Notion Of Hierarchy Research Articles

Exploring the structural principles underlying the capacity of groups of notes to function concurrently in music

This is a theoretical article, building on one of Irène Deliège's major areas of interest in the field of music psychology: the perception of similarity between groups of notes. Here the issue is concurrence: what are the cognitive and music-structural consequences when groups of musical sounds occur simultaneously, in whole or in part? Couched in the context of ‘zygonic’ theory, a taxonomy is presented of how musical events of discernible duration can relate in time, and what forms such relationships can take. A distinction is drawn between perceptual similarity and functional similarity. There is an extended discussion of the capacity of concurrent groups to exist within a single line of music, which entails a fresh look at the notion of hierarchy in musical structures and the Schenkerian notion of prolongation, using a phenomenological approach based on the thinking of Edmund Husserl. In this context, the music-theoretical concept of the appoggiatura is examined, and is shown to result from a cross-domain hierarchical anomaly. The article concludes with a consideration of the reality of hierarchical ‘depth’ in music, in relation to listening, compositional and analytical grammars.

Hierarchical states in the Compositional Interchange Format

CIF is a language designed for two purposes, namely as a specification language for hybrid systems and as an interchange format for allowing model transformations between other languages for hybrid systems. To facilitate the top-down development of a hybrid system and also to be able to express models more succinctly in the CIF formalism, we need a mechanism for stepwise refinement. In this paper, we add the notion of hierarchy to a subset of the CIF language, which we call hCIF. The semantic domain of the CIF formalism is a hybrid transition system, constructed using structural operational semantics. The goal of this paper is to present a semantics for hierarchy in such a way that only the SOS rules for atomic entities in hCIF are redesigned in comparison to CIF. Furthermore, to be able to reuse existing tools like simulators of the CIF language, a procedure to eliminate hierarchy from an automaton is given.

Comparison between Japanese children and adult’s perception of prosodic politeness expressions.

Previous research has shown that adult Japanese can recognize Japanese expressions of politeness, whether they are presented auditorily only, visually only, or audio-visually together. This paper investigates whether politeness is recognized by Japanese elementary school children. Audio-visual stimuli of a single affectively-neutral utterance were presented to 4th and 5th grade elementary school children, who were asked to rate the degree of politeness and also to indicate the possible situation where such an expression could be used. The results suggest on one hand that both 4th and 5th grade children can distinguish between impolite (arrogance) and polite (declaration, simple politeness, and sincere politeness), but they do not yet have an adult understanding of the special Japanese form of politeness (kyoshuku) used to convey a speaker's ashamedness / embarrassment which is used in Japanese society in order to avoid a conflict situation, or to get a favor from a hierarchically superior person. However, for fifth graders, we see the beginning of awareness of differences among the various levels of Japanese politeness, even including kyoshuku. 5th graders lack the notion of hierarchy associated with kyoshuku and seem to use it with classmates (in order to get favors), not teachers or higher level persons.

Toward a Dynamical Interpretation of Hierarchical Linguistic Structure

UC Berkeley Phonology Lab Annual Report (2009) Toward a dynamical interpretation of hierarchical linguistic structure Sam Tilsen 1. Introduction Hierarchy is one of the most important concepts in the scientific understanding of language. From early structuralist approaches of the mid-1800s, through the paradigm shift to generative grammar in the mid-1900s, and onward to the present, connected-object (“branching”) schemas have been used to represent hierarchical constituency relations between linguistic units. Syntactic trees are the most prominent instantiation of such schemas, but similar arboreal schemas have been applied extensively in nearly all domains of linguistic theory. Recently, an alternative conception of hierarchical structure has arisen, which is based upon interactions between waves, or coupled oscillatory systems. This paper presents a synthesis and extension of such approaches, with the aim of advancing a general wave theory of linguistic structure. This wave theory provides a coherent conceptualization of diverse linguistic phenomena, is cognitively plausible, and is a parsimonious theory. Many syntactic and phonological patterns in language can be understood to arise from general principles of wave interaction. Section 1.1 will consider how hierarchy has traditionally been conceptualized and represented in linguistics, and section 1.2 will describe some previous research which leads the way to a wave-based, dynamical systems perspective on linguistic structure. Section 2 will introduce some general principles regarding how hierarchical structure can be conceptualized with dynamical systems, beginning with systems of two waves, then treating systems of three waves, which can be generalized to more complex systems. This is followed in section 3 by several applications of the theory to phonological and syntactic patterns. These include an examination of how segments interact with syllables and how stress interacts with words, as well as a proposal for dynamical modeling of recursive syntactic patterns and syntactic dislocation phenomena. Section 4 concludes with a discussion of the cognitive plausibility of this approach, and delineates some issues to guide further development of the theory. 1.1 Hierarchical Structure In this paper we are interested in a structural notion of hierarchy, in which concepts of ranking, relation, and containment play important roles. In order to organize our

