Nitrate Transporter 1/peptide Transporter Family Research Articles

NPF and NRT2 from Pisum sativum Potentially Involved in Nodule Functioning: Lessons from Medicago truncatula and Lotus japonicus.

In addition to absorbing nitrogen from the soil, legumes have the ability to use atmospheric N2 through symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Therefore, legumes have developed mechanisms regulating nodulation in response to the amount of nitrate in the soil; in the presence of high nitrate concentrations, nodulation is inhibited, while low nitrate concentrations stimulate nodulation and nitrogen fixation. This allows the legumes to switch from soil nitrogen acquisition to symbiotic nitrogen fixation. Recently, particular interest has been given to the nitrate transporters, such as Nitrate Transporter1/Peptide transporter Family (NPF) and Nitrate Transporter 2 (NRT2), having a role in the functioning of nodules. Nitrate transporters of the two model plants, Lotus japonicus and Medicago truncatula, shown to have a positive and/or a negative role in nodule functioning depending on nitrate concentration, are presented in this article. In particular, the following transporters were thoroughly studied: (i) members of NPF transporters family, such as LjNPF8.6 and LjNPF3.1 in L. japonicus and MtNPF1.7 and MtNPF7.6 in M. truncatula, and (ii) members of NRT2 transporters family, such as LjNRT2.4 and LjNRT2.1 in L. japonicus and MtNRT2.1 in M. truncatula. Also, by exploiting available genomic and transcriptomic data in the literature, we have identified the complete PsNPF family in Pisum sativum (69 sequences previously described and 21 new that we have annotated) and putative nitrate transporters candidate for playing a role in nodule functioning in P. sativum.

Maize Dek407 Encodes the Nitrate Transporter 1.5 and Is Required for Kernel Development.

The kernel serves as the storage organ and harvestable component of maize, and it plays a crucial role in determining crop yield and quality. Understanding the molecular and genetic mechanisms of kernel development is of considerable importance for maize production. In this study, we obtained a mutant, which we designated defective kernel 407 (dek407), through ethyl methanesulfonate mutagenesis. The dek407 mutant exhibited reduced kernel size and kernel weight, as well as delayed grain filling compared with those of the wild type. Positional cloning and an allelism test revealed that Dek407 encodes a nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter family (NPF) protein and is the allele of miniature 2 (mn2) that was responsible for a poorly filled defective kernel phenotype. A transcriptome analysis of the developing kernels showed that the mutation of Dek407 altered the expression of phytohormone-related genes, especially those genes associated with indole-3-acetic acid synthesis and signaling. Phytohormone measurements and analysis indicated that the endogenous indole-3-acetic acid content was significantly reduced by 66% in the dek407 kernels, which may be the primary cause of the defective phenotype. We further demonstrated that natural variation in Dek407 is associated with kernel weight and kernel size. Therefore, Dek407 is a potential target gene for improvement of maize yield.

Genome‐wide identification of nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter family (NPF) in cassava (Manihot esculenta) and functional analysis of MeNPF5.4 and MeNPF6.2 in response to nitrogen and salinity stresses in rice

