Forms Of Nouns Research Articles

Challenges in the translation of legal texts: the case in Kosovo

Our paper conducts a contrastive analysis between Albanian and English lexical units in the language of laws using corpora analysis. It fills a literature gap related to Corpus linguistics in order to better comprehend patterns of legal lexicon. We use KWIC Concordance to extract the top frequently words and concordance lines in order to analyse differences and similarities among lexical units in Albanian (Source Language) and English (Target Language) laws, compared to those identified in respective corpora. Additionally, we identify types of errors in translation, difficulties in translating legal texts, and factors that influence translators’ errors in translating certain laws of the Republic of Kosovo from Albanian into English. According to our analysis, both languages have in common the use of the same grammatical patterns such as: conjunctions, prepositions, and the use of the common noun forms. The rest have significant differences in their usage, especially with regards to particles and determiners. Our contrastive approach demonstrates that some of these laws were not originally written in Albanian and then translated into English language, as many articles within these laws lack the appropriate word structure and word order and in some cases are semantically ill-formed in the Source Language.
 Key words: analysis, corpus, language, legal, translation, KWIC Concordance.

“Ukrainian orthography” and total feminization

Ukrainian “feminine” nominalization is distinguished by its richness and diversity, embodied by multilevel linguistic means Soviet linguistics has a considerable number of works devoted to the nomination of women. Over the past decade and a half, the idea of discrimination against women has been spreading and growing in Ukraine as a noticeable and threatening phenomenon in the Ukrainian community. According to supporters of the movement against this injustice, overcoming inequality and achieving a fair balance is possible through the feminization of the Ukrainian language. Their means of achieving this goal are the thoughtless creation and imposition of femininized words without regard to the laws, rules, and norms of the Ukrainian language, and their consistent disregard for them. The article presents the status and content of Part 4 § 32 “Orthography âook of Noun Suffixes” of the new edition of the Ukrainian îrthography. In particular, the attention is focused on manipulations with the îrthography itself and its corresponding interpretation in the context of current total feminization of the Ukrainian language. In addition, this part in terms of its compliance with the purpose and general objectives of the îrthography code is analyzed in this article. The article identifies that the form and content of the biggest part of them do not meet the criteria of scientificity, its title contradicts the content (it concerns only the word formation of feminine nouns), and, accordingly, this part does not fulfill the general task of ensuring the unification of spelling norms. These and other features are un doubtedly grounds for removing this part from the îrthography book. Keywords: gender, discrimination, feminine gender, suffix productivity, word formation, feminine, feminization, masculine gender.

Polymotivated compound nouns in Russian language

This article presents the results of the survey of polymotivation in word-formation of compound nouns in the modern Russian language. Polymotivation as well as homonymous, synonymous, and antonymous in the formation of compound nouns is a kind of formal-semantic relations between the components of compound nouns. A polymotivated word has different direct derivation relations with different words with the same root because of being the result of different motivations, i. e. different word-formation ways or methods. Therefore, they have different word-formation structures and corresponding different word-formation meanings. Polymotivated words take up about 2,5% of compound nouns in the modern Russian language. Most of them are two-motivated and only some are three-motivated. Polymotivated compound nouns are classified according to their motivations, i. e. their word-formation ways: there are 12 types of two-motivated words and 3 typed three-motivated words. Two-motivated compound nouns can be formed in the same word-formation way, which is pure compounding with different components, or in two different word-formation ways, mainly pure compounding and suffixation, or rarely pure compounding combined with suffixation and suffixation. Three-motivated compound nouns are formed in three different ways: pure compounding, compounding combined with suffixation and suffixation or pure compounding/compounding combined with suffixation and suffixation with different suffixes. The polymotivation of Russian compound nouns shows diversity and complication in the mutual relation between the form and meaning of the word-formation system in Russian language.

