Nouns In Language Research Articles

On some cases of phrasemal derivation of nouns in language and speech of the second half of the 19<sup>th</sup> century (based on epistolary texts of russian writers)

The article explores the phenomenon of phrasal derivation in the second half of the 19th century based on the letters of A. I. Herzen, I. S. Turgenev, A. P. Chekhov, as well as other sources. We provide a definition of the phraseoderivational (multi-level) nest concept — an intersystem formation that includes a phraseological unit and its lexical derivatives, created in different ways and ordered by the relations of formal-semantic derivation at a certain period of time. The basis of the semantic unity of such a nest is a common meaning condensed in the original phraseological unit, while the basis of structural unity is the presence of at least one component (the basis of the component) of the generating phraseological unit in all derivatives. We consider 1) the phenomenon of lexical-phraseological condensation (implication of a component) in phraseological units with the reference word khoduli, Lazar’, and also trace the formation of derivatives in connection with the formation of a new meaning of the noun; 2) a method of agglutination of components of qualitative-adverbial phraseological units with suffixation (based on combinations bez pardona, ot sebya); 3) an occasional method of adding bases (components of phraseological units and affixoids).

Portions and countability: A crosslinguistic investigation

AbstractWe examine three constructions across several languages in which a mass noun is embedded in what appears to be a count environment, but the construction as a whole remains mass. We argue that the discussed phenomena—“Q-noun” constructions like lots of water, bare measure constructions like kilos of sugar, and pluralised mass nouns in languages like Greek and Persian—all involve portioning-out of the embedded mass denotation. We provide a structural account of portioning out and propose structures that derive both mass and count portioning out. Adopting an overlap-based approach to the mass/count distinction (e.g. Landman 2011; Rothstein 2011; Khrizman et al. 2015; Landman 2016) we provide a compositional semantics for the proposed structures.The examined phenomena all share an inference of large quantity or abundance that, we argue, cannot be reduced to the lexical meaning of the portioning-out expression, nor to a multiplicity inference contributed by plural morphology. We show that our cases of mass portioning-out involve a total order ≤ on portion size and propose to analyse the abundance inference in terms of an uninformativity-based Quantity implicature, following the analysis of the positive form (Mary is tall) in Rett’s (2015) approach to adjectival gradability.

First Person and Second Person Markers as Representatives of a Case in a Verb Form

There are many various opinions regarding the definition of the person category in the scientific literature. A. Shanidze defines person category in three aspects: ”which person”, “what kind of person” and “quantity” - how many persons are represented in one form of the verb. There are two types of markers in Georgian- v- order and m-.order. They are basically divided as follows: v –order markers mainly express the markers of the subjective person and the m- order markers – the markers of the objective person. There are many cases in the language when the objective person is expressed by the subjective person marker and the subjective person is expressed by the objective person markers. This is called inversion and the verbs of these types are called inversion verbs. It is very difficult to understand and study inversion for non-Georgian students. In Georgian Linguistic Literature it is known that there is internal relationship in formation of nouns and verbs. The interrogative pronoun (who) refers only to the human and what- to all others-animate and inanimate subjects. Perhaps the v- prefix was an ancient sign of expressing the category of human and it expressed the first person in the verb, because the first person can only be human and the action of the first person means only human. He is both – the initiator of the action and the speaker. The same form of the interrogative pronoun “Who” in Nominative and Ergatrive cases makes us think that v- prefix was the representative of the Nominative and Ergative cases in the verb form. As has been noted, in the Georgian language nouns linked to a verb create constructions. There are three constructions identified in a language (based on two-person verbs): nominative construction, ergative construction and dative construction. Constructions are built according to the basic person’s cases forms (the term - basic person has been introduced by us, since the use of subjective and objective persons often cause confusion. We denote basic and non-basic person. Basic person is whom the action is mainly concerns, it either acts or is experiencing an action, is either an initiator, etc. A non-basic is a person who has a certain role in an action).