AbstractNitrogen is a major driving force for the improvement of crop yield worldwide but brings detrimental effects on ecosystems. Therefore, enhancing nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) is vital for sustainable agriculture. The nitrate transporter (NRT1/NPF) family associated with nitrogen uptake and utilization is indispensable to the improvement of NUE in crops. As an important food security crop, cassava (Manihot esculenta) produces an acceptable yield in nutrient‐deficient soil. Here, we identified and systematically analyzed the NPF gene family in cassava, including phylogenetic relationship, chromosome location, gene duplication, and gene expression in response to different nitrogen supplies. The stem is involved in nitrogen transportation and remobilization. Gene expression analysis revealed that MeNPF5.4 and MeNPF6.2 were specifically expressed in the stem, and have diverse expression in different nitrogen conditions. To facilitate the functional analysis of MeNPF5.4 and MeNPF6.2, we constructed their overexpression (OE) lines in rice. A NO3− flux assay showed that MeNPF5.4 and MeNPF6.2 OE lines exhibited a marked decrease in NO3− efflux and significant NO3− influx compared with WT, which suggests that they might have contributed to the NUE improvement of rice. Notably, overexpressing MeNPF5.4 showed increased grain size, grain number, and grain weight per panicle. More importantly, the MeNPF5.4 OE line contributed to salt tolerance. Nevertheless, an obvious reduction in grain number and grain weight per panicle was detected in the MeNPF6.2 OE line compared with WT. Strikingly, the MeNPF6.2 OE line showed higher salt stress tolerance than WT in LN conditions. Taken together, our results demonstrated that MeNPF5.4 can potentially improve the NUE and salt stress tolerance of rice, which reveals valuable breeding targets to improve crop yield and stress tolerance.

Genome-wide identification of nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter family (NPF) genes reveals that PaNPF5.5 enhances nitrate uptake in sweet cherry under high nitrate condition

NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1 (NRT1)/PEPTIDETRANSPORTER (PTR) family (NPF) plays a significant role in nitrate transport. However, little is known about the NPF genes in sweet cherry. In this study, a total of 60 PaNPF genes in sweet cherry were identified by bioinformatics, which were divided into 8 families. Transcriptomic analysis showed that most PaNPF genes responded to both low and high nitrate conditions, especially PaNPF5.5, which was highly up-regulated under high nitrate condition. Molecular analysis showed that PaNPF5.5 was a transporter localized to the cell membrane. Further functional studies found that PaNPF5.5 overexpression promoted the growth of sweet cherry rootstock Gisela 6 by accelerating the nitrogen absorption process under high nitrate environment. Taken together, we believe that PaNPF5.5 plays an important role in regulating the transport of nitrate at high nitrate conditions, and provides a promising method for improving nitrate absorption efficiency at nitrogen excess environment.

Genome-Wide Identification and Functional Analysis of Nitrate Transporter Genes (NPF, NRT2 and NRT3) in Maize.

Nitrate is the primary form of nitrogen uptake in plants, mainly transported by nitrate transporters (NRTs), including NPF (NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1/PEPTIDE TRANSPORTER FAMILY), NRT2 and NRT3. In this study, we identified a total of 78 NPF, seven NRT2, and two NRT3 genes in maize. Phylogenetic analysis divided the NPF family into eight subgroups (NPF1-NPF8), consistent with the results in Arabidopsis thaliana and rice. The NRT2 family appears to have evolved more conservatively than the NPF family, as NRT2 genes contain fewer introns. The promoters of all NRTs are rich in cis-acting elements responding to biotic and abiotic stresses. The expression of NRTs varies in different tissues and developmental stages, with some NRTs only expressed in specific tissues or developmental stages. RNA-seq analysis using Xu178 revealed differential expression of NRTs in response to nitrogen starvation and nitrate resupply. Moreover, the expression patterns of six key NRTs genes (NPF6.6, NPF6.8, NRT2.1, NRT2.5 and NRT3.1A/B) varied in response to alterations in nitrogen levels across distinct maize inbred lines with different nitrogen uptake rates. This work enhances our understanding of the structure and expression of NRTs genes, and their roles in nitrate response, paving the way for improving maize nitrogen efficiency through molecular breeding.

