Modal Notions Research Articles

Kıbrıs Ağzında Gereklik Üzerine

This paper focuses on the expression of necessity as a modal notion in Cypriot Turkish. A qualitative analysis of data gathered from various sources reveals that periphrastic or lexical expressions such as mecbur‘obliged,’ lazim ‘necessary,’ illa ‘insistently,’ mutlaka ‘definitely,’ etc. rather than the necessitative mood marker -mAlI serve to express various subcategories of necessity in Cypriot Turkish. These findings suggest that necessity in Cypriot Turkish is less grammaticalized than in Standard Turkish. For an adequate account of the behaviour of the structures analyzed, a number of further semantic and pragmatic notions seem to be required in addition to those offered by the logical approach to modality.

The Implementation of the Modal Meanings of the Verb “Should” in the Context

The article is dedicated to the analysis of the modal meanings of the verb “should” and their implementation in a context. The purpose of the study is to determine the factors, both linguistic and extralinguistic, that influence and intensify the modal notions. The emotive and expressive modal meanings of “should infinitive” construction are described. The importance of correct interpretation and translation of the investigated structure is stressed.

Evolution of tonal organization in music mirrors symbolic representation of perceptual reality. Part-1: Prehistoric.

This paper reveals the way in which musical pitch works as a peculiar form of cognition that reflects upon the organization of the surrounding world as perceived by majority of music users within a socio-cultural formation. The evidence from music theory, ethnography, archeology, organology, anthropology, psychoacoustics, and evolutionary biology is plotted against experimental evidence. Much of the methodology for this investigation comes from studies conducted within the territory of the former USSR. To date, this methodology has remained solely confined to Russian speaking scholars. A brief overview of pitch-set theory demonstrates the need to distinguish between vertical and horizontal harmony, laying out the framework for virtual music space that operates according to the perceptual laws of tonal gravity. Brought to life by bifurcation of music and speech, tonal gravity passed through eleven discrete stages of development until the onset of tonality in the seventeenth century. Each stage presents its own method of integration of separate musical tones into an auditory-cognitive unity. The theory of “melodic intonation” is set forth as a counterpart to harmonic theory of chords. Notions of tonality, modality, key, diatonicity, chromaticism, alteration, and modulation are defined in terms of their perception, and categorized according to the way in which they have developed historically. Tonal organization in music, and perspective organization in fine arts are explained as products of the same underlying mental process. Music seems to act as a unique medium of symbolic representation of reality through the concept of pitch. Tonal organization of pitch reflects the culture of thinking, adopted as a standard within a community of music users. Tonal organization might be a naturally formed system of optimizing individual perception of reality within a social group and its immediate environment, setting conventional standards of intellectual and emotional intelligence.

Ex impossibili quodlibet sequitur (Angel d’Ors)

While agreeing with Professor D’Ors’ thesis that the notion of logical consequence cannot be exhaustively characterized (though not with his grounds for it), I depart from Professor d’Ors’ conclusion that the very notion of good consequence is primitive and can only be identified with the (incompletable) set of acceptable rules of inference, and from his conviction that modal notions such as necessity and impossibility are equivocal and gain such clarity as they have by their interaction with rules of inference. Inspired by this picture, Professor d’Ors undertook an examination of a number of medieval attempts to analyze the notion of consequence and tried to show how certain developments in the medieval history of logic made sense in the light of debate over such analyses. This paper examines a small fragment of Professor d’Ors programme and its relation to some aspects of Jean Buridan’s account of the consequence relation.

Generic weakest precondition semantics from monads enriched with order

We devise a generic framework where a weakest precondition semantics, in the form of indexed posets, is derived from a monad whose Kleisli category is enriched by posets. It is inspired by Jacobs' recent identification of a categorical structure that is common in various predicate transformers, but adds generality in the following aspects: (1) different notions of modality (such as “may” vs. “must”) are captured by Eilenberg–Moore algebras; (2) nested alternating branching—like in games and in probabilistic systems with nondeterministic environments—is modularly modeled by a monad on the Eilenberg–Moore category of another.

