Words Nouns Research Articles

German-Danish or Danish-German? – A study of nationality adjectives in hyphenated compounds

This study is an explicitly comparative linguistic analysis of attributive collocations with nationality adjectives in hyphenated compounds with dansk ‘Danish’ and deutsch ‘German’ as first or second element. In cultural studies of identity, migration, and minorities, as well as in Danish and German media debates, hyphenated compounds continuously raise questions: Could meaning be attributed to the hyphen? Is the first element separated from, connected with, or subordinated to the second element by the hyphen – or vice versa? The present study seeks to explore whether the order of national adjectives in hyphenated compounds carry meaning. The base word nouns are examined to see whether there are semantic differences between nouns modified by nationality adjectives with interchangeable order or fixed order. The study’s premise is that linguistic fixity and conventionality reflect fixed “Denkmuster” (‘patterns of thought’, Stein & Stumpf 2019, 193), also in collocations. The two Sketch Engine corpora, daTenTen20 and deTenTen18, serve as the empirical basis for the comparison. The study shows that quantitatively there is a clear preference for deutsch- or dansk- as the first element, but no general semantic differences can be observed between base words following compounds with adjectives in interchangeable order and those following compounds with adjectives in fixed order.

O‘ZBEK VA QORAQALPOQ ADABIY TILLARIDA UCH KOMPONENTLI SINONIM FRAZEMALAR

In the article, the main component of the three-component synonymous phrases in the modern Uzbek and Karakalpak literary languages ​​is the verb, the adjective form of the verb, adjective, auxiliary, conjunction, noun word groups, and the non-basic component is made up of other word groups. Thus, it has been proven theoretically and practically based on examples that they have three components.

Occurrence of Transposition and Substantivization Phenomena Between Adjectival and Noun Word Categories in Uzbek

This study investigates the phenomena of transposition and substantivization between adjectival and noun word categories in the Uzbek language, an area that remains underexplored in linguistic research. By analyzing selected texts, the study identifies shifts where adjectives become nouns (substantivization) and nouns assume adjectival roles (transposition), focusing on their contextual usage in proverbs, literary works, and everyday speech. The research identifies 150 instances of these shifts, demonstrating the flexibility and dynamic nature of word categories in Uzbek. The findings provide new insights into language evolution and structural adaptability, with broader implications for understanding the linguistic characteristics of Turkic languages.

Transitional phenomena in the adverbialization of nouns

An important part of the system of Russian adverbs constitutes adverbs motivated by non-prepositional and prepositional case forms of nouns, which can be divided into three types regarding the planes of expression and content. The first type includes adverbs motivated by non-prepositionalforms of nouns, e. g., весной. The second type comprises adverbs motivated by prepositional case forms of nouns, such as наверху. The third type is adverbs formed from combinations of different case forms of the same noun, such as изо дня в день. All these types have a stepwise character in the process of adverbalization. The study shows that adverbialization of nouns is closely related to lexicalization, but the degree and ways of lexicalisation for noun word forms are different. The transitivity scale clearly represents the process of separation from the noun and approaching the adverbalization. In addition, in the process of lexicalisation, there is also a process of grammaticalization, which is reflected in morphological, semantic, and syntactic aspects.

Comparing child word associations to adult associative norms: Evidence for child-specific associations with a strong priming effect in 3-year-olds