Ways to quantify of abstract nouns in the modern Erzya language

Introduction. The article analyzes abstract nouns based on the material of the modern Erzya language, which in various contexts can be concretized, becoming the basis for the formation of their plural. These lexemes begin to express a real quantitative meaning, in other words, they acquire the ability to quantify. The purpose of the article is to identify and describe the contexts in which abstract plural nouns denote quantifiable relations. Materials and Methods. The main method is structural-semantic description, used for direct observation of contexts when abstract nouns express quantitative relations. The material of the study is based on 1 500 examples extracted from the texts of Mordovian writers written their works in the Erzya language. Results and Discussion. It has been determined that in the modern Erzya language the plural forms of abstract nouns are capable of expressing quantitative relations in those cases when they denote a real quantitative meaning. It defines two quantification ways, namely: discrete way, which conveys the semantics of the internal quantity, is based on the peripheral components of the abstract noun, and unitary way, which expresses the semantics of the external quantity, based on the central components of the abstract lexeme. The main contexts are briefly characterized, when abstract nouns denote quantifiable relations. Conclusion. In the modern Erzya language abstract nouns that have the ability to quantify, carried out discretely or unitarily are often encountered. The contexts with such nouns are often found in the texts of Mordovian writers, who use them as a source of speech expression, a means of creating artistic expression, shaping, interpreting and evaluating images and events.

A Study of Nouns in Gu-Mawasangka Language

This study aims to obtain a descriptive description of the Gu-Mawasangka language nouns. Data collection was carried out by using descriptive methods through elicitation, listening and speaking techniques, recording, and recording. The results obtained, Gu-Mawasangka nouns can be analyzed from two aspects, namely semantic meaning and syntactic characteristics. The semantic meanings found are lexical categories that contain material meanings. The syntactic characteristics of Gu-Mawasangka nouns can be in combination with "deny, adjectives, nouns and verbs, personal pronouns). There are monomorphemic nouns and polymorphism nouns. At the nominal phrase level, the characteristic has a noun core in other words that accompany it as an attribute, and at the syntactic level, it functions as a subject, predicate, object, complement, and description.

Existential in Xhosa in relation to indefiniteness

Bare nouns in languages without articles can be semantically ambiguous between definite and indefinite interpretations. It is here assumed that speakers of such languages can still signal to the hearer when they refer to unique and identifiable referents. This paper contributes to the long-standing cross-linguistic question of how bare nouns are interpreted and what means languages without articles have to disambiguate between definite and indefinite readings. This question is largely unexplored for Bantu languages. The answer is sought in the use of different word orders and morphosyntactic constructions, with a focus on the existential in this paper. In many languages of the world, there is a restriction on definites as pivots in existential constructions, serving as a motivation for exploring these constructions in Xhosa. Xhosa makes use of a non-verbal copula in prototypical existentials as well as predicate locatives, to express the existence or presence of a referent. The paper argues that the existential is used for inactive referents and the predicate locative for (semi-) active referents. The inactive referents of the existential are mainly indefinite referential or non-referential. The active referents of the predicate locative are referential indefinite or definite. There is no absolute definiteness effect in the existential. A further motivation for this study is the occurrence of this copula in a short and a long form, giving rise to four different structures. The paper reveals an unexpected analogy between the use of the short and long form and the use of the so called conjoint and disjoint forms in Xhosa tense-aspect paradigms.

Features of actualization of stylistic marking of nouns in artistic speech

The article presents a comparative analysis of stylistic marking of nouns in language and speech on the material of data of explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language and works of M. Bulgakov

Property concepts in Basaá and the ontology of gradability across category

Theories of gradability and comparison (e.g., Kamp 1975, Cresswell 1977 and many following) have been developed with data from familiar languages like English with adjectives at their core. In many languages, however, the main predicate in truth-conditionally equivalent constructions -- the property concept (PC) (cf. Dixon 1982) -- is of a different category: that of a nominal, which is predicated through possession cross-linguistically. Francez and Koontz-Garboden (2017) argue for a semantics for such nouns as mereologically and size-ordered sets of abstract portions, a treatment that keeps with their exhibition of mass noun behavior, with possessive predications and comparatives involving these nouns built on such a semantics. A semantics of this kind is not standardly assumed for adjectives and constructions built on them in familiar languages, however, raising the question whether the truth-conditional equivalence of the constructions with nouns in languages that have them and the constructions with adjectives in languages that have them should be model-theoretically represented, a position assumed by Menon and Pancheva (2014), or whether this equivalence should be captured in some other way. Based on data from modification, degree questions, subcomparatives, and equatives in Basaá (Bantu; Cameroon), we show that adjectives and the have+PC noun construction must in fact have a type-theoretically identical semantics.