OsNPF3.1, a nitrate, abscisic acid and gibberellin transporter gene, is essential for rice tillering and nitrogen utilization efficiency

Low-affinity nitrate transporter genes have been identified in subfamilies 4–8 of the rice nitrate transporter 1 (NRT1)/peptide transporter family (NPF), but the OsNPF3 subfamily responsible for nitrate and phytohormone transport and rice growth and development remains unknown. In this study, we described OsNPF3.1 as an essential nitrate and phytohormone transporter gene for rice tillering and nitrogen utilization efficiency (NUtE). OsNPF3.1 possesses four major haplotypes of its promoter sequence in 517 cultivars, and its expression is positively associated with tiller number. Its expression was higher in the basal part, culm, and leaf blade than in other parts of the plant, and was strongly induced by nitrate, abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellin 3 (GA3) in the root and shoot of rice. Electrophysiological experiments demonstrated that OsNPF3.1 is a pH-dependent low-affinity nitrate transporter, with rice protoplast uptake assays showing it to be an ABA and GA3 transporter. OsNPF3.1 overexpression significantly promoted ABA accumulation in the roots and GA accumulation in the basal part of the plant which inhibited axillary bud outgrowth and rice tillering, especially at high nitrate concentrations. The NUtE of OsNPF3.1-overexpressing plants was enhanced under low and medium nitrate concentrations, whereas the NUtE of OsNPF3.1 clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR) plants was increased under high nitrate concentrations. The results indicate that OsNPF3.1 transports nitrate and phytohormones in different rice tissues under different nitrate concentrations. The altered OsNPF3.1 expression improves NUtE in the OsNPF3.1-overexpressing and CRISPR lines at low and high nitrate concentrations, respectively.

Downregulation of a cluster of genes encoding nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter family proteins in tomato with a mutated JRE4 transcription factor.

A group of anti-nutritional specialized metabolites called steroidal glycoalkaloids (SGAs) are produced in Solanum species such as tomato, potato, and eggplant. The transcription factor JASMONATE-RESPONSIVE ETHYLENE RESPONSE FACTOR 4 (JRE4) regulates many SGA biosynthesis genes in tomato and potato. Here we report that the expression of a cluster of genes encoding nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter family (NPF) members is downregulated in the jre4-1 loss-of-function tomato mutant, which has a low-SGA phenotype compared to the wild type. NPFs are a large family of plant membrane transporters that transport a wide range of substrates, including specialized metabolites. We found that the JRE4-regulated NPF genes are induced by the defense-related phytohormone jasmonate. Conversely, jasmonate-mediated induction of gene expression was attenuated by ethylene treatment of the leaves. The co-regulation of the NPF genes with SGA biosynthesis genes by JRE4 suggests that NPF transporters are involved in the SGA pathway.

Genome-Wide Identification and Expression Analysis of NPF Genes in Cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.)

The NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1/PEPTIDE TRANSPORTER family (NPF) proteins perform an essential role in regulating plant nitrate absorption and distribution and in improving plant nitrogen use efficiency. In this study, cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) NPF genes were comprehensively analyzed at the whole genome level, and 54 NPF genes were found to be unevenly distributed on seven chromosomes in the cucumber genome. The phylogenetic analysis showed that these genes could be divided into eight subfamilies. We renamed all CsNPF genes according to the international nomenclature, based on their homology with AtNPF genes. By surveying the expression profiles of CsNPF genes in various tissues, we found that CsNPF6.4 was specifically expressed in roots, indicating that CsNPF6.4 may play a role in N absorption; CsNPF6.3 was highly expressed in petioles, which may be related to NO3- storage in petioles; and CsNPF2.8 was highly expressed in fruits, which may promote NO3- transport to the embryos. We further examined their expression patterns under different abiotic stress and nitrogen conditions, and found that CsNPF7.2 and CsNPF7.3 responded to salt, cold, and low nitrogen stress. Taken together, our study lays a foundation for further exploration of the molecular and physiological functions of cucumber nitrate transporters.

