Notion Of Trust Research Articles

A Survey of Trust Management in the Internet of Vehicles

Over the past decade, the groundbreaking technological advancements in the Internet of Vehicles (IoV) coupled with the notion of trust have attracted increasing attention from researchers and experts in intelligent transportation systems (ITS), wherein vehicles establish a belief towards their peers in the pursuit of ensuring safe and efficacious traffic flows. Diverse domains have been taking advantage of trust management models in the quest of alleviating diverse insider attacks, wherein messages generated by legitimate users are altered or counterfeited by malicious entities, subsequently, endangering the lives of drivers, passengers, and vulnerable pedestrians. In the course of vehicles forming perceptions towards other participating vehicles, a range of contributing parameters regarding the interactions among these vehicles are accumulated to establish a final opinion towards a target vehicle. The significance of these contributing parameters is typically represented by associating a weighting factor to each contributing attribute. The values assigned to these weighting factors are often set manually, i.e., these values are predefined and do not take into consideration any affecting parameters. Furthermore, a threshold is specified manually that classifies the vehicles into honest and dishonest vehicles relying on the computed trust. Moreover, adversary models as an extension to trust management models in order to tackle the variants of insider attacks are being extensively emphasized in the literature. This paper, therefore, reviews the state of the art in the vehicular trust management focusing on the aforementioned factors such as quantification of weights, quantification of threshold, misbehavior detection, etc. Moreover, an overarching IoV architecture, constituents within the notion of trust, and attacks relating to the IoV have also been presented in addition to open research challenges in the subject domain.

“Owned them like a Father": Labor Contractors, Port Workers, and the Makings of Ethnicity in Singapore

Despite the importance of ports to the Indian Ocean world, labor contracting systems in ports remain understudied. By focusing on ethnic divisions of labor among port workers in colonial Singapore from the 1930s to the 1950s, this article shows how labor contractors constructed these divisions and how social organization in modern Singapore is rooted in labor contracting at the port. Past scholarship has explained merchants’ propensity to form partnerships within the same kin or ethnic circles with the notion of trust: that those of the same kin or ethnicity could be trusted more easily. However, this article argues that labor contractors often recruited migrant workers from the contractors’ home villages and regions because shared kinship and ethnicity allowed contractors to better control workers’ laboring, social, and cultural life. Performances of shared kinship and ethnicity gave contractors power as both employers and community leaders. After World War II, port workers also solidified ethnic divisions by organizing into unions along the lines of ethnicity, and they secured benefits as ethnic blocs, rather than for all port workers. This post-war moment of organizing labor by ethnicity has shaped labor activism in Singapore today as migrant workers continue to strike in ethnic blocs to protest disparities in working conditions between workers of different ethnicities.

A critique of utilitarian trust: The case of the Dutch insurance sector

The organizational trust literature relies strongly on the notion of trust and trustworthiness as a calculative cause-and-effect relationship between actors. This utilitarian notion of trust has been critiqued by a more moral inspired body of work that focuses less on cause-and-effect relation-ships and more on trust values. This idea of intrinsic trust highlights construct inconsistencies related to utilitarian trust, which, it is argued, is deficient, incomplete and misleading. Our empir-ical study of the Dutch insurance sector reveals process inconsistencies that help to explain why the calculation of trust in a utilitarian sense is impossible in practice and is a barrier to the unam-biguous assessment of individual needs and utility. We identify three mechanisms that underpin these process inconsistencies: insufficient information; complex behavioural dynamics; and a convoluted pattern of stakeholder influence on trust relationships. These empirical findings ena-ble a categorization of the critiques so far and provide support for the stream of work on intrinsic trust.

Intentional machines: A defence of trust in medical artificial intelligence.