NAPOMENE O SINTAKSI BARANJSKOG PREPISA DUŠANOVOG ZAKONIKA

After analyzing the syntactic language in the Baranja transcription, it was discovered that adjectives and verbs generally matched the gender of the noun they were describing, even if the natural and grammatical genders differed. Plural nouns were usually matched with plural verbs, and singular verbs were used with multi-mem- ber subject expressions. The expected form of nouns was typically used with the basic numbers two, three, and four, while the genitive plural form was used with numbers greater than five and with the noun thousand. However, the construction of the base number twelve deviated from the expected form and used the genitive plural instead of the dual form, under the influence of the Serbian vernacular. The Baranja transcription does not differ from other medieval monuments in terms of word order in noun phras- es: the noun phrase generally followed the attribute, although the number of examples in which it follows the noun phrase is not negligible. Also, there were instances where the noun was placed between two attributes. Cases in which the accusative pronominal enclitic precedes the enclitic form of the verb Esmq are also registered in the corpus, which testify to an older word order. Depersonalization, as one of the main character- istics of the style of business law and legal documents, is achieved through the frequent use of passive constructions, primarily reflexive ones. Numerous reflexive passive con- structions and sporadic participial passive constructions contributed to emphasizing the general validity of the legal provisions presented in Dušan’s Code. The tendency to- wards nominalization is reflected in the use of decomposed predicates, built according to different structural models with the copulative verb bQti and semi-copulative verbs dati, imati, ou;initi, etc. Attested examples of decomposed predicates are mostly used in the Baranja transcription of Dušan’s Code in parallel with one-word verb expressions (e.g. biti svade and svaditi se; ou;initi gMsM and gMsiti). The Baranja transcription of Dušan’s Code is rich in examples of the use of participles. The present active participle generally has a determinative role, although there are recorded examples in which it appears in the function of a gerund. The role of an attribute could be taken by the parti- ciple of the present passive. Forms of the preterite active participle most often have the meaning of situational determination. In addition to several examples of the use of this participle in the function of the gerund, there are also isolated examples of its substan- tivization and use in the function of the conjunction. The preterite passive participles were not only found in passive constructions but also as attributes and substantives. The use of the perfect participle was limited to the construction of complex verb tenses and modes. The abundance of examples of sentences with the optative periphrasis da + present, characteristic of the Serbian vernacular, indicates that in the Baranja tran- scription, this was the main way of expressing directivity; at the same time, it should be emphasized that the connection between the particle da and the form of the present tense of the third person singular, dual or plural was most often direct and that confir- mations of interpolation of sentence members are not numerous (except when dealing with enclitic forms of pronouns).

DEVIATIONS FROM CURRENT NORMS IN SCIENTIFIC ECONOMIC TEXTS

The article analyzes scientific texts in the field of economics regarding compliance with the norms of modern Ukrainian literary language. The phenomenon of deviation from the language norm in professional texts at different levels of the language system is considered. The reasons for deviation from the language norm (so called “norm liberalization”) are analyzed. Main attention is focused on the phenomena of lexical tracing and various manifestations of this “norm liberalization”. Attention is drawn also to deviation from accentuation norms in the oral professional communication of economists. Typical deviations from the norms of the language at the lexical level are revealed: in verbal nouns, as well as adjectives, participles, and verbs, which is caused by the tracing of the foreign word formation models. The most common deviation from the morphological norms in the language of the analyzed scientific works are: irregularity of the genitive forms of nouns of the second declension of the masculine gender; use of the forms of the dative case instead of the genitive; use of the accusative case instead of the genitive. Deviations from the norms at the syntactic level can be qualified as tracing of syntactic means (phrases) inherent to Russian language. Deviations from the norms at the sentence level in modern scientific texts are usually associated with improper use of homogeneous parts of the sentence as well as with non-normative, excessive use of passive constructions. Deviations from the orthographic norms occur in words with the letter “ґ” in the root, which are characterized by alternating vowels, regarding the writing of the particle “не” and the prefix “не-” separately. Deviations from the punctuation norms are observed in sentences with adverbial inflections, interjections and word combinations, homogeneous and separable members, subordinate clauses. Consideration of the phenomenon of deviation from the language norm at different levels of the language system in scientific texts enables us to identify and systematize typical violations of the norms of the modern Ukrainian literary language in order to develop general recommendations that will serve as a guide in daily professional language use.