Investigating how infants first establish relationships between words is a necessary step towards understanding how an interconnected network of semantic relationships develops in the adult lexical-semantic system. Stimuli selection for these child studies is critical since words must be both familiar and highly imageable. However, there has been a reliance on adult word association norms to inform stimuli selection in English infant studies to date, as no resource currently exists for child-specific word associations. We present three experiments that explore the strength of word–word relationships in 3-year-olds. Experiment 1 collected children’s word associations (WA) (N = 150; female = 84, L1 = British English) and compared them to adult associative norms (Moss & Older, 1996; Nelson et al., 2004 (Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(3), 402–407)). Experiment 2 replicated WAs from Experiment 1 in an online adaptation of the task (N = 24: 13 female, L1 = British English). Both experiments indicated a high proportion of child-specific WAs not represented in adult norms (Moss & Older, 1996; Nelson et al., 2004 (Behavior Research Methods, Instruments, & Computers, 36(3), 402–407)). Experiment 3 tested noun–noun WAs from these responses in an online semantic priming study (N = 40: 19 female, L1 = British English) and found that association type modulated priming (F(2.57, 100.1) = 13.13, p <. 0001, generalized η2 = .19). This research presents a resource of child-specific imageable noun–noun word pair stimuli suitable for testing young children in word recognition and semantic priming studies.

Noun Phrases in Aceh Language Pantun Collections

This research aims to describe noun phrases in Acehnese pantun collections. The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitative. Data collection in this research is by browsing the Aceh Language Centre website. Qualitative Data Analysis Technique Miles and Huberman Model Miles and Huberman can be done through three stages, namely data reduction, data display, and conclusion drawing / verification. The data found related to noun phrases in Acehnese pantun are first, when associated with noun + noun contained in the pantun array, there are 16 noun words containing the meaning of nouns in a pantun using Acehnese language. In the noun + verb found as many as 4 words containing the meaning of nouns and verbs. In the noun + adjective, 6 words were found containing the meaning of nouns juxtaposed with adjectives.

Polysemy in Economic News about Inflation and Import Restrictions on CNN Arabic

This research aims to reveal, understand, and analyze words containing polysemy in economic news about inflation and import restrictions on CNN Arabic so that everything is correct in understanding the news. The object of this research is two news stories about the economy on CNN Arabic. This research was conducted using a qualitative descriptive method: collecting, analyzing, and describing data. The research results showed that twenty-four words containing polysemy were found in economic news on CNN Arabic. It includes polysemy of nouns, verbs, and adjectives, with details of thirteen noun words, seven verb words, and four adjective words. The factors causing polysemy in economic news are shifts in sentence usage and structure and the influence of foreign languages. Most of the meanings of polysemy in economic news on CNN Arabic are metaphors of lexical meaning, and these words can be known by looking at a dictionary or analyzing sentence structure.

Hidden Object Game As A Supporting Media For The Introduction Of New Vocanulary

Teaching and learning new/foreign vocabulary (language) using game must consider the needs and objectives of teaching and learning. Hidden object games are a type of puzzle game that has many educational benefits. The purpose of this study is to analyze hidden object games by formulating how hidden object games can be a stimulate medium for learning vocabulary, formulating elements of vocabulary education in them, and describing the motivation to recognize and increase insight into new/foreign language vocabulary for hidden object game players. The method for analyzing hidden object games as educational media uses the basic element game theory approach by Fullerton which focuses on analysis on the formal and dramatic elements of games for learning purposes. The results of the study show that hidden object games can educate and increase the players' vocabulary knowledge independently, especially the initial level vocabulary, namely receptive types, basic noun word classes. Hidden object games can accommodate vocabulary learning at the pre-teaching stage for beginner levels. However, hidden object games have not been able to maximize their benefits for higher vocabulary educational purposes such as productive vocabulary.Keywords: Hidden object game; Educational Game; Vocabulary Learning

Unveiling The Linguistic Journey: Investigating Word Class Acquisition In 3-5 Year Old Children Through A Qualitative Approach