Trust constitutes a fundamental strategy to deal with risks and uncertainty in complex societies. In line with the vast literature stressing the importance of trust in doctor-patient relationships, trust is therefore regularly suggested as a way of dealing with the risks of medical artificial intelligence (AI). Yet, this approach has come under charge from different angles. At least two lines of thought can be distinguished: (1) that trusting AI is conceptually confused, that is, that we cannot trust AI; and (2) that it is also dangerous, that is, that we should not trust AI-particularly if the stakes are as high as they routinely are in medicine. In this paper, we aim to defend a notion of trust in the context of medical AI against both charges. To do so, we highlight the technically mediated intentions manifest in AI systems, rendering trust a conceptually plausible stance for dealing with them. Based on literature from human-robot interactions, psychology and sociology, we then propose a novel model to analyse notions of trust, distinguishing between three aspects: reliability, competence, and intentions. We discuss each aspect and make suggestions regarding how medical AI may become worthy of our trust.

What Are Friends for in Russia Versus Canada?: An Approach for Documenting Cross-Cultural Differences

Most research on friendship has been grounded in Western cultural worlds, a bias that needs to be addressed. To that end, we propose a methodological roadmap to translate linguistic/anthropological work into quantitative psychological cross-cultural investigations of friendship, and showcase its implementation in Russia and Canada. Adopting an intersubjective perspective on culture, we assessed cultural models of friendship in three inter-related ways: by (1) deriving people’s mental maps of close interpersonal relationships; (2) examining the factor structure of friendship; and (3) predicting cultural group membership from a given person’s friendship model. Two studies of Russians (Study 1, n = 89; Study 2a, n = 195; Study 2b, n = 232) and Canadians (Study 1, n = 89; Study 2a, n = 164; Study 2b, n = 199) implemented this approach. The notions of trust and help in adversity emerged as defining features of friendship in Russia but were less clearly present in Canada. Different friendship models seem to be prevalent in these two cultural worlds. The roadmap described in the current research documents these varying intersubjective representations, showcasing an approach that is portable across contexts (rather than limited to a specific cross-cultural contrast) and relies on well-established methods (i.e., easily accessible in many research contexts).

Dimensions of trust in different forms of science communication: the role of information sources and channels used to acquire science knowledge

This paper investigates the dimensions of trust and the role of information sources and channels in developing differentiated forms of science communication. The discussions from two public consultations carried out in Italy and Slovakia about controversial science-related topics were quali-quantitatively content analysed. The results show that scientific knowledge pervades diverse communication spheres, producing differentiated paths of trust in science. Each path is determined by topics (environment or health-related), information sources and channels preferred, and specific features of the multifaceted notion of trust. The contribution discusses cross-national commonalities and specificities and proposes implications for science communication.

Social environment and corporate payouts

We investigate if macro-level social capital, which captures the notions of trust and honesty, has any effects on corporate payout policy. We find that firms situated in U.S. states (or counties) with higher levels of social capital (SC) have higher dividend payouts (DP). These results survive a battery of robustness tests dealing with inference and various forms of endogeneity. We find that the positive SC-DP association is more prominent when monitoring is weak. We also find that the positive SC-DP association remains when we account for internal social capital, political corruption, federal and state income taxes, and other possible dividend clienteles such as in-state pension funds and pension-age populations. Our study contributes to the literatures that regional locations and social considerations constitute clienteles who affect important corporate strategic decisions such as corporate payouts.

A Leap of Faith: Is There a Formula for "Trustworthy" AI?

Trust is one of the big buzzwords in debates about the shaping of society, democracy, and emerging technologies. For example, one prominent idea put forward by the High-Level Expert Group on Artificial Intelligence appointed by the European Commission is that artificial intelligence should be trustworthy. In this essay, we explore the notion of trust and argue that both proponents and critics of trustworthy AI have flawed pictures of the nature of trust. We develop an approach to understanding trust in AI that does not conceive of trust merely as an accelerator for societal acceptance of AI technologies. Instead, we argue, trust is granted through leaps of faith. For this reason, trust remains precarious, fragile, and resistant to promotion through formulaic approaches. We also highlight the significance of distrust in societal deliberation, as it is relevant to trust in various and intricate ways. Among the fruitful aspects of distrust is that it enables individuals to forgo technology if desired, to constrain its power, and to exercise meaningful human control.