Grammaticalization of the intensifier <em>fyr</em> as a marker of internal nominal cause in Ossetic

In this paper, we discuss the Ossetic marker fyr, which is described in dictionaries as an intensifier with the meaning ‘very’. We show that, in the modern language, this element is losing its intensifying semantics and has been grammaticalized, when used with a noun in the ablative, as a marker of internal nominal causation. Our field data demonstrate that the use of fyr in causal contexts becomes obligatory, but the use of this marker as an intensifier in other contexts is, in contrast, ruled out. The field data are confirmed by the analysis of the data of the Ossetic National Corpus, according to which fyr is used almost exclusively with ablative forms of nouns belonging to classes connected to the semantics of internal causation. Etymological data show that the original meaning of fyr is the intensifying one; of all Iranian languages, this marker received a causal interpretation only in Ossetic. At the same time, neither the development of an intensifier into a causal marker, nor the presence of a specialized marker for this meaning, is attested in typological works on causal markers.

A study of number marking in Izere nouns

This research descriptively examines number marking in Izere nouns, using morpholexical rules as proposed by Lieber (1980). In essence, it describes noun inflections for number from base forms in Izere, with the aid of these rules. Data for the research were collected in Fobur, Jos East Local Government Area of Plateau State, using selected nouns from the Ibadan wordlist of 400 basic items, alongside an adapted list of nouns specifically designed for the research. The selected nouns were collected electronically and then transcribed in a way that identified the inflected noun forms from the base ones. The data were then analyzed qualitatively. Morpholexical rules were also proposed to account for morphological changes in the inflected forms of these nouns. The research findings indicate that affixation, tone pattern change and suppletion are the dominant morphological processes that account for noun inflections for number in Izere.

Word Formation Guide for the general public and specialists

Word Formation Guide (WFG) – one of the services of the Information System of Resources of the Lithuanian Language E. kalba (E -Language). It is intended to quickly and concisely introduce the means of word formation of Lithuanian nouns and the essential regularities of their formation. This guide is intended for the general public, but may also be useful for the specialists in word formation. The article briefly introduces a fast and detailed data search in the WFG. The quick search provides two ways of searching for means of word formation, focusing on their formal expression or derivative and lexical semantics. The detailed search is designed to search according to several features of the word formation means, base, and the semantics of the derivatives. In this search various combinations of the features are possible. Next, the article discusses several problematic issues that arose during the creation of the WFG data structure and data management. This is the homonymy of means of word formation, the classification of initial and final borrowed (neoclassical and other) formatives of words (prefixes, combining forms etc.) and their place in the word formation system of the Lithuanian language, and in the guide under discussion, experimental separation of (lexical) semantic features. In conclusion, the development possibilities of the Word Formation guide are introduced, not only by increasing the number of examples of noun derivatives and compounds but also by redesigning the current data structure and including the word formation data of other parts of speech.

Accuracy Gains from Unfocused Feedback: Dynamic Written Corrective Feedback as Meaningful Pedagogy

Background. A primary question among L2 writing instructors is how to best deliver written corrective feedback (WCF) to support student learning. One promising WCF method is Dynamic Written Corrective Feedback, in which instructors provide unfocused/comprehensive feedback using a coding system coupled with regular rounds of editing on short, in-class student-written paragraphs.
 Purpose. In this study, I explored the impact on student accuracy of unfocused DWCF on brief student-produced texts in intermediate and advanced developmental ESL writing classes. This study was motivated by the desire to evaluate this pedagogical intervention and determine if it should continue to be implemented in our developmental writing program.
 Methods. Utilizing a quasi-experimental research design using t-test analyses, I coded, tallied, and contrasted the errors in term-final paragraphs of 130 students who participated in classes that used DWCF with 79 students in control sections that did not include DWCF.
 Results. I found statistically significant improvements in the treatment sections at both levels for nearly all error types (including but not limited to verb form/tense, sentence structure, work order, work choice, determiner, noun form, and punctuation errors; the only error type that did not return significance differences was prepositions at the intermediate level). These results suggest that unfocused written corrective feedback may be effectively used in multilingual writing classrooms, at least given certain parameters to help ensure that feedback is manageable and specific, per the DWCF process.
 Conclusion. This study complicates the so-called best practices stemming from WCF research in which many researchers have advocated for WCF that addresses only a small number of error types. Rather, providing that feedback practices are kept manageable and accessible for the students, multilingual students may effectively process and apply unfocused feedback to their own writing.