Early childhood language development is a multifaceted and intricate process that includes the acquisitionof various linguistic components. However, occurrence of language delays or disorders among 3-5-years-old children is a significant challenge that can impede this progression. These delays or disorders can have asignificant impact on word class acquisition, which is a fundamental aspect of language development. Thisstudy aims to elucidate the diverse types of word classes observed in the language acquisition process ofchildren aged 3-5 years in North Aceh. Specifically, the investigation focuses on noun, verb, and adjectiveword classes. Employing a qualitative approach within a descriptive research framework. Thus, variousdata collection techniques including observation, listening, recording, note-taking, and documentation,were utilized in this study. Purposive sampling was employed, resulting in a sample size of 5 participants.These five participants were selected based on their age criteria, research site location, language proficiency,active engagement in interactions, as well as their availability and willingness to participate. The primarydata source encompassed children aged 3-5 years, with a particular emphasis on nouns, verbs, and adjectivesderived from conversational interactions. The results revealed three distinct types of word classes in thelanguage acquisition process of children aged 3-5 years. Firstly, the noun word class encompassed a rangeof entities, such as people, animals, fruits, flowers, food and drinks, tableware, sports equipment, clothing,plants, transportation equipment, and other nouns typically associated with the child’s environment.Secondly, the verb word class comprised verbs accompanied by objects and verbs without objects. Thirdly,the adjective word class characterized the state of nouns or objects, encompassing descriptors relatedto mental attitude, shape, size, color, mileage, temperature and humidity, power of energy, and senseimpressions. This study sheds light on the diverse nature of language learning in children aged 3-5 yearsby evaluating and analyzing these distinct word classes. Equally significant, by examining the linguisticpatterns and structures that emerged during this time period, this study contributes to our understanding of how children acquire language during the preschool years.

PENGGUNAAN PARTIKEL BEH DALAM BAHASA JAWA DI PONOROGO

A beh particle is a form of Javanese particle in the Mataraman dialect. Its use is often found in a variety of informal conversations, both verbal and non-verbal. The purpose of this research is to describe the shape and distribution of beh particles in the Javanese Mataraman dialect. Through this research, it can be seen the mapping of the particle distribution beh in its use in sentences. In addition, this study will also look at the types of particles that can be occupied by beh particles. This research is qualitative research. The source of data was obtained from the Whatsapp group 'Group Ponorogo Update' which contains information and about what is happening around the Ponorogo area. The data collection technique in this study is for direct elements (BUL). This research was conducted by carrying out three stages, namely data provision, data analysis, and the stage of presenting data analysis. The results of this study found that the distribution of beh particles can be at the beginning of the sentence and at the end of the sentence. The form of the particle beh at the beginning of a sentence can be followed by several categories of word classes such as pronouns, nouns, particles, interrogatives, to verbs. The distribution of the beh particle at the end of a sentence can be preceded by adverb, verb, interrogative, up to, noun word class categories. The type of particle beh can occupy several types of particles such as emphases, softeners, and complements depending on the sentence.

Sentence-final completion norms for 2925 Mexican Spanish sentence contexts

Sentence-final completion tasks serve as valuable tools in studying language processing and the associated predictive mechanisms. There are several established sentence-completion norms for languages like English, Portuguese, French, and Spanish, each tailored to the language it was designed for and evaluated in. Yet, cultural variations among native speakers of the same language complicate the claim of a universal application of these norms. In this study, we developed a corpus of 2925 sentence-completion norms specifically for Mexican Spanish. This corpus is distinctive for several reasons: Firstly, it is the most comprehensive set of sentence-completion norms for Mexican Spanish to date. Secondly, it offers a substantial range of experimental stimuli with considerable variability in terms of the predictability of word sentence completion (cloze probability/surprisal) and the level of uncertainty inherent in the sentence context (entropy). Thirdly, the syntactic complexity of the sentences in the corpus is varied, as are the characteristics of the final word nouns (including aspects of concreteness/abstractness, length, and frequency). This paper details the generation of the sentence contexts, explains the methodology employed for data collection from a total of 1470 participants, and outlines the approach to data analysis for the establishment of sentence-completion norms. These norms provide a significant contribution to fields such as linguistics, cognitive science, and machine learning, among others, by enhancing our understanding of language, predictive mechanisms, knowledge representation, and context representation. The collected data is accessible through the Open Science Framework (OSF) at the following link: https://osf.io/js359/?view_only=bb1b328d37d643df903ed69bb2405ac0.

