Nozzle Outlet Research Articles

Simulation and Optimization of a Self-Cleaning Device for the Header of a Rice Seed Harvester Using Fluent–EDEM Coupling

Rice seed production is a critical step in breeding high-quality varieties. To ensure seed purity, it is essential that no residual grains or broken ears remain in the harvester header after harvesting each variety, thus preventing cross-contamination. This study addresses the issue of seed retention in existing rice harvesters, which lack efficient self-cleaning or other cleaning mechanisms and cannot be cleaned rapidly. A self-cleaning device for the harvester header was designed to enable one-click cleaning after harvesting a single variety. A novel cleaning nozzle was developed as the key component of the device, with its structure optimized through single-factor and orthogonal combination experiments. The number of nozzles was determined based on their spray width and the header width. A header-cleaning airflow simulation model based on Fluent–EDEM coupling was constructed to investigate the effects of nozzle inlet pressure, airflow incident angle, and nozzle outlet height on the self-cleaning rate. Optimal cleaning parameters were identified to maximize the self-cleaning rate, and the simulation results were validated. The study revealed that the nozzle’s expansion section length, throat diameter, and contraction section length significantly affect the spray width. When the expansion section length was 10 mm, the throat diameter was 8 mm, and the contraction section length was 8 mm, the nozzle achieved the largest jet angle, measuring 50.3 cm. Further analysis indicated that inlet air pressure had the greatest influence on the self-cleaning rate, followed by airflow incident angle and nozzle outlet height. The optimal parameter combination was identified as an inlet air pressure of 0.6 Mpa, an airflow incident angle of 118.25°, and a nozzle outlet height of 2.64 mm, achieving a maximum self-cleaning rate of 99.63%. A one-click cleaning system was designed using an STM32 microcontroller and hardware circuits. Field experiments under optimal parameters demonstrated a self-cleaning rate of 97.68% with a cleaning duration of 10 s per cycle. The findings provide theoretical guidance for the design and optimization of self-cleaning headers for rice seed production.

Development of a repeatable single-droplet generator using a step motor and PWM control of a two-way solenoid valve

A device capable of repeatedly generating a single droplet was developed. A piston pushes the liquid into a cylinder, creating droplets that are emitted from the nozzle outlet. A one-dimensional linear stage connected to a stepper motor was used for piston displacement. To repeat the generation of single droplets, a method that consists of generating droplets, supplying liquid into the cylinder, and blocking the inflow of external air through the nozzle outlet during the process of supplying liquid into the cylinder was developed. To prevent the inflow of external air into the cylinder through the nozzle outlet, a two-way solenoid valve was installed in the supply passage between the cylinder and the reservoir holding the liquid supply. The sudden opening of the two-way solenoid valve is prevented by PWM (pulse width modulation) control of the current supplied to the solenoid, and the air inflow into the cylinder through the nozzle outlet can be successfully blocked by this method. PWM control of the driving current in the solenoid enabled the repeated generation of single droplets. A single-droplet-generation experiment was repeatedly conducted while varying the nozzle diameter and the hydraulic head difference h between the nozzle outlet and the liquid reservoir. The ratio of the droplet diameter to the nozzle diameter was 5.45 with a nozzle diameter of 0.23 mm and convergence to 2.1 with an increase in the nozzle diameter to 1.51 mm. When repeated measurements were taken under fixed experimental conditions, the droplet diameter deviation % (=stdev/average*100) showed a distribution of 1 ~ 6%.

Conical Annular Nozzle Pressure Prediction and Applications to 3D Food-Printing for Dysphagia Diets

In order to solve the dietary problems of patients with dysphagia, a mathematical model for predicting extrusion pressure is established. The predictive model parameters are determined with the aid of the finite element method, and a 3D printing nozzle capable of printing nutrient-rich sandwich food is designed according to the predictive model. Pumpkin puree and minced pork are verified according to IDDSI standards. Finally, the accuracy of the predictive model and the printing effect of the design nozzle are verified by extrusion and printing experiments, respectively. The results show that four groups of simulation experiments reveal that the extrusion pressure increases by 15.6%, 13.5%, 12.7% and 12.4%, respectively, with a 1 cm increase in nozzle length. When the nozzle length is in the range of 1–5 cm, the extrusion pressure increases with the increase of the volume flow rate in the extrusion cylinder. The extrusion speed has little correlation with the length of the nozzle outlet, but for every 1 cm3/s increase in the inlet volume flow rate, the extrusion speed increases by about 1.5%. The finite element simulation experiment determines that the parameters of the prediction model are σ0 = 0.6, α = 1.1, m = 0.21, τ0 = 0, β = 0.52 and n = 0.2; the error between the predictive value and the experimental value is 15%, and the printed sandwich food has smooth lines, good molding and complies with IDDSI standards.

