Notion Of Territory Research Articles

Chinese triads and the notion of territory

Territory, where a network of influence and business interests can be developed, is an important feature of criminal organizations. While some research on organized crime by Chinese triads has been published in recent years, the concept of triad territory is still under-researched. This article discusses what a triad territory is and how it is formed, managed and defended. Through qualitative research, it is found that triad business is territorial in nature. Different triad societies have their own turfs and monopolize certain geographical territories or economic sectors. Territory is important for the survival of triad societies, not only because most of their business operates within the territory but also because they rely on the territory to maintain social networks, exchange criminal market information, gather intelligence and source business opportunities. This article concludes that a triad territory is structurally, culturally and cognitively embedded, and is a defensible social and economic space of a triad society.

Banditry in Global Social History

AbstractEric Hobsbawm argued that banditry was an archaic and pre-political phenomenon that emerged simultaneously and with striking intensity in different regions around the world during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. While it has often been seen as marginal in global histories, banditry provides an essential gateway to the study of modern history from a global perspective. Drawing on different regional case studies, this article approaches the similarities and connections that ran through different instances of banditry in terms of their inclusion within the global dynamics of imperial expansion, capitalism, and the developing notions of territoriality and sovereignty. It argues that the ubiquitous presence of banditry in this period was propelled by the deep-running changes to local relations of class, economy, and power that resulted from these accelerating global dynamics. Bandits emerged as the expression of rural communities in all their complexity and were able to negotiate their place within the rapidly evolving societies of this period. Far from being victims, bandits were key agents who navigated change, adaptation, and resistance in the modern world. In this sense, banditry was a powerful expression of the different ways in which rural communities interacted, negotiated, and clashed with the global.

Territorial health inequalities

Whether positively or negatively, an individual's geographical location has an impact on his or her state of health. Often described asa"catchword", the notion of territory is complex to define. To better understand its influence, we'll be looking at the different territorial scales, as well as the responses of populations to these issues. With this in mind, we'll take a look at how healthcare professionals are changing their practices.

Gardening work in an urban environment and the notion of territory.

There are several characteristics of working in an urban environment that challenge the usual forms of work prescription. This is a case study on the work of gardeners in an urban setting in the north of Paris. This paper develops the notion of territory, which we define as a system that is locally rooted in an open environment through the situated actions of gardeners' work. As the employees do their work in an outside environment, interactions in real-life situations are beyond the control of work organization. City gardeners' work is carried out in a green, living and human environment. We conducted detailed open observations in a town's green zones. These were complemented by individual interviews in work situations and by collective interviews within the boundaries of the municipality. We use the notion of territory to highlight the particularity of work within organizations where the work environment cannot be limited to the space inside their walls. The gardeners' work makes it possible to link residents and passers-by (on foot or in vehicles) with the town's green spaces (micro-ecosystems). Their work consists in connecting the different expectations and needs of the various life forms: the human beings (with a variety of lifestyles), as well as the plants, insects and animals. The particularities of working in an open environment create complex forms of prescription. The notion of territory, rarely used in ergonomics, proves to be fruitful for considering work in these contexts.

Notes on the notion of territory in the field of collective health: determination, identities, and territorialities

RESUMO Este ensaio teórico percorre um itinerário e aborda diferentes concepções de território quanto ao campo da saúde coletiva. Busca-se elucidar como o território compõe com a constituição histórica e organizativa dos sistemas e serviços de atenção à saúde, e como conceito fundamental ao trabalho no campo da saúde coletiva. Enquanto intervenção estatal sobre a vida populacional dentro de territórios circunscritos a Estados-nações, a abordagem epidemiológica paisagística da medicina social preventiva concebe o território como ambiente de exposição a doenças e acaba superada pelas ideias de risco e multicausalidade dos processos saúde-doença, próprias ao modelo do campo da saúde. Este amplia a compreensão dos processos saúde-doença articulando ambiente, acesso aos serviços, estilos de vida e determinantes biológicos com aspectos ecológicos, culturais, simbólicos e de responsabilidade social. Assim, a saúde coletiva se aprimora com noções como territorialidades, identidades ou reprodução social, importantes para a distritalização e a organização de sistemas de saúde democráticos, a compreensão sobre a determinação social da saúde e a efetivação de redes de cuidado e estratégias de assistência eficazes, sobretudo na atenção básica. Enfim, a noção de território é fundamental à compreensão das condições estruturantes dos processos de vida e adoecimento e ao compromisso com a transformação social.