Étude des prédicats nominaux dans le lexique de la perception visuelle

In this paper, I analyse the noun forms derived from the prototypical verbs of visual perception, see and look. The descriptors used to process verbal polysemy must prepare the correspondence between verb classes and noun classes. This involves indicating whether perception verbs have nouns as associated forms. I also show that if the predicates and arguments are fundamental for the interpretation of the sentence, the actualizers are fundamental for its grammaticalization. The actualization will condition the reading of the nominal predicate. I show how this actualization will allow us to elaborate classes of predicates and thus to renew the approaches of polysemy.

ASPECTS OF LANGUAGE AND STYLE IN MIHAIL SADOVEANU’S THE HATCHET

The paper aims at stylistically comparing a selected excerpt of a Romanian contemporary novel, The Hatchet, with its English translation, laying stress on the lexical and grammatical levels. The study also includes an analysis of the Romanian text at the symbolic level. In the first part of the paper, Choice and Motivation, we will try to explain some of our translation choices and describe patterns of stylistic change which occurs during translation, laying emphasis on such elements as: parts of speech, sentence structure, descriptive patterns, constructions used for stylistic purposes, rhythm, insistent repetitions, the stylistic significances of several definite articles, as well as the use of unliterary forms of verbs and nouns, specific to the vernacular language. The second part of the study, Visual and Auditory Elements, focuses, at the symbolic level, on both the visual and auditory elements within the text. It deals first with the visual elements, at the lexical and stylistic levels, with a special emphasis on the auditory elements, analyzed at the lexical, phonetical and syntactical levels.

Menyoal Kembali Partikel Ta dalam Bahasa Jawa Kuno

Old Javanese is known as a language that has a predicate clause pattern (V) preceding the subject (S). Usually, there is a particle ta or its variation between the predicate-subject sequences (V-ta-S). Besides the V-S pattern, the S-V pattern is also found. In this paper, it is shown that the clause pattern in Old Javanese is triggered by the importance of forming a narrative discourse. Particle ta and several other syntactic elements have a role in shaping narrative discourse. Other syntactic elements are the definition of nouns, arguments in the form of nouns (NP) or pronouns, and affective-passive verbs.The source of the data I use for this study is the Old Javanese parwa text, namely Adiparwa edited by Juynboll (1906). According to Molen (2010, 396), parwa is a literary product in itself. Parwa must be viewed as a literary work, just like kakawin. There is a clear story structure aided by lexical, grammatical, and literary structuring tools. In this study, the grammatical elements used for the purpose of building the story are shown.

When morphology meets regular polysemy

This study investigates the existence of complex morphological patterns that include a regular polysemy extension. Such complex patterns derive ambiguous words whose semantic types are both related and specified. To address this issue, nouns derived from verbs in French are investigated. A sample of 2,953 deverbal nouns ending with 46 suffixes are collected and systematically analyzed with respect to semantic properties and lexical ambiguity. Thirty-eight complex patterns are identified. The formation of ambiguous nouns whose meanings fit into a regular polysemy pattern appears as a discriminative property of some suffixes. Different kinds of patterns are further distinguished, depending on whether secondary meanings in complex patterns can be directly related to a base verb or not. In accordance with the literature on the polysemy of nominalizations, the semantic categories of EVENT and RESULT are prominent in morphological patterns, but other semantic types such as AGENT, INSTITUTION and COGNITIVE OBJECT are importantly represented as well. In addition, metonymy is the main semantic figure observed in complex patterns. Overall, the article sheds new light on the relationship between word formation and lexical polysemy by describing the possibility of direct association between them.

Morphological and Semantical Peculiarities and Level of Usage of Suffix -гоҳ/goh in “Tarjumai Ta᾿rikhi Yamini” by Jurfodiqoni

The article under consideration dwells on morphological and semantical peculiarities and level of usage of suffix -гоҳ/-goh in “Tarjumai Ta᾿rikhi Yamini” by Jurfodiqoni. The author of the article makes an endeavor to carry out some distinctive morphological peculiarities and to determine the level of usage of the relevant suffix in terms of its tructure and meanings. As a rule, the relevant suffix contributes into the formation of new nouns denoting the notions of place and time from various parts of speech. Adducing the result of an analysis beset with the theme explored one can come to the conclusion that the suffix -гоҳ/-goh is considered to be one of the most productive ones and some words derived by the relevant suffix are not found in MTLL, upon the whole.