No Trust is Hybrid: Reply to Faulkner

There is a well-developed literature on trust. In his important article Faulkner (Analysis, 75(3), 424−429, 2015) distinguishes three-place, two-place and one-place trust predicates. He then argues that our more basic notions of trust are expressed by the one-place and two-place predicates. Three-place trust, contractual trust, is not fundamental. This matters. Having a clear understanding of our concepts of trust is important. The most important assumption of Faulkner’s argument is that the notion of trust expressed by the three-place predicate is not attitudinal; it is a ‘metaphysical hybrid of attitude and action’. I argue that this is wrong. All three notions are attitudinal and no reason exists to deny that the one-place and two-place notions derive from the three-place one. Once one rejects Faulkner’s assumption that the three-place notion can be separated off from the others as a metaphysical hybrid argument for the priority of the one-place and two-place notions collapses.

On the notion of trust in psychotherapy - epistemic and evaluative aspects

On the notion of trust in psychotherapy - epistemic and evaluative aspects Objectives: One of the most consistent findings in the psychotherapy research literature is that the quality of the relationship between the patient and the therapist is a major determinant of psychotherapeutic effectiveness. Yet so far a consistent and assured definition of a helping alliance doesn't exist. Recently P. Fonagy and his research group have introduced the notion of "epistemic trust" to open up a new understanding of the effectiveness of the therapeutic relationship. Methods: The paper outlines Fonagy's et al. notion of "epistemic trust" and compares it to notions of trust devised in the humanities and social sciences from a clinical-psychodynamic perspective. Results: Fonagy et al. characterize epistemic trust as "trust in the authenticity and personal relevance of interpersonally transmitted information". Thus it enables an individual to safely learn from others and to orient himself within a primarily unknown and an ever changing social world. By contrast the humanities and social sciences offer a more comprehensive perspective insofar as trust is described as both an affective, cognitive and volitive phenomenon embedded within a specific ethical topography (evaluative trust). Conclusions: Taking trust's multidimensionality into account results in a slightly different clinical understanding of confidence building within psychotherapy and postulates a primacy of recognition over cognition in clinical encounter as well.

From the ancient Silk Road to the belt and road initiative: Narratives, signalling and trust-building

Narratives help in interpreting and understanding surrounding political realities. Yet, the divergence of narratives may also create distrust, and it is an important reason for greatly diverging perceptions of the Belt and Road Initiative between China and the international community. This article explores how trust can be bridged between different narratives. It discusses the notions of trust and how the Chinese concept of ‘brightness’ contributes to a strategic signalling process for trust-building in strategic cooperation. This article proposes that trust-building is a process of signalling and knowledge building. Only when the signal sent for strategic cooperation fits the other parties’ knowledge about the sender, can the trust-building process succeed. This compatibility between signals and developed knowledge can be the result of several rounds of signalling, in which the signal sender’s honesty regarding their self-interests and intentions is the necessary pre-condition.

Determinants of Trust in Banks' Payment Services During COVID: An Exploration Using Daily Data

Trust in banks is key, especially in turbulent times. Using unique daily payment diary data for a representative panel of Dutch consumers, which has been enriched with questions on trust in banks' payment services, we examine the determinants of trust as well as to what extent the COVID-crisis has affected trust. We have the following main findings. First, narrow-scope trust (trust in consumers' own bank payment services) is in general higher than broad-scope trust (trust in banks' payment services in general). Second, COVID-19 measures have affected trust in banks' payment services. The first lockdown and measures taken by banks - such as increasing contactless payment limits - increased narrow-scope trust and broad-scope trust. The second lockdown decreased both notions of trust. The crisis measures impacted the trust of the elderly the strongest. Third, personal characteristics are significantly related to trust in banks' payment services. We find that both types of trust are increasing with digital literacy and the ease of getting by with income. Also, people who hold an account with a large bank have higher broad-scope trust, while customers of small banks have higher narrow-scope trust. Men have lower broad-scope trust, while there is no difference between men and women for narrow-scope trust. People with high income have higher broad-scope trust, while there is no effect on narrow-scope trust.