Territory as a Public Law Category: Concept and Logical Relationship with the State

The article is devoted to several conceptual issues of legal understanding of the state territory. The author analyzes the construction of the notion of state territory and substantiates that its multiple definitions are theoretically acceptable. However, modern legal practice implies the inevitability of recognizing a specific approach to understanding state territory as a sphere where state sovereignty manifests itself. The author considers the discrepancies in the legally fixed descriptions of the RF territory composition. It is stated that the discussion about this composition has no scientific solution and can only be arbitrarily terminated, namely by means of enumerating the components of the territory in the legislation or recognizing the correctness of a certain approach by the academic community. The article addresses some issues of using the relevant terminology in legal doctrine and legal regulation. The author shows that legal and linguistic traditions of the describing of territorial issues in various countries do not agree, and that under certain conditions jurisprudence can technically manage without the term “territory” and similar words. Nevertheless, although the term “territory” is flawed, it has practically no alternative in modern Russian-language jurisprudence. The article reveals that in order to assess if a state requires territory, one should consider the interpretation of the notions of territory and state, as well the used scientific methodology. Besides, it demonstrates that it is methodologically precarious to interpret territory as a feature, element, condition or prerequisite of the state. The author shows that the spatial nature of the state bodies jurisdiction and of the national law operation, as well as the spatial structuring of such jurisdiction and of the legal order stay relevant for the modern period of the statehood development. However, the intensive digitalization implementation taking place in the sphere of public functions and public services can lead to a noticeable reduction of the practical need for territorial structuring of the state.

Brazilian University Ecomuseums: Challenges and Potentialities

The present article aims to analyze the Brazilian University Ecomuseums, their actions, projects, challenges and potential when being considered a hybrid museum, being simultaneously an Ecomuseum and a University Museum. We highlight the relationship between theory and practice of an Ecomuseum, prioritizing the integrated action of communities and their heritage and territories. And the university pillars in teaching, research and extension and how an Ecomuseum inserted in this scope enhances its mission and scientific and community values. This work makes use of the theoretical-conceptual foundation of this type of museum, involving the notions of territory, community, scientific and integral heritage, and the challenges and potential of a university Ecomuseum. In the interaction and integration of knowledge, subjects and interests, investment is made in the transforming power of knowledge and its own forms of production, enabling the realization of an “ecology of knowledge”. The ecomuseum becomes a field of multiple research, of different research groups, undergraduate and graduate courses, covering as an object of study and heritage the territory, with its fauna, flora, rivers, sea, anthropic processes, stories and memories of the local population. Keywords: Ecomuseum, University, Hibrid Museum, Community, Territory.

Co‐temporality and Sovremennost': Late Imperial and Early Soviet Photographs

Co‐temporality and <i>Sovremennost'</i>: Late Imperial and Early Soviet Photographs

Peace at Home, a Minor Intervention Abroad? Explaining the Turkish-Iranian Border Revision of 1932

Although historians of Turkish foreign policy have emphasized Turkey’s pro-status-quo stance during the interwar period, the international and regional political context of the time sometimes offered states the opportunity to make revisions to the existing order. Cross-border rebellions represented one such opportunity. Turkey was among the countries which saw border amendments as an option, despite a nation-state discourse and ideology emphasizing the ‘inviolability’ of the existing borders. This article shows how Turkey, unable to suppress the cross-border Ararat Rebellion in the late 1920s and early 1930s, opted for a military operation on Iranian soil and successfully demanded a revision to its supposedly well-established ‘Qasr-e Shirin borders.’ The article identifies three major factors that conditioned Turkey’s exceptional approach to its Iranian border in the 1930s: the historical factor of Ottoman-Iranian relations, the new territoriality of nation-states, and the Soviet Union’s influence on the region. It critically employs the memoirs of key Turkish political elites active in the resolution of this dispute, Turkish newspapers, and archival documents. It contributes to our understanding of early republican Turkish notions of territoriality while building on recent scholarship which questions the assumption of early republican Turkey’s strict non-revisionism and disinterest in the Middle East.

Entrepreneurial territories: measures, determinants, and outcomes

Given the state of our knowledge and the questions that are emerging in scientific and political circles regarding the relationships between entrepreneurship and its local context, it is worthwhile to investigate the geography of entrepreneurship with reference to the comprehensive notion of territory that is proposed in regional science. This Special Issue of The Annals of Regional Science seizes this opportunity to extend our knowledge in the field with original contributions addressing the puzzling role of the territory in entrepreneurship.

Distinct Persons; Distinct Territories: Rethinking the Spaces of International Organizations

Abstract Implicit spatial assumptions inform the law of international organisations, including the very concept of an international organization. In this paper, I argue that the reproduction of a physicalized and stato-centric notion of territory informs the idea that international organizations are functional entities without territories because ‘territory’ – as it has been long been conceptualised – has already been apportioned among states. While other disciplines underwent major epistemic change in their conceptualization of space, law retained reified assumptions of its spaces, especially so of territory. As a result, international lawyers have long assumed only states can be territorial actors. Yet with a reconceptualisation of territory, inspired by thinkers such as Lefebvre, we might instead think of the spaces of international organisations as their territories, constituted through their social practices exercising control. Moreover, this territory is distinct from the territories of member states and is not simply the aggregate of member states’ territories.

