An Imperative Need

Although the world is in a state of rapid change, the world of education still exists in a state of complacency and status quo. The United States educates a large number of foreign students, yet the international school is in its infancy in this country, and, according to several leading educators, most students in the United States enter and exit from college with little understanding of the international environment. This article is based on the theory that our society, in this era of possible nuclear destruction, may be in a state of crisis. One of the possible answers to this urgency is international (world) education that will orient people in all countries to the need for working together for mutual understanding and cooperative goals.

Britain's response to the Strategic Defence Initiative

The Strategic Defence Initiative and President Reagan's announcement of the American commitment to seek to acquire effective ballistic missile defences certainly form one of the most difficult defence policy issues a British government has had to grapple with since the Second World War. By aiming at a defence against nuclear weapons, SDI reintroduced into strategic debate an issue which had been shelved at the start of the 1970s, not only because of the signing of the ABM Treaty, but also because ballistic missile defences (BMD) seemed inherently difficult against a determined enemy. The SDI issue carried enormous implications in terms of technological and financial resources, which raised questions about the opportunity costs involved for US conventional forces, and it threatened to inflict further damage on US-Soviet relations which were already strained. These factors made the issue still more awkward. The exotic technologies central to SDI-laser and other directed-energy weapons, and space-based tracking and battle-management systems-were not easy to assess, and a cloud of uncertainty enveloped the whole SDI issue, as to how the Soviet Union would react, how the technology would develop, and how future American Presidents and Congressmen would respond to Reagan's vision and initiative. Moreover, President Reagan's speech on 23 March 1983 laying the foundations for SDI came as a complete surprise to the British government, which, like all the other American allies, had not been consulted in advance. Ministers and officials were caught off balance, and their private responses ranged from (predominantly) concern to hostility. While no one denied the need for the United States to match Soviet efforts, the President's vision of a comprehensive defence was rejected as impracticable. British preference would have been for the United States to continue, or quietly expand, its work already in progress on BMD technologies, while avoiding the high political profile of SDI. Yet the United States had a potent political argument in its assertion that it should seek to defend its population from nuclear destruction. In these circumstances it is scarcely surprising that British policy towards SDI has had a hesitant and even disjointed look, slow to emerge and not particularly well coordinated when it did appear. Up to the end of 1985, British policy in this area was marked by four features, two of style and two of content, to be discussed individually below. However, it should be emphasized that these four features will evolve and perhaps disappear as the SDI debate continues into the late 1980s. Indeed, one of the central doubts about British declaratory policy on SDI has been whether it is relevant as a guide to action in future situations. The four features will be discussed in turn in what follows. They can be summarized as: (1) make no hasty response to the SDI; (2) give the SDI programme only limited support; (3) seek UK participation in SDI research; and (4) deal with SDI on a bilateral basis directly with the United States.