Accentuation types of noun word forms in Old Persian

The article deals with the problems of accentuation types of noun word forms in Old Persian. The materials from Old Persian glossaries were used to form the register with 202 noun word forms in volume. Using traditional methodology that is accepted in Iranian comparative linguistics the author distributed available lexicon to seven accentuation types, each of them consisting of noun word forms with a stressed syllable of the same quality. In addition, some word forms that show unusual accentuation patterns because of the etymological uncertainty, sporadic appearance or possible orthographical mistakes in original cuneiform texts were referred to a separate accentuation type. According to the position of the stressed syllable in a noun word form every accentuation type was divided into accentuation models, the total number of which is 20 units. The author gives a special linguistic commentary within each accentuation type that explains the conditions of the functioning and diachronic evolution of its type. In addition, this paper shows accentuation influence on morphology and morphophonology of Old Persian nouns. Besides Old Persian lexicon, the article deals with Avestan and Pahlavi noun word forms, which are closely related to Old Persian. The use of lexicon of related languages assists in more accurate diachronic analysis of accentuation processes and better demonstrates Indo-European lingual universals within the Old Persian lexicon.

A Comparative Study Between Javanese and Madurese Reduplication

The purpose of this study is to find out the similarities and differences both in the form and the function of the reduplication between Javanese and Madurese. This research used descriptive qualitative method. The data were taken from Javanese and Madurese words. Madurese words will be collected randomly from some respondents who came from Madura, especially taken from daily conversation in the domain of the family. And discourse in Madurese folktale. Whereas, Javanese words will be taken randomly from Djaka Lodang magazine edition of Desember 2020, November 2021, Januari 2022 and some informants who come from Java especially in Bantul-Yogyakarta. The result showed that there were some similarities between Javanese and Madurese reduplication in the forms, such as: full reduplication, partial reduplication, reduplication combined with affixation, reduplication with sound modification and the word resembles of reduplication. While in the function have two types, i.e. inflective reduplication and derivative reduplication. Meanwhile, for the differences of reduplication, Javanese does not have the forms of final syllable reduplication, whereas Madurese does have and it is very dominant in daily conversation both in the formal or informal situation. The functions of reduplication, Javenese has class word Noun to be Adjective, whereas Madurese does not have.

An associative knowledge network model for interpretable semantic representation of noun context

Uninterpretability has become the biggest obstacle to the wider application of deep neural network, especially in most human–machine interaction scenes. Inspired by the powerful associative computing ability of human brain neural system, a novel interpretable semantic representation model of noun context, associative knowledge network model, is proposed. The proposed network structure is composed of only pure associative relationships without relation label and is dynamically generated by analysing neighbour relationships between noun words in text, in which incremental updating and reduction reconstruction strategies can be naturally introduced. Furthermore, a novel interpretable method is designed for the practical problem of checking the semantic coherence of noun context. In proposed method, the associative knowledge network learned from the text corpus is first regarded as a background knowledge network, and then the multilevel contextual associative coupling degree features of noun words in given detection document are computed. Finally, contextual coherence detection and the location of those inconsistent noun words can be realized by using an interpretable classification method such as decision tree. Our sufficient experimental results show that above proposed method can obtain excellent performance and completely reach or even partially exceed the performance obtained by the latest deep neural network methods especially in F1 score metric. In addition, the natural interpretability and incremental learning ability of our proposed method should be extremely valuable than deep neural network methods. So, this study provides a very enlightening idea for developing interpretable machine learning methods, especially for the tasks of text semantic representation and writing error detection.