ANALYSIS CONTRASTIVE OF PLURAL BETWEEN INDONESIA AND ENGLISH

This study aims to discovering contrastive pattern of Bahasa Indonesia and English. In the study, to contrast the noun form of Indonesia and English. Qualitative approach is used in the study. The result shows that there are some differences of plural form of Indonesia and English.In Bahasa Indonesia, plural has six meaning that indicate more than one, the plural form by repeating the root based on the type of reduplication, and the plural form in Bahasa Indonesia are consistent. In English, plural form in English has one meaning that indicate more than one, in writing system, plural form add ‘s’ or ‘es’at the end of the wod, and plural form in English is inconsistent.

The life cycles of the suffix -ost’- in Russian

The research summarises the general framework of N. M. Shansky’s PhD thesis which initiated a range of historical lexicological and synchronic linguistic studies. The paper provides arguments and examples showing the development of the scientist’s ideas on the lexical material of the 19th century. An example is N. M. Shansky’s concept of "semantic centres" in the process of filling in important socio-cultural lacunae. Involving a range of lexemes in structuring the concept "Social Environment" through the formation of relevant connotative components in them (kazarmennost’ – salonnost’ – kabinetnost’ – berlozhnost’ – keleinost’ / Engl. barrackness – salonness – cabinetness or officeness – denness – secrecy) provides a good illustration of the scientist’s idea. The average (relative) number of derivatives with ­ost’­ in the modern language is 3 500 – 4 000 lexemes. The paper examines the lexical and word-formation innovations that expand the field of derivational bases (foreign vocabulary, calques or loan translations, and semi-calques as well as low colloquial vocabulary). Additionally, the study analyses the mechanisms of interaction between the formal and the semantic criteria with the supremacy of the latter as it contributes to the removal of the previous morphonological limitations (derivation from relative adjectives ending in ­skiy). Deriving lexemes with the double ­ost’ suffix has become possible within the word-formation pattern ending in ­ost’: one suffix is in the derivational base, the other – in the stem of the derived word (skorostnost’, lichnostnost’ / Engl. high­speedness, personhood). The paper also outlines the chronological dissonance in the formation of adjectival nouns ending in ­skost’ in Russian abroad half a century ahead of the time they appeared in the language of the metropole. The ­skost’ pattern expands the nominative field by means of including surname derivatives (dostoevskost’, chekhovskost’, stalinskost’, khrushchevskost’, and others). The semantic-motivational stimulus is the "semantic increment" formed in relative adjectives due to the strong pragmatic connotation of particular precedent surnames. Thus, lexemes with the derivational suffix ­ost’­ in the modern language show ample opportunities for development both on the basis of intralingual potentials and as a result of fo reign language influence. The research employed critical-analytical, constructive-synthetic methods, definitional analy sis, the method of distinguishing between synchronic and diachronic word-formation, multiple motivation, the method of analysing usual and occasional words.

The Analysis of Compounding In Children Story Book Dumbo The Magical Story By Walt Disney And Its Implications As Teaching Materials For Junior High School Students

The study aims to describe the formation of compounding in children story book Dumbo The Magical Story, written by Walt Disney. This study also aims to reveal types of compounding that is mostly found in the object, and to reveal the reasons. This study also describes the implications of compounding as teaching materials in narrative text for Junior High School Students. This is a qualitative with a descriptive method. The data used in this study were the compound words in children book Dumbo The Magical Story. The data collection technique used was note-taking. To measure the implications level of compounding as teaching materials in narrative text. A survey was done to 10 Junior High School students using Likert scale. The data were analysed by matching method with lexical distribution technique. The study shows than the compounding found in Dumbo The Magical Story has 3 forms namely nominal compounding, verbal compounding, and adjectival compounding. The result shows that there were 48 compounding forms consists of 25 compounding of noun+ noun, and 23 compounding of noun + adjective. it was found 6 compounding of verb+verb, 4 compounding of verb+ adjective, 5 compounding of verb + noun, and 1 verb +adjective. in the adjectival compounding, it was found 2 compounding of adjective+ adjective, 3 compounding of adverb + adjective, and 1 adjective + adverb. The form of noun+noun is mostly found in the study. That was because the target readers of the book are children so that the words used were arranged accordingly to make them understand. The implications of compound words as teaching materials in narrative text shows 3,86 out of 5 scale by using The Likert scale.Key words : compounding, children story book, teaching material, narrative, JHS students