Nozzle structure optimisation in a photovoltaic irrigation system

AbstractOn the basis of the significant impact of the sprinkler nozzle structure in photovoltaic irrigation systems, the nozzle parameters are optimised to improve sprinkler adaptability and irrigation uniformity under different light intensities. An experimental test and numerical simulation were conducted to analyse the influence of nozzles with distinct parameters on the spray irrigation effect. Taking the irrigation uniformity coefficient as the optimisation goal and the nozzle outlet shape, outlet area and straight flow channel length as the optimisation variables, an orthogonal experimental design was employed, and the optimal solution was obtained via range analysis. The experimental results indicate that the sprinkler performs best when the outlet shape is circular, the nozzle outlet area is 7 mm2 and the flow channel length is 2 mm. The optimal nozzle characteristics were tested and compared with those of the original design, and numerical simulation was used to demonstrate the optimised internal flow mechanism. The results demonstrate that the optimised flow rate and spray range are improved, and the working pressure and rotation period are significantly reduced, enabling the system to adapt to a more extensive range of light intensities. The radial water distribution structure is better, and the combined application rate and uniformity coefficient are also significantly improved. In addition, the sprinkler outlet speed is more consistent, and the area of the high‐speed zone in the spray plate increases, which is conducive to reducing energy loss and enhancing sprinkler irrigation uniformity.

Structural Design and Optimization of Proton Exchange Membrane Fuel Cell Ejector

Proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) produce electrical energy using hydrogen as an energy source, characterized by enhanced energy conversion efficiency and diminished emissions, contributing to the sustainable development of energy. The hydrogen ejector is essential for improving the hydrogen utilization efficiency in PEMFCs. In this study, the theoretical design and simulation optimization of a hydrogen ejector used for a hydrogen fuel cell are performed in order to improve the efficiency of the hydrogen ejector. According to Sokolov’s design method, the dimensions of the ejector nozzle and mixing chamber were calculated. A three-dimensional fluid simulation model of the ejector was established, and the accuracy of the model was verified by the experimental results. The influences of the nozzle outlet distance, the mixing chamber diameter, the length–diameter ratio of the mixing chamber, and the nozzle curvature on the ejector ratio were studied under multiple working conditions, and the optimal structural size of the ejector was obtained to satisfy the working conditions. It was found that the maximum ejector ratio of 1.21 could be achieved at a nozzle exit distance of 9 mm, a mixing chamber diameter of 7 mm, a mixing chamber length–diameter ratio of 9, and a nozzle curvature of 0.02. This work can provide some insights into the relationship between the structural parameters and performance of hydrogen ejectors.

Numerical simulation of flow and mass transport in KDP crystal growth using solution alternate jetting method

In response to the limitations of some previous crystal growth method, which cannot generate ‘back-and-forth shear flow’ in rotating-crystal method and the partial realization of ‘back-and-forth shear flow’ in the crystal two-dimensional and three-dimensional motion methods, a novel KDP crystal growth method, named solution alternate jetting method, was proposed. This method can achieve complete coverage of crystal faces with ‘back-and-forth shear flow’. Numerical simulation results indicate that solution alternate jetting method outperforms rotating-crystal growth method and crystal two-dimensional and three-dimensional motion methods in terms of time-averaged supersaturation and its standard deviation on crystal faces. The jet velocity has a significant impact on the magnitude and distribution of time-averaged supersaturation on crystal faces. Other operating conditions, including the vertical distances from the nozzle outlet to the crystal surface, alternate jetting cycle, nozzle spray angle, and special motion velocity, have a relatively minor impact. Crystals grown with less than 50% ‘back-and-forth shear flow’ in the crystal two-dimensional and three-dimensional motion methods had significantly improved quality compared to rotating-crystal growth method. Therefore, the solution alternate jetting method, capable of achieving the ideal ‘back-and-forth shear flow’, undoubtedly holds promising application prospects.