Peptide Transporter OsNPF8.1 Contributes to Sustainable Growth under Salt and Drought Stresses, and Grain Yield under Nitrogen Deficiency in Rice

Peptide transport is important for plant tissues where rapid proteolysis occurs, especially during germination and senescence, to enhance redistribution of organic nitrogen (N). However, the biological role of peptide transporters is poorly investigated in rice. We characterized the function of the peptide transporter OsNPF8.1 of rice nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter family (NPF). Ectopic expression of OsNPF8.1 in yeast revealed that OsNPF8.1 encoded a high-affinity di-/tri-peptide transporter, and the osnpf8.1 mutants had a lower uptake rate of the fluorescent-labelled dipeptide c in leaves of rice seedlings. Histochemical assays showed that OsNPF8.1 was highly expressed in mesophyll cells and vascular parenchyma cells, but not detected in root hairs and epidermises. Expression of OsNPF8.1 was induced by N deficiency, drought, NaCl and abscisic acid, and kept at a high level in senescing leaves. Under N deficiency conditions, compared with the wild type Zhonghua 11, the osnpf8.1 mutants grew slower at the seedling stage, and had lower grain yield and lower N content in the grains. In contrast, OsNPF8.1-over-expressing rice (OsNPF8.1-OE) grew faster at the seedling stage and had a higher grain yield. The osnpf8.1 seedlings were less tolerant to salt and drought stresses. These results suggested that stress-induced organic N transportation mediated by OsNPF8.1 might contribute to balance plant growth and tolerate to salt/drought stress and N-deficiency.

Identification of NPF Family Genes in Brassica rapa Reveal Their Potential Functions in Pollen Development and Response to Low Nitrate Stress.

Nitrate Transporter 1/Peptide Transporter Family (NPF) genes encode membrane transporters involved in the transport of diverse substrates. However, little is known about the diversity and functions of NPFs in Brassica rapa. In this study, 85 NPFs were identified in B. rapa (BrNPFs) which comprised eight subfamilies. Gene structure and conserved motif analysis suggested that BrNFPs were conserved throughout the genus. Stress and hormone-responsive cis-acting elements and transcription factor binding sites were identified in BrNPF promoters. Syntenic analysis suggested that tandem duplication contributed to the expansion of BrNPFs in B. rapa. Transcriptomic profiling analysis indicated that BrNPF2.6, BrNPF2.15, BrNPF7.6, and BrNPF8.9 were expressed in fertile floral buds, suggesting important roles in pollen development. Thirty-nine BrNPFs were responsive to low nitrate availability in shoots or roots. BrNPF2.10, BrNPF2.19, BrNPF2.3, BrNPF5.12, BrNPF5.16, BrNPF5.8, and BrNPF6.3 were only up-regulated in roots under low nitrate conditions, indicating that they play positive roles in nitrate absorption. Furthermore, many genes were identified in contrasting genotypes that responded to vernalization and clubroot disease. Our results increase understanding of BrNPFs as candidate genes for genetic improvement studies of B. rapa to promote low nitrate availability tolerance and for generating sterile male lines based on gene editing methods.

Genome-wide identification and characterization of the NPF genes provide new insight into low nitrogen tolerance in Setaria.

Nitrogen (N) is essential for plant growth and yield production and can be taken up from soil in the form of nitrate or peptides. The NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1/PEPTIDE TRANSPORTER family (NPF) genes play important roles in the uptake and transportation of these two forms of N. Bioinformatic analysis was used to identify and characterize the NPF genes in Setaria. RNA-seq was employed to analyze time-series low nitrate stress response of the SiNPF genes. Yeast and Arabidopsis mutant complementation were used to test the nitrate transport ability of SiNRT1.1B1 and SiNRT1.1B2. We identified 92 and 88 putative NPF genes from foxtail millet (Setaria italica L.) and its wild ancestor green foxtail (Setaria viridis L.), respectively. These NPF genes were divided into eight groups according to their sequence characteristics and phylogenetic relationship, with similar intron-exon structure and motifs in the same subfamily. Twenty-six tandem duplication and 13 segmental duplication events promoted the expansion of SiNPF gene family. Interestingly, we found that the tandem duplication of the SiNRT1.1B gene might contribute to low nitrogen tolerance of foxtail millet. The gene expression atlas showed that the SiNPFs were divided into two major clusters, which were mainly expressed in root and the above ground tissues, respectively. Time series transcriptomic analysis further revealed the response of these SiNPF genes to short- and long- time low nitrate stress. To provide natural variation of gene information, we carried out a haplotype analysis of these SiNPFs and identified 2,924 SNPs and 400 InDels based on the re-sequence data of 398 foxtail millet accessions. We also predicted the three-dimensional structure of the 92 SiNPFs and found that the conserved proline 492 residues were not in the substrate binding pocket. The interactions of SiNPF proteins with were analyzed using molecular docking and the pockets were then identified. We found that the SiNPFs- binding energy ranged from -3.8 to -2.7 kcal/mol. Taken together, our study provides a comprehensive understanding of the NPF gene family in Setaria and will contribute to function dissection of these genes for crop breeding aimed at improving high nitrogen use efficiency.