Modern russian grammar

The study aims to determine the degrees of correspondence between the differential features of nouns in the instrumental case without a preposition, which manifest the peripheral stage of the original part of speech on the scale of adverbialization on the one hand, and the differential features of nuclear nouns and the differential features of nuclear substantive adverbs on the other. The authors used the methodology of oppositional analysis and indexation. As a result, the main stages of the functional transposition of non-positional forms of nouns into the semantic-grammatical category of temporal adverbs are revealed; the share of features of nuclear nouns and nuclear subjunctive adverbs in the structure of peripheral nouns such as “zimoi” is established. The results of the study can be used in further development of the problems of interaction between the semantic and grammatical in the structure of language units.

Noun Morphology of Kafi Noono

This paper aims at describing noun morphology in Kafi Noonoo (the Kafa language). Kafi Noonoo is an Afroasiatic language belonging to the Omotic family. The language is now been reduced to writing and is serving as a medium of instruction, administrative, media, and judiciary tool in the Kafa zone since 2008. The study is made to look into the noun morphology of the language. To achieve this, primary data has been collected from Kafa Zone and analyzed categorically. Nouns in the language generally end in -o/oo in their lexical entry (i.e. in isolation). Few nouns end in - e(e), and few place names that end in -ɑ, and a few in -i. Most proper nouns end in -i. The vowels attached also indicate the gender (-o/ -oo (masculine), -e/ -ee (feminine)) and number (e.g. ɡédʤò ‘lake(s)) of the head noun. Proper names usually end in -i; and morphologically, the prototypical Kafi Noonoo noun inflects for gender, number, and case. Under the noun morphology of Kafi Noonoo, the discussion of proper names, common nouns, derived nouns (of different forms of verbal nouns, abstract nouns, agentive nouns, and result nouns), compounds (resulting in euphemism, verb-manner compounds, language names and compounds with Ɂìndèé ‘mother’ and dòónò ‘lord’) has been discussed. Noun inflection of Kafi Noonoo nouns is also discussed. Thus, it is attested that the language inflects gender (usually masculine and feminine), number (singular and plural; the latter is formed by suffixing -nàʔó), and case. Concerning case, Kafi Noonoo has distinct case marking morphemes which are identified and discussed as follows. Thus, the nominative (appears unmarked), accusative (marked either by the morpheme -n, or by lengthening the final vowel, or it can be found unmarked), vocative (morphologically unmarked), allative (suffixes -wàán ‘to(wards)’ or -máɡ), ablative (expressed by -wàánè or -máɡè ‘from’), dative, locative, genitive (all these three are marked by the suffix -ttʃ), instrumental (expressed by the morpheme -nà), comitative (expressed by -nnà), similative(marked by -òóm), and comparative (marked by -jèè to the compared subject) cases have been identified in Kafi Noonoo.

Gender/Definiteness and Number in Kara

This paper aims to examine the noun inflection for gender/definiteness and number in the Kara language. which is spoken by approximately 1,000 people. The data for this study were collected using communicative events and elicitation. Kara nouns distinguish gender/definiteness and number. Kara has two-way gender distinctions for animates: the masculine and the feminine, and it is semantically motivated. Some inanimate Kara nouns are feminine by default, and some are masculine by default. The inanimate noun that is feminine by default may sometimes take the masculine gender marker to express smallness or less importance. On the contrary, an inanimate noun that is masculine by default may take the feminine gender marker to refer to largeness or more importance. One of thefascinating features of the Kara nouns is that it uses feminine gender to express augmentative value, but it uses masculine gender to express diminutive semantic value. The masculine and feminine gender are marked by the suffixes -(t)a and -(to)no respectively. Kara also uses different lexical items to denote feminine and masculine gender, and these lexical items or nouns particularly refer to human entities. Gender and definiteness markers are portmanteau in Kara; in other words, the gender markers mark both gender and definiteness simultaneously. Indefiniteness, contrary, is not morphologically marked. Unlike general nouns, the particular noun forms show the number distinction-. singular and plural. Both animate and inanimate nouns use the suffix -na or -a to mark pluralnumbers; however, the singular number is not morphologically marked. Besides, modifiers agree in number with their head.