O DESENVOLVIMENTO DA EXPRESSÃO MODALIZADORA “PODE SER”. UM CASO DE (INTER)SUBJETIVIZAÇÃO NO PORTUGUÊS

Comprometido com um enfoque funcionalista, o trabalho analisa a expressão modalizadora pode ser como predicado encaixador de proposição (pode ser1) e como construção independente (pode ser2), em textos contemporâneos do português brasileiro, de fala e de escrita. Busca-se identificar graus de (inter)subjetividade reveladores de um processo de (inter)subjetivização, conforme proposta de Traugott (2010). Sustentam a análise parâmetros de (inter)subjetividade de elementos modalizadores indicados especialmente em Traugott e Dasher (2002) e a noção de modalidade como categoria multifuncional, que não apenas codifica atitude do falante em relação ao conteúdo modalizado, mas que também atua como estratégia pragmática, como reguladora da situação comunicativa. A pesquisa revela pode ser como uma fórmula de grande aproveitamento no jogo discursivo, um conjunto bastante solicitado, produtivo e útil nas relações interpessoais. O estudo de propriedades semânticas, discursivas e morfossintáticas indica deslizamento na operação da construção, da sintaxe (pode ser1) para o discurso (pode ser2), interpretado como próprio de (inter)subjetivização.

THE EPISTEMIC ANALYSIS OF LUCK

AbstractDuncan Pritchard has argued that luck is fundamentally a modal notion: an event is lucky when it occurs in the actual world, but does not occur in more than half of the relevant nearby possible worlds. Jennifer Lackey has provided counterexamples to accounts which, like Pritchard's, only allow for the existence of improbable lucky events. Neil Levy has responded to Lackey by offering a modal account of luck which attempts to respect the intuition that some lucky events occur in more than half of the relevant nearby possible worlds. But his account rejects that events which are as likely as those in Lackey's examples are lucky. Instead, they are merely fortunate. I argue that Levy's argument to this effect fails. I then offer a substitute account of the improbability condition which respects this intuition. This condition says that the relevant notion of probability for luck is epistemic.

Drcorn

This paper takes the major future marker jiang (將) in Old Chinese as the object of study. In addition to serving as a deictic to locate a situation posterior to the time reference, jiang can also express various modal notions such as prediction, intention, probability, or necessity. There is wide divergence of opinion among the scholars as to the questions of whether jiang is essentially a marker of future time with modal connotations or a modal auxiliary verb with future implication, and from what lexical source jiang derives its future-marking function. This paper reviews these opinions by way of thoroughly examining and analyzing the meanings and usages of jiang in Old Chinese texts. The conclusion is that the probable lexical source of jiang is a directional verb meaning GO, from which jiang evolves directly into a future marker, bypassing the modal stage. The modal meanings implied by jiang are overtones of the idea of futurity and induced by context and pragmatic strategy. The question of how these modal meanings are induced is also discussed in this paper.

間接検証としての演繹的推論

Dummett's conception of deductive inference as indirect verification underlies his philosophy of logic. It is intended to serve as the core idea to make clear the complex relationships among the key notions such as legitimacy and utility of inference, applicability of deduction to empirical statements, the realist and semantic concept of truth, and so forth. In this paper, we focus on his constructivist idea of justification of inference and point out that it does not play the intended role in the entire picture. In particular, it faces a difficulty in explaining the modal notion of verifiability. Then an alternative model of justification is proposed. It is called bilateralism since it explains legitimacy of inference in terms of (in)coherence between verification and falsification, from which modality involved in justification process is derived.

David Lewis, Donald C. Williams, and the History of Metaphysics in the Twentieth Century

ABSTRACT:The revival of analytic metaphysics in the latter half of the twentieth century is typically understood as a consequence of the critiques of logical positivism, Quine's naturalization of ontology, Kripke's Naming and Necessity, clarifications of modal notions in logic, and the theoretical exploitation of possible worlds. However, this explanation overlooks the work of metaphysicians at the height of positivism and linguisticism that affected metaphysics of the late twentieth century. Donald C. Williams is one such philosopher. In this paper I explain how Williams's fundamental ontology and philosophy of time influenced in part the early formation of David Lewis's metaphysics. Thus, Williams played an important role in the revival of analytic metaphysics.