In Passing: Some Notes on Urban Life

AbstractThe expansionist mode of neoliberal urbanization relies on a subtractive logic that renders lives, habitats, and rhythms along its path as both expendable and profitable. This essay uses the conceptual lens of “passages” to read how urban entities, those rendered “expendable,” seep back in through different urban passages and “play” the game of urbanization. These passages are not given, but constellated by drawing disparate urban entities into a relationship. In them, urban entities, although deemed expendable, are in medias res and incomplete; they are the mediums in which life takes form; and they have the “abilities” to take on many forms. The essay thus departs from the demographic and territorial notions of “what is urban,” to explore the urban as a constitutive medium composed of numerous passages. It asks, What is at play in them? What life forms in passing? And how might we conceive of Walter Benjamin's Passagen-Werk down South?

Who Owns Bogurar Doi? An Ethnography of Placemaking and Craftsmanship in Bangladesh

Through an ethnography of Bogurar doi, a sweetened fermented milk dessert distinctive to the northern region of Bangladesh, I propose to explore the politics of naming of a food item linked to a place, especially in a geography that has witnessed three historic redrawings of borders, forced migration, and the changing form of labor involved in doi-making. Instead of the narratives of continuity of craft traditions, I trace three significant “movements” (West 2022) that are integral to Bogurar doi: (1) a history of “local” breeds of cows is produced by confluences (Banerjee-Dube 2016), thereby challenging notions of territoriality and taste-making (Leong-Salobir, Ray, and Rohel 2016); (2) a history of labor integral to doi-making, that of Goalas/Ghoshs, evident in the fictional representation of undivided Bengal and legends associated with Bogurar doi; and (3) everyday narratives of “repetition” (Sennett 2008) that is inherent to bodily labor performed on milk to create this microbial product. These three movements show how placemaking evolves at the cusp of ecology and changing forms of caste and labor associated with the milk trade. Taken together, these three movements challenge the mythic notion of continuity and provide a much-needed reading of ruptures and a processual reading of decolonization of placemaking in food traditions.

The Work of Boundaries: Critical Cartographies and the Archaeological Record of the Relatively Recent Past

Discussions of boundaries have enjoyed a renaissance in anthropological archaeology of recent years, especially as conversations surrounding forced migration and border walls look toward the material record for clarification about what borders are and what they do. Since 1995, when the Annual Review of Anthropology last addressed a similar issue, numerous methodological and conceptual changes in the field have led to a large proliferation in the literature. By framing this review around the work of boundaries, I signal two trends in the field of archaeology with conceptual and methodological implications. The first trend is the increased centrality of materiality as a theoretical register as new questions relating to object agency, human/nonhuman boundaries, and new models of environmental archaeology have populated the literature. In such climates it is important to focus on boundaries as a kind of assemblage of actants that takes on agencies beyond notions of territory. Associated border, crossing, transnational, and refuge assemblages are discussed. The second trend is the increased attention to boundary work in archaeology. In this article I review one thread of that literature, critical cartographies, and how they have used the archaeological record to develop radical renditions of political space where boundaries are involved. I focus on scholarship surrounding the relatively recent past (ca. 1200 CE to the present).

Painting the mountains between Art and Earth Sciences during the second half of the 19th century. The case of the painter Claude Hugard (1816-1885)

This contribution studies the production of a new visual culture related to Earth Sciences during the 19th century. It especially considers the influence of Earth Sciences’ progresses on figurative arts, and the notions of territory and national soil as they’re shaped by the Romantic culture. In this context, mountains’ paintings are particularly relevant since they embody multiple layers of both identity-related and scientific issues. To analyze these new images of the Earth, the chosen case study is that of the rather unknown Savoyard painter Claude Hugard (1816-1885), and especially his landscape paintings for the museum of mineralogy of the École des Mines in Paris (1852-1859). This collaboration with engineers and geologist influences the painter’s career, showing the evolution of Earth Sciences’ visual culture and its dissemination during the second half of the century.