Enhancing mixing characteristics of MgCl2 solution within atomization nozzles: A computational fluid dynamics investigation of structural parameter

Efficient dispersion of MgCl2 solution is crucial in saline lake industries. Understanding how structural variables influence atomization can improve nozzle design. This study uses Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) modeling to examine the effects of key structural parameters on MgCl2 solution mixing in atomization nozzles. It focuses on the impact of liquid injection hole size, number of air injection holes, and mixing chamber length on the nozzle's fluid dynamics. The analysis covers variations in internal velocity and MgCl2 volume fraction. Simulations show that increasing the liquid injection hole diameter reduces liquid flow resistance, while adding more air injection holes leads to a more uniform air distribution, though with a slight increase in atomization efficiency. A longer mixing chamber reduces gas phase velocity. Optimal mixing efficiency is achieved with 4 air injection holes, a 1.5 mm liquid injection hole, a 7 mm mixing chamber, a 2 mm nozzle outlet, 0.3 MPa inlet gas pressure, and an 80 L/h solution flow rate. This study provides insights into key parameters for improving performance and refining industrial applications.

Calculation of Single and Multiple Low Reynolds Number Free Jets with a Lattice-Boltzmann Method

Numerical calculations of low-Reynolds-number freejets with a Lattice Boltzmann Method are presented. The calculated-time-averaged axial velocity of a round jet with Re=1030 matches experimental data, including the length of transition from laminar to turbulent flow. Special care was needed for the inlet conditions in order to reproduce the vena contracta phenomenon. The results for round jets with Re=1000/1500/2000 show good agreement with Finite Difference Method calculations from the literature. In principle, there is a strong sensitivity to the inlet conditions, suggesting a need in future experimental work to measure in detail the velocity profiles and turbulence quantities at the nozzle outlet. The application of turbulence at the inflow boundary of the calculation domain is often used to emulate sources of disturbances in experiments. The present study demonstrates the need to investigate the impact of turbulence level and length scale at inlet independent of each other. Finally, the calculation for a bundle of nine jets with a square inlet led to the finding that the velocity decay of the central jet is maximal when the spacing between the jets is ca. one jet diameter.

Onset of global instability in a premixed annular V-flame

We investigate self-excited axisymmetric oscillations of a lean premixed methane–air V-flame in a laminar annular jet. The flame is anchored near the rim of the centrebody, forming an inverted cone, while the strongest vorticity is concentrated along the outer shear layer of the annular jet. Consequently, the reaction and vorticity dynamics are largely separated, except where they coalesce near the flame tip. The global eigenmodes corresponding to the linearised reacting flow equations around the steady base state are computed in an axisymmetric setting. We identify an arc branch of eigenmodes exhibiting strong oscillations at the flame tip. The associated eigenvalues are robust with respect to domain truncation and numerical discretisation, and they become destabilised as the Reynolds number increases. The frequency of the leading eigenmode is found to correspond to the Lagrangian disturbance advection time from the nozzle outlet to the flame tip. The essential role of this convective mechanism is also supported by resolvent analysis, which finds that the same flame-tip disturbance structure and frequency are optimally amplified when the flame is subjected to external white noise forcing. Strong non-modal effects in the form of pseudo-resonance are not found. Nonlinear time-resolved simulation further reveals notable hysteresis phenomena in the subcritical regime prior to instability. Hence, even when the flame is linearly stable, perturbations of sufficient amplitude can trigger limit-cycle oscillations and higher-dimensional dynamics sustained by nonlinear feedback. A Monte Carlo simulation of passive tracers in the unsteady flame suggests a nonlinear non-local instability mechanism. Notably, linear analysis of the subcritical time-averaged limit-cycle state yields eigenvalues that do not match the nonlinear periodic oscillation frequencies. This mismatch is attributed to the fundamentally nonlinear dynamics of the subcritical V-flame instability, where the dichromatic, non-local interaction between the heat release rate along the flame surface and the vortex dynamics in the jet shear layer cannot be approximated as a simple distortion of the mean flow.