Syntactic Interference: A Study of Ígálá and English Noun Phrases in Malachai 1:6 and Mathew 2:1

Ígálá native speakers face some challenges in their attempt to acquire the English language and one of these challenges is encountered in their attempt to use English Noun Phrases. Learning English Noun Phrases by speakers whose mother-tongue is Ígálá is one of the most frequent and significant areas of difficulties at syntactic level which Ígálá learners of English come across due to the differences between the NP systems in both languages. The Ígálá language has an NP system that functions differently, for instance, the notion of definiteness and indefiniteness of articles are encoded differently than in that of the English language. Given the fact that articles are one of the most frequent words occurring in the English language Noun Phrase, this study pinned down such an important issue by describing how the differences between the Ígálá and English languages in concern to the Noun Phrase system cause Ígálá learners of English to commit errors (Mother-Tongue interference) in their English learning process as a result of Mother-Tongue illiteracy, incompetence in both L1 and L2, and inconsistencies in Ígálá articles. This work was anchored on PSG and labelled brackets as a model of syntactic analysis. The paper made use of bilingual text approach. The work observed that there is direct transfer of the grammatical features of Ígálá to English language and that there is positive transfer of linguistic features from Ígálá to English where there are linguistic similarities between the two languages. The paper also observed that possessive adjectives (his, my, your, her) pose no problem for Ígálá learners of English. The paper concluded by saying that the problems Ígálá L1 speakers encounter while attempting to use English Noun Phrases are based not only on the degree of differences between the Ígálá and English Noun Phrase systems, but inconsistencies in Ígálá articles. Keywords : Second Language, Noun Phrase, Interference. DOI : 10.7176/JLLL/60-06 Publication date :September 30 th 2019

PEMEROLEHAN KOSAKATA DASAR NOMINA BAHASA INDONESIA ANAK USIA 3 TAHUN (STUDI KASUS DI KELURAHAN LEBAK BANDUNG KOTA JAMBI)

This research is aimed at identifying the acquisition of basic noun vocabulary of Indonesian language on 3 years old childern in Lebak Bandung area. Thsi research is qualitative descriptive. In conducting the data, the question answer technique is used by showing pictures to 3 years old children in Kelurahan Lebak Bandung. Based on the result of the research, it can be found that 3 years old children are able to pronounce one to six vocabulary which categorize good and less good with their own words. Keywords : Acquisition, Indonesian Language Noun, 3 Years Old Children