Overexpression of Nitrate Transporter 1/Peptide Gene OsNPF7.6 Increases Rice Yield and Nitrogen Use Efficiency.

Overuse of nitrogen fertilizer in fields has raised production costs, and caused environmental problems. Improving nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) of rice is essential for sustainable agriculture. Here we report the cloning, characterization and roles for rice of OsNPF7.6, a member of the nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter family (NPF). The OsNPF7.6 protein is located in the plasma membrane, expressed in each tissue at all stages and is significantly regulated by nitrate in rice. Our study shows that the overexpression of OsNPF7.6 can increase the nitrate uptake rate of rice. Additionally, field experiments showed that OsNPF7.6 overexpression increased the total tiller number per plant and the grain weight per panicle, thereby improving grain yield and agronomic NUE in rice. Thus, OsNPF7.6 can be applied to be a novel target gene for breeding rice varieties with high NUE, and provide a reference for breeding higher yielding rice.

Identification and Expression Analysis of the NPF Genes in Cotton.

The NPF (NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1/PEPTIDE TRANSPORTER FAMILY) transports various substrates, including nitrogen (N), which is essential for plant growth and development. Although many NPF homologs have been identified in various plants, limited studies on these proteins have been reported in cotton. This study identified 75, 71, and 150 NPF genes in Gossypium arboreum, G. raimondii, and G. hirsutum, respectively, via genome-wide analyses. The phylogenetic tree indicated that cotton NPF genes are subdivided into eight subgroups, closely clustered with Arabidopsis orthologues. The chromosomal location, gene structure, motif compositions, and cis-elements have been displayed. Moreover, the collinearity analysis showed that whole-genome duplication event has played an important role in the expansion and diversification of the NPF gene family in cotton. According to the transcriptome and qRT-PCR analyses, several GhNPFs were induced by the nitrogen deficiency treatment. Additional functional experiments revealed that virus-induced silencing (VIGS) of the GhNPF6.14 gene affects the growth and N absorption and accumulation in cotton. Thus, this study lays the foundation for further functional characterization of NPF genes in cotton.

Genome-wide identification and in silico analysis of NPF, NRT2, CLC and SLAC1/SLAH nitrate transporters in hexaploid wheat (Triticum aestivum)

Nitrogen transport is one of the most important processes in plants mediated by specialized transmembrane proteins. Plants have two main systems for nitrogen uptake from soil and its transport within the system—a low-affinity transport system and a high-affinity transport system. Nitrate transporters are of special interest in cereal crops because large amount of money is spent on N fertilizers every year to enhance the crop productivity. Till date four gene families of nitrate transporter proteins; NPF (nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter family), NRT2 (nitrate transporter 2 family), the CLC (chloride channel family), and the SLAC/SLAH (slow anion channel-associated homologues) have been reported in plants. In our study, in silico mining of nitrate transporter genes along with their detailed structure, phylogenetic and expression analysis was carried out. A total of 412 nitrate transporter genes were identified in hexaploid wheat genome using HMMER based homology searches in IWGSC Refseq v2.0. Out of those twenty genes were root specific, 11 leaf/shoot specific and 17 genes were grain/spike specific. The identification of nitrate transporter genes in the close proximity to the previously identified 67 marker-traits associations associated with the nitrogen use efficiency related traits in nested synthetic hexaploid wheat introgression library indicated the robustness of the reported transporter genes. The detailed crosstalk between the genome and proteome and the validation of identified putative candidate genes through expression and gene editing studies may lay down the foundation to improve nitrogen use efficiency of cereal crops.