THE LEXICON VARIATIONS OF RONGGA AND WAERANA LANGUAGE IN EAST MANGGARAI NUSA TENGGARA

This research aims to describe the variations of the Rongga language inEast Manggarai, Nusa Tenggara. In this study, found the words in whichused by the Rongga community. They have differences and similarities inspeech, but Rongga language has the same meaning with Waeranalanguage. This occurrence because the location of the both areas is nearso that vocabulary appeared based on different areas in the field lexicon.The research method used in this research is descriptive qualitativemethod and data collection methods using interviews with transcripts andrecording techniques. This research used the theory of dialectology todescribe the variation of Rongga and Waerana language. In this research,found 35 variations of lexicons Rongga and Waerana words.there are 10word verbs, 8 word adjectives, 10 words nouns, 7 words personalpronouns. Therefore, it is very clear that geographical conditions andsocial dialect factors effecting language variations that develop in eachregion.

Vocatives of Ferdinand E. Marcos in Philippine Newspaper Articles: Forms, Structures, Positions and Pragmatic Inferences

This paper intends to provide details with regard to the forms, structures and positions of vocatives prevalently utilized by writers to address former President Ferdinand E. Marcos in news articles of the three leading Philippine newspapers (Philippine Daily Inquirer, The Philippine Star, and Manila Bulletin). A total of 90 news article samples were collected and pragmatically analyzed to answer the research questions at hand. Results revealed that Filipino news article writers favored the use of single- word and phrase forms of vocatives. As regards the vocatives structures, one – word noun (N) structure , Adj. + N + N, Det + Adj. + N, and Det + N phrasal structures are predominant in the top three dailies. Also, medial is the most preferred vocative position followed by initial then final position. Since vocatives have pragmatic implications, the employment of address forms (e.g. dictator, strongman, the author of Martial Law, and tyrant) to refer to Marcos suggests negativity as these terms indicate inappropriateness in the context of use. Consequently, it can be inferred that while writers’ presentation of Marcos in their articles exhibits fairness, there is a general lack of sensitivity and awareness regarding the suitable usage of some vocatives in Philippine culture.

A Study on the Graded Education of Dependent Noun Word Spacing for Chinese Korean Language Learners

목적 본 연구는 중국인 한국어 학습자를 위한 의존명사 띄어쓰기의 등급화 기준을 설정하여 이에 따라 등급별 교육 방안을 제시하고자 하였다. 방법 이를 위하여 한국어 의존명사 띄어쓰기 등급화 기준의 설정 방법을 검토하고, 설정된 기준을 토대로 설문 테스트를 설계하였다. 중국인 학습자 초급 20명, 중급 20명, 고급20명 총 60명을 대상으로 조사를 실시하였으며, 형태&#8901;의미적 원리와 규범적 원리 두 가지 측면으로 나누어 조사 자료를 분석하였다. 결과 본 연구에서는 의존명사 띄어쓰기의 등급화 기준을 객관적 기준(학습자의 객관적 사용 능력)과 주관적 기준(학습자의 주관적 인식)으로 설정하였다. 이해도, 숙달도과 난이도에 따라 중국인 학습자를 위한 의존명사 띄어쓰기 등급별 교육 목표와 교육 내용을 모색하였다. 초급 단계에서는 의존명사 띄어쓰기의 기본 원칙을 인식하게 하고, 기본적인 문법 개념을 알아보도록 한다. 중급 단계에서는 의존명사의 형태와 의미를 정확하게 분석하고 구별할 수 있게 지도해야 한다. 고급 단계에서는 의존명사 띄어쓰기에 내재된 표기 원리를 판단할 수 있으며 원리에 적용하는 능력까지 배양해야 한다. 결론 본 연구는 한국어 교육에서 띄어쓰기 등급화하는 연구로서 의존명사를 중심으로 중국인 학습자의 실제적인 사용능력을 고려하여 교육용 어휘 선정부터 규범적 원리를 제시하는 데에 이르기까지 단계적인 교육 방안을 마련한다는 점에서 의의가 있다.