Gas jet target with controllable density via throat diameter of conical nozzle

A supersonic gas jet has been a special target in the ultraintense laser interaction field due to its controllable atomic density distribution. This work investigates the spatial atomic density distribution in argon gas jets ejected from conical nozzles with different throat diameters. Both experiment and simulation results show that the atomic density and its distribution can be controlled by changing the throat diameter of the conical nozzle. The quantitative dependence of atomic density on the throat diameter under different backing pressures is obtained. It also agrees with that from the one-dimensional gas dynamics model. However, it is noted that for a large throat diameter at a high gas backing pressure, a radial saddle-shaped atomic density profile is demonstrated experimentally within a few millimeters away from the nozzle outlet. The results are helpful to optimize the density profile in gas-jet targets and to understand the effect of the throat diameter of the conical nozzle on cluster size in Hagena scaling law.

Numerical simulation of multiphase flow and prediction of sediment wear in a large Pelton turbine

AbstractThe problem of sediment wear presents a significant challenge for hydraulic turbines operating in sediment‐rich rivers, particularly for high‐head Pelton turbines. In this study, the VOF model, SST k–ω model, and DPM model were employed to simulate the gas–liquid–solid three‐phase flow within a large Pelton turbine, which operates under a rated water head of 671 m and has a single capacity of 500 MW, at a hydropower station situated on a sediment‐laden river. The sediment wear prediction model, derived from the sediment wear test of the model turbine, was utilized to forecast the sediment wear on the flow components of the Pelton turbine at the hydropower station. The results show that there are obvious pressure and velocity gradients near the nozzle outlet of the Pelton turbine in the power station, and the wear of the nozzle surface is gradually increasing, and the wear in the downstream area of the nozzle is more serious. The wear rate at the needle tip surface reached 1.372 μm/h, while the socket ring surface exhibited a wear rate of 3.175 μm/h. he highest wear rate recorded for the water bucket is 0.940 μm/h. After a year of continuous operation, the maximum erosion observed was 5.62 mm on the runner bucket made of stainless steel and wear‐resistant metal, 8.23 mm on the spray needle, and 19.05 mm on the nozzle mouth ring, highlighting the severity of sediment wear on the Pelton turbine. It is recommended that surface treatment technology be applied to the flow‐through components of the Pelton turbine at this hydropower station to enhance the wear resistance of the turbine and extend the operational life of the unit.

The effect of the design angle of the turbine nozzle outlet of the piston engine boost system on its effectiveness

The article is devoted to the actual problem of insufficient energy efficiency of combined internal combustion engines. One of the directions of its solution, which became the goal of this work, is a reasonable choice of the optimal value of the design angle of installation of nozzles in a radial-axial turbine, taking into account both its effective power and the coefficient of completeness of using the supplied pulse energy. The authors applied a closed-loop model of the combined engine, embedded in a new calculation method, which was divided into conditional blocks. In the first block, the method of indefinite Lagrange multipliers calculates the optimal values of the turbine elements in which the gas moves. In the second block, for a preliminary assessment of the calculated geometrical parameters of the flow path, the turbine characteristics are calculated: an assumption is made about the one-dimensionality and quasi-stationary flow. For calculations, a method for calculating the parameters of a stage at an average radius was used, supplemented by a semi-empirical method for calculating gas energy losses during the movement of the latter from the turbine inlet to the outlet section. In the third block, the efficiency of the turbine was estimated when working together with a piston engine by using a closed model for it. This made it possible to objectively evaluate such characteristics of the turbine as efficiency and power, which are functionally related to the pressure pulse in the exhaust tract, which will make it possible to predict the operational characteristics of the turbine operating in conjunction with the combined engine.

Spark ignition and stable flame of premixed methanol-ammonia gaseous jet at atmospheric surrounding

Ammonia, regarded as a zero-carbon fuel, presents significant challenges due to its notable combustion and chemical inertness. To mitigate these challenges, blending liquid ammonia with carbon-neutral methanol offers a promising avenue for creating an innovative, stable, and large-scale producible carbon-neutral fuel. This study investigates the impacts of xCH3OH (methanol mole ratio in methanol-ammonia mixture) and v (mean jet velocity at nozzle outlet) on forming stable flames of a premixed methanol-ammonia argon-oxygen (MA-AO) gaseous jet in the atmospheric surrounding. Results indicate that the pure ammonia argon-oxygen (A-AO) mixture can be ignited by an electrical spark with the energy of about 52.1 mJ, but it cannot grow to be a stable jet flame although the fire nucleus can form. Blending methanol is very helpful in forming a stable jet flame of the MA-AO mixture. When xCH3OH is lower than 49% at λ = 1.0, only the fire nucleus could be formed without a stable jet flame. When xCH3OH is more than 49%, there is a certain mean jet velocity range for different xCH3OH to form a stable flame. At the low-velocity limit, the flame would be quenching. While the flame would be blown off at the high-velocity limit. The velocity limits of quenching and blow-off become higher with higher xCH3OH, and the blow-off velocity limit increases more evident.