O Tempo da linguística

Um modelo formal de competência linguística, como o propostopelo empreendimento da Teoria Gerativa, perpassa por“dificuldades particulares criadas pela intervenção do fatortempo”. Defendemos neste artigo que a busca por um aparatoteórico descritivo e, sobretudo, explicativo da arquitetura dagramática das línguas naturais deve se respaldar não em estadosestáticos ou evolutivos de uma língua L, como nos propõe,respectivamente, a sincronia e a diacronia, mas numasuspensão (metodológica) da variável tempo [cronológico].

What constitutes a level of analysis?

PurposeThis paper aims to respond to Yammarino's article in this issue on level of analysis and the US Constitution.Design/methodology/approachThis paper expands on two concepts central to levels of analysis: entity and causal process. Then additional alternative ways of conceptualizing, analyzing, and representing multi‐level organizations – beyond the organization chart – are described. A rationale for America's use of the Electoral College is sought.FindingsThe paper reveals connections among traditional notions of hierarchy (including the traditional organization chart) and contemporary social network concepts.Practical implicationsLeaders and other members of social and organizational systems should be mindful of their mental representations of hierarchy, of organizational or social groupings (e.g., US States), and of social distance. These representations can influence behaviors and perceptions, including perceived fairness of procedures.Originality/valueThe paper presents interesting information on connections among traditional notions of hierarchy and contemporary social network concepts.

THE RECEPTION OF DIONYSIUS IN THE BYZANTINE WORLD: MAXIMUS TO PALAMAS

AbstractThe first major theologian to engage the CD in the Byzantine world is Maximus the Confessor. His is a highly individual engagement, but without any of the embarrassment alleged by many modern scholars. Dionysian influence in Byzantium seems to have been mostly confined to the monastic tradition, and is traced here, in outline, from Symeon the New Theologian to Gregory Palamas. Various issues recur: the distinction between apophatic and kataphatic theology, the notion of hierarchy (often understood in a much cruder way than in Dionysius himself), the nature and importance of angelic mediation, and the central place of the sacramental liturgy.

A Rich Man’s Revolution, A Poor Man’s Fight for Independence

Michael McDonnell's new history of American Revolution in Virginia is primarily a history of wartime mobilization, or more precisely, of often futile efforts of a political elite to motivate middling and lower classes to take up arms against Great Britain. In his Virginia, class, contrary to some earlier accounts, is as important as race. In a deeply hierarchal society, wealthy planters, hoping to maintain white solidarity in defense of slavery, tended to minimize dissent, but in reality, slavery, rather than unifying whites, worked to reinforce divisions. way patriot leaders organized for war and reacted to demands of those they expected to fight it, McDonnell writes, depicts a conservative, anxious, sometimes fearful group clinging to traditional notions of hierarchy, deference, and public virtue (p. 6). By eve of Revolution, self-serving polices of a planter elite had alienated colony's lower classes. During French and Indian War, for example, House of Burgesses had exempted voters from military conscription, effectively limiting draft to landless poor. Many gentlemen hoped imperial crisis of 1770s might galvanize popular support for embattled ruling class (p. 33). But, in McDonnell's words, the gamble went horribly awry (p. 43). The confrontation with Great Britain only intensified divisions.