Toulmin: razonamiento, sentido común y derrotabilidad

First, we offer theoretical resemblance of the representation of practical reasoning, beginning with the distinction between demonstrative and dialectical syllogism. We make reference to the Toulmin’s critique against to the dominant deductivism in his time. Then we give arguments to sustain the heuristic relevance of Toulmin’s model to understand the discussion about the inclusion of default logics in the representation of ordinary reasoning. We assert that the Toulminian analytic design allows to understand, with methodical clarity, the defeasibility of common sense arguments by means of the investigation of the modal notion of probability in ordinary language

Input offers and child uptakes

The present study examines input–output relations in the emergence of verbal affixes that mark modal distinctions in Turkish, a morphologically rich language. Longitudinal naturalistic speech data were analyzed from two girls between ages 1;3–2;6 and their caregivers. Four stages of development were identified. Significant associations between verb inflection and modal notion, observed to be stable across the stages in the input, were noted to develop gradually in the children’s speech. Order of emergence of modal inflections was found to be related to input frequency and transparency of inflectional types, whereas development of inflectional paradigms was observed to be related to inflectional diversity. Conceptual accessibility and pragmatic relevance of the modal notions were considered as child-related factors in this development.

Leksikalizovana modalnost

This paper investigates modality by analysing examples where modal meanings are expressed through lexicalised linguistic means – modal adjectives and adverbs. Studies of lexicalised modality shift and broaden our perspective – they shed light on this phenomenon in such a way that studies which centered on modal verbs never could. We are able to discern potential directions for new or further investigation. Certain terminological sets and divisions of modality are questioned. Traditional notions of epistemic, deontic and dynamic modality are challenged and their meanings are approached or redefined from a different angle.

No Work for a Theory of Grounding

It has recently been suggested that a distinctive metaphysical relation— ‘Grounding’—is ultimately at issue in contexts in which some goings-on are said to hold ‘in virtue of’’, be (constitutively) ‘metaphysically dependent on’, or be ‘nothing over and above’ some others. Grounding is supposed to do good work (better than merely modal notions, in particular) in illuminating metaphysical dependence. I argue that Grounding is also unsuited to do this work. To start, Grounding alone cannot do this work, for bare claims of Grounding leave open such basic questions as whether Grounded goings-on exist, whether they are reducible to or rather distinct from Grounding goings-on, whether they are efficacious, and so on; but in the absence of answers to such basic questions, we are not in position to assess the associated claim or theses concerning metaphysical dependence. There is no avoiding appeal to the specific metaphysical relations typically at issue in investigations into dependence—for example, type or token identity, functional realization, classical mereological parthood, the set membership relation, the proper subset relation, the determinable/determinate relation, and so on—which are capable of answering these questions. But, I argue, once the specific relations are on the scene, there is no need for Grounding.

Sosa, DeRose y las creencias seguras

According to Sosa, in order for a truthful belief to count as knowledge it must be safe (a modal notion which is similar, although not identical, to that of sensitivity). An alleged advantage of this condition of safety, over that of sensitivity, has to do with its capacity to provide a Moorean response to the skeptical Cartesian. DeRose criticizes safety both from a pragmatic and a semantic point of view. I present a slightly different version of his critique putting aside some incidental issues and clarifying what is at stake in his main charge. Sosa’s response is inadequate because it deals only with peripheral aspects.

The Knowability Argument and the Syntactic Type-Theoretic Approach

Some attempts have been made to block the Knowability Paradox and other modal paradoxes by adopting a type-theoretic framework in which knowledge and necessity are regarded as typed predicates. The main problem with this approach is that when these notions are simultaneously treated as predicates, a new kind of paradox appears. I claim that avoiding this paradox either by weakening the Knowability Principle or by introducing types for both predicates is rather messy and unattractive. I also consider the prospect of using the truth predicate to emulate other modal notions. It turns out that this idea works quite well.

Solving Multimodal Paradoxes

AbstractRecently, it has been observed that the usual type‐theoretic restrictions are not enough to block certain paradoxes involving two or more predicates. In particular, when we have a self‐referential language containing modal predicates, new paradoxes might appear even if there are type restrictions for the principles governing those predicates. In this article we consider two type‐theoretic solutions to multimodal paradoxes. The first one adds types for each of the modal predicates. We argue that there are a number of problems with most versions of this approach. The second one, which we favour, represents modal notions by using the truth predicate together with the corresponding modal operator. This way of doing things is not only useful because it avoids multimodal paradoxes, but also because it preserves the expressive capacity of the language. As an example of the sort of theory we have in mind, we provide a type‐theoretic axiomatization that combines truth with necessity and knowledge.