THE COMPOUND NOUN-NEOLOGISMS AND THE SYNERGETICS OF THEIR SEMANTIC DECODING IN THE GERMAN-LANGUAGE PRESS

The article focuses on the interaction of syntagmatic, semantic and paradigmatic factors in the generation of noun content with the compound noun-neologisms, realized in the German-language press-texts, and their transformed semantic decoding as the main, derived and monosemic nomination according to the linguosynergetic scientific approach. This approach treats the language as a complex and dynamic system capable of self-organizing and self-regulating by selecting the most optimal and most comfortable elements of speech tools to the language treasury. Methodologically important in the article is the position that the synergetic law of the least effort is the driving factor in language development. In synergetic terms the author of this article draw parallels between the vocabulary as a representative of the linguistic generalization of the structured amount of knowledge of the learned extra-linguistic reality and mental lexicon, which is not an arbitrary accumulation of inputs, but forms a structured hierarchical system of such inputs. If, in synergetic terms, lexical units and their meanings at the language level contain encoded structured information, then in the same way in the thesis the implementation of the word in one of its meanings at the speech level is considered as information decoding.
 In relation to the noun, the synergetic mechanism of least effort in the process of generating noun-information speech content implies that the human mental lexicon is directed at decoding the optimal volume of the realized semantic potential of the compound noun-neologisms. Decoding of the noun semantics on the basis of the synergetic-quantitative approach of the research is interpreted as the process for establishing semantic features of the implemented noun nominations. The study gives the possibility to analyze of the synchronic level the results of the self-regulating and formation of the compound noun-neologisms in the synergetic cycle order-chaos-order thus enriching the German linguistics with the topical knowledge about the paradigmatic-syntagmatic models of the German language noun vocabulary. The proposed methodology of the research will serve as a useful aid in the lexicographic practice as well, since the proposed method of the semantic decoding of vocabulary information in the speech context should minimize possible subjectivity in the process of delimiting word meanings, show changes and replenishment of the word-stock, which will help to optimize the compiling of both explanatory and translation dictionaries of the German language.

On History of Certain Indeclinable Nouns of Foreign Origin

It is well known that borrowing is one of the most important universal sources of vocabulary replenishment of any language. The present work is a study of the indeclinable nouns, a special group of borrowings that to some extent contribute to the change of the grammatical structure of the Russian language in general, and the declension system in particular. The article describes the history of the emergence and reception in the system of the Russian language of certain indeclinable nouns of foreign origin. We studied the ways of the language units recorded in the lexicographic sources of the XVIII century. The reception of the prototypes of the studied units is reviewed in terms of the phonetic and graphic formalization of the word, the acquisition of its morphological characteristics, and the formation of its semantic structure. Due to the strong foreign language influence and multiple language contacts, the Russian language of the XVIII century is characterized by a high variability of the foreign language nouns, including the indeclinable nouns, often with the declinable doublets. The language can fix a declinable, as well as an indeclinable form.

The synergetics of the semantic decoding of the nouns with gender roles in the German-language press

The article focuses on the interaction of syntagmatic, semantic and paradigmatic factors in the generation of noun content with the category of gender in the German language according to the linguosynergetic scientific approach, which treats the language as a complex and dynamic system capable of self-organizing and self-regulating by selecting the most optimal and most comfortable elements of speech tools to the language treasury. Methodologically important in the article is the position that the synergetic law of the least effort is the driving factor in language development. In relation to the noun, the synergetic mechanism of least effort in the process of generating noun-information speech content implies that the human mental lexicon is directed at decoding the optimal volume of the realized semantic potential of monosemic and polysemic word models. The study describes the build-up and inherent regulation of the polysemic/monosemic nouns semantic model in the synergetic cycle order-chaos-order thus enriching the German linguistics with the topical knowledge about the paradigmatic-syntagmatic models of the German language noun vocabulary. The results of the study were obtained under synergetic-quantitative approach and then extrapolated to the linguosynergetic models of noun name self-organization by the principle of least effort that directs the human mental lexicon to the optimal decoding of the actual information-semantic potential of polysemantic or monosemantic nouns in correlation with the grammar category of gender in German-language publicistic texts.

Definiteness in Nuosu Yi and the theory of argument formation

This paper analyzes argument formation in Nuosu Yi, a language that is typologically unusual in having classifiers as well as a definite determiner. Also unusual is the fact that demonstratives do not combine directly with nouns in this language but require the mediation of classifiers. Properties such as these are shown to pose a challenge to current accounts of argument formation. The Neocarlsonian approach of Chierchia (Nat Lang Semant 6:339–405, 1998) explains the absence of definite articles in classifier languages as resulting from considerations of economy. If nouns in classifier languages are names of kinds, they can occur directly as arguments of verbs, thereby obviating the need for extra structure to host a determiner. The data from Nuosu Yi alters the empirical generalization and calls for a modification of the explanation. The specific account of Nuosu Yi that is presented bears on current discussions about the nature of argument formation. Must arguments necessarily occur with overt or covert determiners or is it possible for languages to differ in this respect? Must bare nominal arguments necessarily denote kinds or can they denote properties? In this sense, the discovery of a new type of classifier language contributes to a theory of language variation and argument formation in general.