Systematic Investigation and Expression Profiles of the Nitrate Transporter 1/Peptide Transporter Family (NPF) in Tea Plant (Camellia sinensis).

NRT1/PTR FAMILY (NPF) genes are characterized as nitrate and peptide transporters that played important roles in various substrates transport in plants. However, little is known about the NPF gene in tea plants. Here, a total of 109 CsNPF members were identified from the tea plant genome, and divided into 8 groups according to their sequence characteristics and phylogenetic relationship. Gene structure and conserved motif analysis supported the evolutionary conservation of CsNPFs. Many hormone and stress response cis-acting elements and transcription factor binding sites were found in CsNPF promoters. Syntenic analysis suggested that multiple duplication types contributed to the expansion of NPF gene family in tea plants. Selection pressure analysis showed that CsNPF genes experienced strong purifying selective during the evolution process. The distribution of NPF family genes revealed that 8 NPF subfamilies were formed before the divergence of eudicots and monocots. Transcriptome analysis showed that CsNPFs were expressed differently in different tissues of the tea plant. The expression of 20 CsNPF genes at different nitrate concentrations was analyzed, and most of those genes responded to nitrate resupply. Subcellular localization showed that both CsNPF2.3 and CsNPF6.1 were localized in the plasma membrane, which was consistent with the characteristics of transmembrane proteins involved in NO3- transport. This study provides a theoretical basis for further investigating the evolution and function of NPF genes.

Phylogeny and Expression Atlas of the NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1/PEPTIDE TRANSPORTER FAMILY in Agave.

Agave species are widely cultivated crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM) plants for alcoholic beverages, food and fiber production. Among these, the Agave hybrid H11648 ((A. amaniensis × A. angustifolia) × A. amaniensis) is the main cultivar for sisal fiber in the tropical areas of Brazil, China, and African countries. The plants of Agave hybrid H11648 have a long life cycle and large leaves, which require a huge amount of nitrogen nutrient. However, the molecular basis of nitrogen transport and allocation has not been well understood in agave. In this study, we identified 19 NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1/PEPTIDE TRANSPORTER FAMILY(NPF) genes (called AhNPFs) with full-length coding sequences in Agave hybrid H11648. Our analysis of gene expression in various types of tissues revealed the tissue-specific expression pattern of AhNPFs. We further examined their expression patterns at different leaf developmental stages, under abiotic/biotic stresses and nutrient deficiency. The results reveal several candidate regulators in the agave NPF family, including AhNPF4.3/5.2/7.1. We first characterized the NPF genes in agave based on published leaf transcriptome datasets and emphasized their potential functions. The study will benefit future studies related to nitrogen nutrient in agave.

The nitrate transporter OsNPF7.9 mediates nitrate allocation and the divergent nitrate use efficiency between indica and japonica rice.