(Re)making hydrosocial territories: Materializing and contesting imaginaries and subjectivities through hydraulic infrastructure

Infrastructures and their roles and connections to and in territories and territorialization processes have increasingly become objects of study in political geography scholarship. In this contribution, we build on these emerging insights and advance them by further conceptually disentangling the agential role of infrastructure. We bring together the notions of territory, governmentality, imaginaries and subjectivities, to clarify how exactly hydraulic infrastructure acts to transform relations between space, people and materiality. We start by introducing territorialization as a process of ‘ordering things’ in a certain space and time through different techniques of government. We then show how, at the base of such territorialization processes, are imaginaries that contain normative ideas about how space and socio-territorial relations should be ordered. Imaginaries are consequently materialized through hydraulic infrastructure through the inscription of morals, values and norms in infrastructure design, construction and operation. This set of materialities and relations embedded in infrastructure brings changes to the existing relations between space, water and people. In particular, we highlight the repercussions of infrastructure for how people understand and relate to each other, the environment, water, technology and space: in other words, how subjectivities change as an effect of hydraulic infrastructure constitution. Last, we show how infrastructure and the related hydrosocial territories that develop around it are a dynamic arena of contestation and transformation. We argue that socio-material fractures, emerging counter-imaginaries and the disruptive capacities of subjectivities constantly challenge the ‘fixes’ that infrastructures aim to inscribe in hydrosocial territories. Throughout the paper, we use empirical examples from recent research on hydraulic infrastructure and territorial transformations to ground the conceptual ideas.

On film and territory: Treading ground with Sacro GRA

In this article, I change the lens through which we normally look at space in film, transcending at once the national/transnational cinema dichotomy and hierarchical geographical scalings and generic categories that are sometimes unfit to account for a film’s production of space. I propose that the geopolitical notion of ‘territory’ can focus our attention on the critical situatedness of a certain type of cinema while also facilitating formal and industrial types of film analysis. The notion of territory, intended as a geographical space shaped by humans and a geographical expression of power, can be mobilized to analyse films that reveal and critique the social actualization of the material potentialities of specific places. Gianfranco Rosi’s cinema is a case in point. Set along Rome’s ring road, Rosi’s Sacro GRA (‘Holy GRA’) (2013) sits uncomfortably in both the city symphony or road movie genres and calls for different categories of analysis.

Artificial Intelligence and Democratic Rule of Law

This work aims to study fundamental legal theorizations linked to the Democratic Rule of Law in the scope of the intersection between Law and Artificial Intelligence. Results: i) Digital technologies mainly challenge the theoretical notions of territoriality and personality, fundamental to modern Law — and with that, theoretical notions about civil and criminal responsibility and fundamental freedoms should be reviewed in relation to the existence of autonomous non-human beings; ii) The Democratic Rule of Law, which is based, among other important notions, on legality and due process, will also have to be rethought in the context of the intersection of Law and Artificial Intelligence, since the decision-making processes carried out by autonomous systems have a nature that challenges traditional legal argumentative logic and transparency. Methodology: hypothetical-deductive method of procedure, with qualitative approach and bibliographic-documentary research technique.

Territorial narratives: Talking claims in open moments

In the rural inland of northern Sweden, three mining projects are making the future of the land uncertain. Based on ethnographic fieldwork, we show how these potential mining interventions create ‘open moments’, turbulent events that destabilizes established claims to land. We analyse how actors such as reindeer herders, indigenous groups, local and national government and mining companies make claims to land, (i.e territorialising it) by drawing on discourses on environmental responsibility, sustainability, indigeneity or growth. By paying attention to language and knowledge production, we show how a multiplicity of actors narrate territory into being, allowing us to go beyond conventional notions of territory as produced ‘from above’ by the state or by counter-territorial movements ‘from below’. By ‘freezing time’ in the unfolding of the open moments we lend all these ‘territorial narratives’ equal space, in order to analyse the connection between actors and their relation to land. This allow us to show connections between what might otherwise be perceived as locked and antagonistic positions, but also how ongoing processes of territorialisation are influenced by and change peoples’ subject positions as the open moment unfolds on the ground.

‘Constructoras de territorio’/ Producers of urban territories: women’s grassroots movements’ feeling/thinking knowledge of urban territories in Medellín, Colombia

ABSTRACT In recent years, territory has been at the centre of social movements in Latin America. This article focuses on the experiences of territory of one of the largest women’s grassroots movements in Medellín, Colombia, during the revision of the city’s masterplan, known as the Plan de Ordenamiento Territorial (or POT), in 2014. Through the POT revision, women’s grassroots movements proposed the inclusion of a gender perspective in the city masterplan. Through the examination of interviews with activists and drawing on the notion of territory as an ‘idea and practice’ in which social movements appropriate space for political projects and the notion of feminismos territoriales, which centres on the care of territory and the body, I show that women’s territorial demands are rooted in their gendered knowledge and experiences of territory. This knowledge is based on feeling/thinking (sentipensar) strategies that stem from women’s care activities and the protection of their bodies. Territory acquires political meaning as women’s grassroots movements challenge state territorial policies, such as the city masterplan, and demonstrates their role as ‘constructoras territoriales’, or producers of urban territories.