The Advent and Fall of Trust as a Cornerstone of Judicial Cooperation in Multilateral Regimes in Europe. A Cautionary Tale

The complex network of trust-based and trust-enhancing mechanisms is nowadays confronted with the advent of illiberal democracies in Europe resulting in the regression of democratic guarantees in the form of human rights and/or rule of law backsliding. In this chapter, we will first flesh out the notion of trust in order to better comprehend its multifaceted nature (II) and then, after analyzing the notion of human rights/rule of law backsliding, we will present the way multilateral judicial cooperation networks in Europe attempt to adjust to the above phenomenon turning firstly to the ECtHR (III.A) and secondly to the EU’s judicial system (III.B), before offering some tentative conclusions (IV).

Recognition, Vulnerability and Trust

ABSTRACT This paper examines the question of whether recognition relations are based on trust. Theorists of recognition have acknowledged the ways in which recognition relations make us vulnerable to others but have largely neglected the underlying ‘webs of trust’ in which such relations are embedded. In this paper, I consider the ways in which the theories of recognition developed by Jürgen Habermas and Axel Honneth, not only point to our mutual vulnerability but also implicitly rely upon mutual relations of trust. The paper first offers a novel examination of the relation between recognition, vulnerability and trust in Habermas’ account of communicative action with the aim of arguing that such a consideration helps to elucidate important features of recognition. My claim is that a consideration of the dynamics of recognition and vulnerability in language-use, leads to an acknowledgment of the forms of trust that not only underpin communicative action, but recognition more generally. I conclude by considering the elements that are underplayed in Habermas’ account by turning to an examination of Axel Honneth’s alternative affective theory of recognition, specifically considering the interrelation between vulnerability and recognition. In doing so, I also turn to a consideration of the kind of trust that must be assumed in Honneth’s account of mutual recognition and point to a recognitive notion of trust.

Trust Management in Social Internet of Things: Architectures, Recent Advancements, and Future Challenges

Social Internet of Things (SIoT) is an extension of the Internet of Things (IoT) that converges with social networking concepts to create social networks of interconnected smart objects. This convergence allows the enrichment of the two paradigms, resulting into new ecosystems. While IoT follows two interaction paradigms, human to human (H2H) and thing to thing (T2T), SIoT adds on human-to-thing (H2T) interactions. SIoT enables smart “social objects” that intelligently mimic the social behavior of human in the daily life. These social objects (SOs) are equipped with social functionalities capable of discovering other SOs in the surroundings and establishing social relationships. They crawl through the social network of objects for the sake of searching for services and information of interest. The notion of trust and trustworthiness in social communities formed in SIoT is still new and in an early stage of investigation. In this article, our contributions are threefold. First, we present the fundamentals of SIoT and trust concepts in SIoT, clarifying the similarities and differences between IoT and SIoT. Second, we categorize the trust management solutions proposed so far in the literature for SIoT over the last six years and provide a comprehensive review. We then perform a comparison of the state-of-the-art trust management schemes devised for SIoT by performing comparative analysis in terms of trust management process. Third, we identify and discuss the challenges and requirements in the emerging new wave of SIoT, and also highlight the challenges in developing trust and evaluating trustworthiness among the interacting SOs.

Reliable and Hybridized Trust Based Algorithm to Thwart Blackhole Attacks in MANETs using Network Preponderant Determinants