Relation between bubble behaviors in spray sheet and bubbly flow inside an air-induction fan nozzle: A visualization study

The present study aims to elucidate the relationship between bubble behaviors in the spray sheet and internal bubbly flow of the air-induction nozzle. An experimental work was performed using the visualization technique. Effects of the air inlet position and spray pressure were investigated. The results show that compared with the bubbles inside the air-induction nozzle, bubbles in the spray sheet have smaller volume but larger average diameter. Disturbance propagates in the horizontal air-inlet segment. When the air inlet position shifts toward the nozzle outlet, overall bubble volume inside the nozzle decreases by about 56%, while in the spray sheet, the bubble volume decreases by about 77%. Bubble breakup causes a decrease in overall bubble volume as bubbles travel from the inner flow passage of the nozzle to the environment. The coalescence and compression of bubbles induce the increase in average bubble diameter. When the spray pressure increases from 0.1 to 0.3 MPa, both the total bubble volume and average bubble diameter increase.

Investigation of in-nozzle flow behavior coupled with spray characteristics of waste cooking oil and castor biodiesel

Biodiesel is a promising alternative to conventional diesel. However, it may cause reduced mass flow, higher injector deposits and poor atomization. This study presents the numerical investigation of the effect of in-nozzle flow on fuel spray behavior for castor methyl ester (CME20) and waste cooking oil methyl ester (WCME20) using two different nozzle hole sizes. Two step simulation methodology was adopted where flow inside the nozzle was simulated first, mass flow rate and velocities at nozzle outlet were used as an input for analyzing the fuel spray in a closed vessel. These simulated results of fuel spray were also validated with experimental results from the captured spray images from control volume spray vessel (CVSV). Experimental spray results were also investigated based on light intensity level and macroscopic spray properties. Results revealed higher cavitation intensity for diesel than biodiesel fuels. Smaller nozzle hole (N2) is more likely to cavitate as compared to larger nozzle diameter (N1). In terms of spray behavior, N1 nozzle on average showed longer penetration length (+1.95 %), wider spray cone angle (+6.2 %) and larger drop diameter (+3.1 %) in comparison to N2. CME20, due to its increased viscosity and density showed longer penetration length (+5.9 %), narrower spray cone angle (−21 %) and reduced spray projected area (−19 %) with respect to diesel. WCME20 revealed smaller sauter mean diameter (−4.8 %) as compared to CME20 owing to its lower viscosity.

Optimized design of annular ejector primary nozzle based on orthogonal test method

Abstract Annular ejectors are widely used in aerospace and other applications, and their performance has a significant impact on the overall system. In this paper, the effects of main nozzle area ratio, contraction section angle and diffusion section angle on the performance of annular ejector are investigated by using computational fluid dynamics combined with one-factor experiments, on the basis of which the L9(33) orthogonal table is established to optimise the structure of main nozzle and to screen the main influencing factors. The results show that the flow field inside the annular ejector is extremely complex. The influence of the main nozzle area ratio on the performance of the annular ejector is very great, and the change of the area ratio will lead to the change of the position of the second excitation sequence as well as the Mach number at the outlet of the main nozzle. However, as with the results of the one-way analysis, the effect of the angle of the constriction section on the exit Mach number is negligible.

Azimuthally-distributed wavy inner wall treatment for high subsonic jet noise control