MODALITY AND AXIOMATIC THEORIES OF TRUTH I: FRIEDMAN-SHEARD

AbstractIn this investigation we explore a general strategy for constructing modal theories where the modal notion is conceived as a predicate. The idea of this strategy is to develop modal theories over axiomatic theories of truth. In this first paper of our two part investigation we develop the general strategy and then apply it to the axiomatic theory of truth Friedman-Sheard. We thereby obtain the theory Modal Friedman-Sheard. The theory Modal Friedman-Sheard is then discussed from three different perspectives. First, we show that Modal Friedman-Sheard preserves theoremhood modulo translation with respect to modal operator logic. Second, we turn to semantic aspects and develop a modal semantics for the newly developed theory. Third, we investigate whether the modal predicate of Modal Friedman-Sheard can be understood along the lines of a proposal of Kripke, namely as a truth predicate modified by a modal operator.

Right simple singularities in positive characteristic

Abstract We classify isolated singularities f ∈ K [ [ x 1 , ... , x n ] ] ${f\in K[[x_1,\ldots , x_n]]}$ , which are simple, i.e. have no moduli, with respect to right equivalence, where K is an algebraically closed field of characteristic p > 0. For K = ℝ ${K=\mathbb {R}}$ or ℂ this classification was initiated by Arnol'd, resulting in the famous ADE-series. The classification with respect to contact equivalence for p > 0 was done by Greuel and Kröning with a result similar to Arnol'd's. It is surprising that with respect to right equivalence and any given p > 0 we have only finitely many simple singularities, i.e. there are only finitely many k such that Ak and Dk are right simple, all the others have moduli. We conjecture a similar finiteness result for singularities with an arbitrary number of moduli. A major point of this paper is the generalisation of the notion of modality to the algebraic setting, its behaviour under morphisms, and its relations to formal deformation theory. As an application we show that the modality is semicontinuous in any characteristic.

YERELDEN KÜRESELE AÇILAN BİR MODEL OLARAK PERDESİZ GİTAR

As being a sub category of the lute family we can extend the history of the fretless guitar, dating from 2000 BC to the apperance of the first string instruments; which had been common in Mesopotamia and Mediterranean region. The inventor of the fretless guitar as we know today is Henry Partch. Although the first commercial recording which had used the fretless guitar was “Stainless Steel Gamelan” by John Cale and Sterling Morrison; Frank Zappa was the first musician which had considered the fretless guitar as a kind of slide guitar and played extensively in his albums. On the other hand, the fretless guitar in the hands of Erkan Ogur; was an instrument capable of reflecting the stylistic aspects of Turkish Folk and Traditional musics also, by using the wide expression possibilities the guitar. Due to these properties, Erkan Ogur is one of the musicians; who has contributed to the development of Anatolian Pop/Rock sound. The first commercial recording that Erkan Ogur was played is the song called “Gullerin Icinden” which was released in the M. F. O album “Ele gune karsi” in 1984. This song which infact in d aeolian, is built on four chords; but suprisingly Erkan Ogur’s improvisation is in the Ussak makam on A. Thus the notion of modality which is felt through the piece is transfered to a makamic axis. This, infact is a kind of reflection of multiculturalism which had been prevailing the world since 70’s that has also synchronic tendencies in Turkey as well. Moreover, when it is analyzed from a wider perspective, the fretless guitar threatens the idea of 18th century Rationalism and the applications of standartisation; which had dominated the evolution of music through the history. Because, the procedure of standartisation had led to various kinds of temperament systems and eventually to the equal temperament; on the other hand the fretless guitar like all the fretless instruments has the freedom of being both inside and outside the temperament systems used in the world. Undoubtfully, this freedom is the core of Erkan Ogur’s sound. Today, the number of musicians which follow Erkan Ogur’s path has been increasing gradually; because they desire to be unstandartised and free of the boundaries of temperament.