<p>This Mobile adhoc networks is a perpetual and autogenous organization without framework, and the mobile nodes are coupled cordlessly. Owing to the deficiency of framework assistance, reliable data distribution is a demanding process in mobile adhoc networks and this mobile adhoc network is unguarded to many categories of attacks. A black hole attack in Mobile Adhoc networks cites to an attack by the malevolent node which strongly get hold of the path from sender to the receiver, by means of perversion of subsequence word. With regard to diminish the menace from the malevolent node, the authors encompass the notion of trust in mobile adhoc networks. In this paper, we cope with a packet dropping misconduct named Black hole Attack and we propounded a new hybrid trust based secured algorithm hinged on four new parameters to scrutinize, whether the transitional nodes are transmitting the packets correctly to the adjacent nodes. This paper presents a new hybrid trust based concept to pinpoint the malevolent node hinged on the computation of trust value. Using ns2 simulator, we analyse the performance of our proposed method and proved the detection efficiency. The investigated results shows that our proposed work can precisely diagnose the malevolent nodes and assure a good packet delivery ratio and network throughput.</p>

Tourism and Trust: Theoretical Reflections

Tourism researchers have increasingly, but selectively and uncritically, engaged with the notion of trust. This study therefore aims to provide a stronger theoretical foundation for understanding tourism-related trust, starting from consideration of uncertainty and the nature of tacit knowledge. The relationship between displacement and uncertainty is at the core of the distinctiveness of trust in tourism, highlighting the importance of institutions, but also recognizing the diversity of tourism contexts. Three disciplinary perspectives on trust are considered: economics, psychology, and sociology. After outlining their general characteristics in relation to McKnight and Chervany’s typology of trust, we review their application in tourism, and conclude by identifying a future research agenda to address the distinctive characteristics of trust in tourism.

Understanding the Integration Process Through the Concept of Trust: a Case Study of Latin American Professionals in Québec

This paper focuses on social representations held by professional immigrants and on the notion of trust as a key factor in the integration process. Using a sample of 455 online surveys and focus groups with 29 people, this paper examines the role of trust in the socio-economic integration of Latino professionals belonging to Quebec’s Latin American Chamber of Commerce. Placed on a socio-economic integration continuum, the data demonstrate a variety of processes regarding trust in institutions and networks. Positive and negative feelings of trust have a variable impact on the integration of individuals who self-identify as members of a specific cultural group.

From the general to the specific: the influence of confidence and trust on flood risk perception

This study advances scholarly debate on the impact of confidence and trust on flood risk perceptions using data from a random sample of 403 residents in New Orleans, a U.S. coastal city with hundreds of miles of levees to protect the city from flooding. The research focuses on several predictors including specific trust measures of local, state, and federal authorities, sociodemographic characteristics, and experience with flood damage. Using ordinal logistic regression, we find that residents who perceive the levee system as unlikely to protect their homes and the city are significantly more likely to perceive an increased risk of flooding. Previous flood experience, age, female gender, and race were also significant predictors of flood risk perception. In contrast to prevailing risk research that has found that general trust and general confidence negatively affect risk perception, our findings show mixed support for the hypothesis that higher levels of confidence and trust result in lower perceptions of risk. Our findings reveal the nuances of risk perception and suggest that specific notions of trust and confidence can have positive and negative influences on flood risk perception depending on respondent views toward flood protection systems and specific institutions and government agencies.

Co-producing Public Welfare Services with Vulnerable Citizens: A Case Study of a Danish-Somali Women’s Association Co-producing Crime Prevention with the Local Authorities

Including vulnerable citizens in public co-production can have a huge bearing on the quality and equity of the services on which they depend. This study explores the influence of bonding, bridging, and linking social capital networks and the inherent notion of trust on co-production with vulnerable citizens. The study has found the formation of social capital to be a significant influencer on enabling co-production with vulnerable citizens. This is particularly so when engaging the citizens at earlier stages in the public service cycle than the implementation phase. Being engaged at these stages positively influences the motivation to participate. The end-user as co-designer, or co-initiator of public services, is rarely found in the literature. This study contributes to fill this gap. Furthermore, calculus-based trust is identified as a main factor influencing the willingness of potential co-production partners to engage in co-production. The findings are based on observations, documents, and interviews from an extreme case where a group of Danish-Somali women, (this particular group being among the most vulnerable in Danish society), changed from being dismissive potential co-implementers to becoming co-initiators of co-production aimed at preventing crime among Danish-Somali youth.