Analysis of lexical categories in the Castle on the hill song lyric from Ed Sheeran

Background: It’s very important to learn about morphology because morphology is the study of word and sub-discipline of linguistics that study word, structure and form which has components such as lexical categories. This process can reduce ambiguity during the process of correcting the words in sentences. Purpose: This study investigated the lexical categories in the song lyrics of Ed Sheeran’s album “Divide” entitle castle on the hills. Design and methods: This study used a qualitative method. Process of collecting data used to identify lyric that has lexical categories. The researcher used some of the lyrics of Ed Sheeran’s album as the data source. The technique of collecting data was content analysis. Results: The results of the research showed that cases of lexical categories. Based on the data analysis in the song lyrics of Ed Sheeran’s. There are 13 words noun, there are 5 words adjective, there are 7 words verb, there are 3 words adverb, and there are 4 words preposition

Discussion Analysis Based on the Symlog Model: A System for the Multiple Level Observation of Groups

News about acts of terrorism has colored many media. Terrorism has been identified with taboo activities in actions that often threaten the peace and tranquility of the community, which always threaten and cause many casualties. One of the media that reports on terrorism are the online news portal Republika.co.id. Of the many reports that exist, the researcher tries to examine how the media, especially online portals, report the reality of terrorism events using the SYMLOG (method of discourse analysis A System for the Multiple Level Observation of Groups). Critical discourse is a series of knowledge and beliefs that are constructed by certain communities in discourse (in this case terrorism discourse) with the hope that their goals can be achieved. Behind the choice of words, phrases, clauses, sentences, paragraphs, and texts hidden ideology and power. Based on this background, the problems in this research are formulated, namely: (1) How is the construction of terrorism discourse using the SYMLOG model in thenews media Republika.co.id? (2) How is the linguistic representation in the discourse of terrorism in thenews media Republika.co.id?. The approach used in this study is a qualitative approach. Then the type of research used in this research is descriptive research. The primary data in this study is the entire research subject studied. In this case, the researcher took 10 news stories on Republika.co.id related to terrorism. The researcher acts as the main instrument in this research. The data collection technique used in this research is to use documentation, listening techniques, and recording. Based on the results of the study, it was found that the construction of the SYMLOG model of terrorism discourse in thenews media Republika.co.id used the form of verbal behavior, pro values, contra values, setbacks, conflicts, sympathy, achievements. Linguistic representations in the discourse of terrorism in thenews media Republika.co.id are at the level of verbs, clauses, sentences, adjective phrases, verb phrases, noun words, and noun phrases.

Developing Noun Words Domino Card (NWDC) Learning Media to Improve English Vocabulary Mastery of Junior High School Students

For junior high school pupils, research on the development of learning media is badly needed. Students' understanding and mastery of specific materials should improve as a result of the availability of learning media. The goals of this study are to (1) create a product in the form of a learning media called Noun Words Domino Card (NWDC) that is appropriate for seventh-graders at Satap Woja State Junior High School; and (2) develop a product in the form of a learning media called Noun Words Domino Card (NWDC) that is appropriate for eighth-graders at Satap Woja State Junior High School. (2) understand the use of NWDC learning media for students, and (3) understand the efficacy of NWDC learning media in improving student vocabulary knowledge. The ADDIE paradigm, which consists of five steps: Analyze, Design, Develop, Implement, and Evaluate, was used to conduct this research. The findings revealed: (1) The noun words domino card (NWDC) is a viable learning material for students to use and assess. The practicality is determined by material experts, who gave it a score of 3.7, and media experts, who gave it a score of 3.5. (2) The noun words domino card (NWDC) is a useful tool for pupils to improve their vocabulary mastery. (3) Learning media noun words domino card (NWDC) is helpful in developing student vocabulary knowledge, according to the student's reaction as a user of learning media with a total average score of 3.6. It was calculated using the average oral test score of students who met the English subject's minimal completion criteria.