Nitrate allocation in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) represents an important mechanism for mediating plant environmental adaptation. However, whether this mechanism occurs or has any physiological/agronomic importance in the ammoniphilic plant rice (Oriza sativa L.) remains unknown. Here, we address this question through functional characterization of the Nitrate transporter 1/Peptide transporter Family (NPF) transporter gene OsNPF7.9. Ectopic expression of OsNPF7.9 in Xenopus oocytes revealed that the gene encodes a low-affinity nitrate transporter. Histochemical and in-situ hybridization assays showed that OsNPF7.9 expresses preferentially in xylem parenchyma cells of vasculature tissues. Transient expression assays indicated that OsNPF7.9 localizes to the plasma membrane. Nitrate allocation from roots to shoots was essentially decreased in osnpf7.9 mutants. Biomass, grain yield, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE) decreased in the mutant dependent on nitrate availability. Further analysis demonstrated that nitrate allocation mediated by OsNPF7.9 is essential for balancing rice growth and stress tolerance. Moreover, our research identified an indica-japonica divergent single-nucleotide polymorphism occurring in the coding region of OsNPF7.9, which correlates with enhanced nitrate allocation to shoots of indica rice, revealing that divergent nitrate allocation might represent an important component contributing to the divergent NUE between indica and japonica subspecies and was likely selected as a favorable trait during rice breeding.

Concept of Fluorescent Transport Activity Biosensor for the Characterization of the Arabidopsis NPF1.3 Activity of Nitrate.

The NRT1/PTR FAMILY (NPF) in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plays a major role as a nitrate transporter. The first nitrate transporter activity biosensor NiTrac1 converted the dual-affinity nitrate transceptor NPF6.3 into fluorescence activity sensors. To test whether this approach is transferable to other members of this family, screening for genetically encoded fluorescence transport activity sensor was performed with the member of the NPF family in Arabidopsis. In this study, NPF1.3, an uncharacterized member of NPF in Arabidopsis, was converted into a transporter activity biosensor NiTrac-NPF1.3 that responds specifically to nitrate. The emission ratio change of NiTrac-NPF1.3 triggered by the addition of nitrate reveals the important function of NPF1.3 in nitrate transport in Arabidopsis. A functional analysis of Xenopus laevis oocytes confirmed that NPF1.3 plays a role as a nitrate transporter. This new technology is applicable in plant and medical research.

The Lotus japonicus NPF3.1 Is a Nodule-Induced Gene That Plays a Positive Role in Nodule Functioning.

Nitrogen-fixing nodules are new organs formed on legume roots as a result of the beneficial interaction with the soil bacteria, rhizobia. Proteins of the nitrate transporter 1/peptide transporter family (NPF) are largely represented in the subcategory of nodule-induced transporters identified in mature nodules. The role of nitrate as a signal/nutrient regulating nodule functioning has been recently highlighted in the literature, and NPFs may play a central role in both the permissive and inhibitory pathways controlling N2-fixation efficiency. In this study, we present the characterization of the Lotus japonicus LjNPF3.1 gene. LjNPF3.1 is upregulated in mature nodules. Promoter studies show transcriptional activation confined to the cortical region of both roots and nodules. Under symbiotic conditions, Ljnpf3.1-knockout mutant’s display reduced shoot development and anthocyanin accumulation as a result of nutrient deprivation. Altogether, LjNPF3.1 plays a role in maximizing the beneficial outcome of the root nodule symbiosis.

The Expression Characteristics of NPF Genes and Their Response to Vernalization and Nitrogen Deficiency in Rapeseed.

The NITRATE TRANSPORTER 1/PEPTIDE TRANSPORTER FAMILY (NPF) genes, initially characterized as nitrate or peptide transporters in plants, are involved in the transport of a large variety of substrates, including amino acids, nitrate, auxin (IAA), jasmonates (JAs), abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellins (GAs) and glucosinolates. A total of 169 potential functional NPF genes were excavated in Brassica napus, and they showed diversified expression patterns in 90 different organs or tissues based on transcriptome profile data. The complex time-serial expression changes were found for most functional NPF genes in the development process of leaves, silique walls and seeds, which indicated that the expression of Brassica napus NPF (BnaNPF) genes may respond to altered phytohormone and secondary metabolite content through combining with promoter element enrichment analysis. Furthermore, many BnaNPF genes were detected to respond to vernalization with two different patterns, and 20 BnaNPF genes responded to nitrate deficiency. These results will provide useful information for further investigation of the biological function of BnaNPF genes for growth and development in rapeseed.