Recently learned foreign abstract and concrete nouns are represented in distinct cortical networks similar to the native language.

In the native language, abstract and concrete nouns are represented in distinct areas of the cerebral cortex. Currently, it is unknown whether this is also the case for abstract and concrete nouns of a foreign language. Here, we taught adult native speakers of German 45 abstract and 45 concrete nouns of a foreign language. After learning the nouns for 5 days, participants performed a vocabulary translation task during functional magnetic resonance imaging. Translating abstract nouns in contrast to concrete nouns elicited responses in regions that are also responsive to abstract nouns in the native language: the left inferior frontal gyrus and the left middle and superior temporal gyri. Concrete nouns elicited larger responses in the angular gyri bilaterally and the left parahippocampal gyrus than abstract nouns. The cluster in the left angular gyrus showed psychophysiological interaction (PPI) with the left lingual gyrus. The left parahippocampal gyrus showed PPI with the posterior cingulate cortex. Similar regions have been previously found for concrete nouns in the native language. The results reveal similarities in the cortical representation of foreign language nouns with the representation of native language nouns that already occur after 5 days of vocabulary learning. Furthermore, we showed that verbal and enriched learning methods were equally suitable to teach foreign abstract and concrete nouns. Hum Brain Mapp 38:4398-4412, 2017. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

Semantics of number marking in Maaka

Abstract Maaka is a West Chadic language which exhibits a rich system of verbal number marking, which in part resembles those of its close relatives. But apart from the more ‘typical’ pluractionals also found elsewhere in Chadic, Maaka has verbal number markers that differ by expressing number values and meanings that are otherwise characteristic for nouns in languages where number marking correlates with nominal aspect. In Maaka, not only nouns can be differentiated according to countability and membership in semantic categories, but verbs as well: Events are framed as either multiple and similar or multiple and diverse, as happening at one single place or involving several locations and different groups of agents and patients. This chapter illustrates in which ways lexical aspect plays an important role in the selection of a specific pluractional form of a given verb.

Collectives, object mass nouns and individual count nouns

Mass superordinates such asclothing, clothesandfurnitureform a distinct and peculiar class of nouns in languages with an obligatory singular/plural distinction. These nouns often havepluralia-tantumvariants as well as count equivalents – both within one linguistic system as well as cross-linguistically. This study is a follow-up of my earlier analysis of Romance superordinates (Mihatsch, 2006). The data are taken from English, German, French and Spanish in order to demonstrate the striking cross-linguistic pattern. The highly variable Spanishropa(s)‘clothing/clothes’ is analysed in greater detail. I argue that in most cases the apparently unsystematic synchronic variants arise from partly unidirectional diachronic changes, namely a lexicalisation process leading from collective nouns to object mass nouns, often followed by the appearance of plural forms, which oscillate between a lexical and an inflectional plural.

Reference to and via properties: the view from Dutch

Many languages offer a surprisingly complex range of options for referring to entities using expressions whose main descriptive content is contributed by an adjective, such as Dutch de blinde ‘the blind (person),’ het besprokene, ‘the (matters) discussed,’ or het ongewone van het niet roken ‘the strange (thing) about not smoking.’ In this paper, we present a case study of the syntax and compositional semantics of three such constructions in Dutch, one of which we argue has not previously been identified in the literature. The data and the analysis will shed light on our understanding of how reference using adjectives differs from that using nouns in languages that have the two categories, as well as on the differences between reference to entities via their properties vs. reference to properties themselves. Finally, we briefly discuss related work and indicate directions for future study of the typological variation found in this rich and highly understudied corner of natural language.