The noise generated by subsonic jet nozzles, commonly encountered in civilian aircraft, is rather significant and propagates in both the upstream and downstream directions due to large-scale and fine-scale turbulence structures. In this paper, a distinctive inner wall treatment strategy, denoted as the Azimuthally-distributed Wavy Inner Wall (AWIW), is proposed, which is aimed at mitigating jet noise. Within this strategy, a circumferentially dispersed treatment wall characterized by a minute wavy pattern is substituted for the smooth inner wall in proximity to the nozzle outlet. To assess the effectiveness of the AWIW treatment, we conducted numerical simulations. The unsteady flow field and far-field noise were predicted by employing Large Eddy Simulations (LES) coupled with the Ffowcs Williams and Hawkings (FW-H) integration method. To gain a comprehensive understanding of the mechanism underlying the noise reduction facilitated by the AWIW treatment, it examined physical parameters such as the Lighthill source acoustic source term, the turbulent kinetic energy acoustic source term, and the shear layer instability. The results reveal that the AWIW treatment expedites the instability within the shear layer of the jet, leading to an early disruption of the jet shear layer, and consequently turbulent structures in varying sizes are generated downstream. This process effectively regulates the generation and emission of jet noise. By controlling the minor scale turbulence through the AWIW treatment, the mid- and high-frequency noise within the distant field can be significantly reduced. In the context of the flow field, the introduction of AWIW also leads to a decrease in drag on the inner wall surface of the jet, thereby improving the overall aerodynamic performance of the nozzle. Considering these attributes, the AWIW strategy emerges as a viable technique for the reduction of jet noise.

Surrogate-assisted multi-objective Bayesian optimization for improved rheological design of bioinks

Extrusion bioprinting is a popular biofabrication technique for creating viable biological constructs with applications ranging from regenerative medicine and cancer research to therapeutics screening. A primary challenge within extrusion bioprinting lies in preserving cell viability and function amidst the shear forces generated during extrusion. Therefore, the formulation of shear-thinning bioinks with tailored flow properties is essential to minimize shear stress accumulation during printing. However, this task is complex, as the bioink’s flow properties are contingent upon numerous factors, including but not limited to the polymer concentration, spatial cell density in the bioink, molecular weight of the polymer, and the nozzle’s geometry. The current methods for adjusting flow properties are heuristic, posing challenges to the rapid development models and automation of the bioprinting workflow. In this study, we introduce a Gaussian Process-based multi-objective Bayesian optimization framework that rapidly identifies Pareto-optimal flow property values to minimize hydrodynamic shear stresses during extrusion. The optimization focuses on four flow parameters, minimum viscosity, maximum viscosity, consistency index, and flow behavior index from the power-law model of shear-thinning fluids alongside the nozzle outlet diameter. Following an initial set of 24 experimental runs, our sequential design approach required 21 iterations to achieve convergence on a set of flow parameters that meet the Pareto optimality criteria. The presented strategy, which integrates physics-based numerical models with data-driven optimization models, emerges as a tool for the rapid fine-tuning of bioink flow behaviors. The multi-objective framework also sets the stage for future exploration into cell viability and functional outcomes post-bioprinting.

Nozzle Flow Characterization of the SNU Hypersonic Shock Tunnel

AbstractThis paper presents the operational capabilities and the characteristics of the nozzle flow of the Seoul National University Hypersonic Shock Tunnel (SHyST), a recently added impulse facility designed to produce high-enthalpy flows reaching up to 5 MJ/kg through hypersonic contoured nozzles. Within this investigation, emphasis is placed on the design and utilization of a pitot rake, serving as an essential instrument for quantifying pitot pressure and Mach number distributions throughout the test section. The experimental results confirm the presence of axis-symmetric behavior and spatial–temporal uniformity of the freestream Mach number at the nozzle outlet and along the test section. In addition, the study demonstrates a good agreement with the predictions of numerical simulation. Mach number validation is further supported by the measurement of shock standoff distance through schlieren visualization.

Analysis of Flow Field Characteristics in the Three-Phase Jet Fire Monitor Head

To enhance the jet performance of the three-phase jet fire monitor (TPJFM), an analysis was conducted on the internal flow field (IFF) characteristics of the monitor head. Using the volume of fluid method, the impact of key structural parameters, such as the powder-pipe bending angle and the supporting blade length, on the turbulent kinetic energy (TKE) of the IFF, the velocity distribution uniformity at the nozzle outlet, and the pressure drop (PD) between the inlet and outlet of the internal flow field, was analyzed. The study revealed that increasing the bending angle of the powder pipe will lead to a significant improvement in the uniformity of velocity distribution in the IFF. Extending the supporting blade length helps reduce the average TKE at the nozzle outlet but has a minimal impact on the velocity distribution uniformity and the PD between the inlet and outlet. Reasonable design of the distance between the supporting blades and the bending section of the powder pipe can improve the IFF characteristics, reducing local pressure losses and peak TKE. The research results can effectively improve the IFF characteristics, enhance jet performance, and provide theoretical basis and technical support for the design and optimization of the TPJFM.