Introduction: The (not so) universal D

IntroductionThe (not so) universal D Solveiga Armoskaite and Carrie Gillon This volume grew out of our research agenda, seeking to understand the structure and interpretation of bare nouns in three typologically and genetically unrelated articleless languages: Lithuanian, Inuktitut, and Innu-aimun. None of these languages has articles, and yet they are very different from one another with respect to the syntactic and semantic behaviour of their bare nouns (for Lithuanian, see Gillon and Armoskaite 2013, 2015; for Lithuanian and Innu-aimun, Gillon and Armoskaite 2012; for Inuktitut, Lithuanian and Innu-aimun, Gillon 2013, 2015). This variation forced us to question the universality of D, as well as the universality of the semantics of D. Structurally, all nominals were originally conceived of as simply NPs. However, Abney (1987) argued that nominals are projections of D, rather than N. He based this on the parallelism between gerunds (derived from verbs) and nouns, as well as agreement patterns in languages such as Hungarian. Semantically, determiners have long been argued to create arguments out of predicates (Higginbotham 1985; Szabolsci 1987, 1994; Stowell 1989; Longobardi 1994, among others). Thus, there seemed to be a tight relationship between D and argumenthood. Further, determiners are often assumed to be definite (e.g., Lyons 1999; see Matthewson 1998 and Gillon 2013 for arguments against this). Both of these ideas are questioned by authors in this volume. Moreover, the nature of bare nouns is controversial: are they DPs (like other nominals), or are they different (in that they lack the DP layer)? There are three possible analyses: (i) bare nouns are DPs (just like all nominals) (Longobardi 1994), (ii) bare nouns are NPs (Chierchia 1998), or (iii) bare nouns can vacillate between NPs and DPs (Franks and Pereltsvaig 2004; Ajíbóyè 2006). It is also possible that bare nouns vary across languages: bare nouns in a language that has articles (like English) may still be DPs, whereas bare nouns in articleless languages may not be. The most prominent analysis of this last type comes from Bošković (2005, 2007, 2008a,b, 2009, 2012) who claims that there is a dichotomy between so-called NP languages (languages that lack articles) and so-called DP languages (languages with overt articles). Many of the papers in this volume specifically address his proposal, but only one assumes that his analysis is correct; many of the authors in [End Page 251] this volume found the DP/NP dichotomy proposed by Bošković (2008) to be untenable for at least some articleless languages. It is only natural to draw on Bošković’s work: the idea of a dichotomy is a plausible null hypothesis. Whether or not the proposed dichotomy holds—or if it does, to what extent—it still fuels linguistic inquiry. We hope the discussion in this volume will lead to a more clearly fleshed out and empirically motivated theory of nominal functional superstructure, as well as a theory about which languages and environments that superstructure will appear in. Beyond the putative NP/DP divide, there are a few other recurring themes that can be found in the studies included in this volume. Many of them are familiar problems: problems that have yet to be resolved in languages that are more commonly researched, such as Germanic or Slavic. The fact that we also find these recurring themes in the otherwise underrepresented languages of this volume, such as West Greenlandic, Mauritian Creole, Tagalog, Tatar, and Vietnamese, shows how important these questions are. We begin with the syntactic issues that arise. In languages without overt D, the relation of N to other functional heads must be sorted out, because other functional heads may behave like D (cf. the seminal article on the relation of classifiers to D by Cheng & Sybesma 1999, and Filip’s work on aspect 1995, 1999). Case is a plausible candidate for confusion. Does K (case) cross-linguistically flag the presence or absence of D? Or can a particular case be D (cf. Pesetsky 2013 on Nominative as D)? Or are these D and K heads completely independent of one another? Many languages lack any candidates for D, but in this volume, a few potential candidates were discussed. For example...

Numeral classifiers and the white horse paradox

This paper presents an interpretation of Gongsun Long’s white horse paradox. The Chinese sentence he uses to state his main thesis (Bai ma fei ma) has two potential readings:(a) The white horses are not horses.(b) The white horses are not the horses.Although (a) gives the usual and correct reading of the sentence, according to the interpretation, Gongsun Long takes it to state (b). He gives good arguments for (b) while taking them to establish (a) as well, for he fails to distinguish between the two different theses. In presenting this interpretation, the paper gives an account of the function of numeral classifiers and discusses the semantics of count nouns in languages with no grammatical number system, including classical Chinese and classifier languages (e.g., contemporary Chinese).