Editorial: Patient experiences, family participation and professional roles

Editorial: Patient experiences, family participation and professional roles

Autonomy and Leadership: Political Formations among the Ashéninka of Peruvian Amazonia

This article examines notions of hierarchy and leadership among Ashéninka people in Peruvian Amazonia. It considers the apparent disjunction between individuals' preference for a peaceful and autonomous everyday existence and the Ashéninka's renowned ability to form large-scale cooperative groups under powerful leaders. Responding to recent anthropological writings that recognise the variability of political forms both across and within Amazonian societies, the article focuses on the social and political preoccupations that can be seen to underlie both social forms among the Ashéninka. It argues that individuals believe that peaceful social reproduction is best achieved by acting independently and respecting the autonomy of others but that aggregation and differentiation remain an option in circumstances where individual action would be ineffectual. The article also examines how the Ashéninka use outsiders as effective organisers that also symbolise the problems of coercive power.

Using the Statecharts paradigm for simulation of patient flow in surgical care

Computer simulation of patient flow has been used extensively to assess the impacts of changes in the management of surgical care. However, little research is available on the utility of existing modeling techniques. The purpose of this paper is to examine the capacity of Statecharts, a system of graphical specification, for constructing a discrete-event simulation model of the perioperative process. The Statecharts specification paradigm was originally developed for representing reactive systems by extending the formalism of finite-state machines through notions of hierarchy, parallelism, and event broadcasting. Hierarchy permits subordination between states so that one state may contain other states. Parallelism permits more than one state to be active at any given time. Broadcasting of events allows one state to detect changes in another state. In the context of the peri-operative process, hierarchy provides the means to describe steps within activities and to cluster related activities, parallelism provides the means to specify concurrent activities, and event broadcasting provides the means to trigger a series of actions in one activity according to transitions that occur in another activity. Combined with hierarchy and parallelism, event broadcasting offers a convenient way to describe the interaction of concurrent activities. We applied the Statecharts formalism to describe the progress of individual patients through surgical care as a series of asynchronous updates in patient records generated in reaction to events produced by parallel finite-state machines representing concurrent clinical and managerial activities. We conclude that Statecharts capture successfully the behavioral aspects of surgical care delivery by specifying permissible chronology of events, conditions, and actions.

DIONYSIUS AREOPAGITES IN THE WORKS OF SAINT GREGORY PALAMAS: ON THE QUESTION OF A «CHRISTOLOGICAL CORRECTIVE» AND RELATED MATTERS

Citations of the Corpus Dionysiacum are exceedingly frequent in the works of Gregory Palamas. Much, indeed, of the latter's Triads in Defense of the Holy Hesychasts is devoted to interpretation of the Areopagite, most often in counter argument to the reading of Dionysius insisted on by Palamas' opponent through-out the Triads, Barlaam the Calabrian. In his seminal work on St. Gregory, the late Father John Meyendorff was clearly troubled by this Dionysian ubiquity in the Doctor of Hesychasm, particularly since Meyendorff accepted the prevailing scholarly view of Dionysius as, at best, a dubious Christian. In response to this «problem», Meyendorff insisted that Gregory supplied a «Christological corrective» to the Areopagite, i.e., diluted or even eliminated the latter's notion of hierarchy as mediated knowledge in favor of the assertion of Christ's immediate availability to the believer. Palamas thus re-interprets Dionysius, baptizes him, as it were. Throughout his studies, Meyendorff effectively equates the proper reading of the Dionysian corpus with Barlaam's interpretation. This article argues that, to the contrary, Gregory's was a much better reading of the Areopagite than that of either Barlaam or of more modern scholars, and that the key to his insight lies in the ascetical and mystical tradition of the Christian East common to both. Certain key passages from the Triads singled out recently by Professor Adolf Ritter as proving Meyenforff's thesis are taken up in the second section of the article. Read closely, and with an eye on both prior Christian ascetical literature and the latter's own roots in the ancient apocalypses, the passages in question, and the Dionsyian texts on which they are based, reveal a common understanding. The article then turns to a brief analysis of Dionysius himself, particularly to his notion of hierarchy and its relation to ascetical tradition as revealed especially in the eighth epistle of the corpus. The «Christological correctives» emerges in sum as a scholarly construct without serious relation to the texts in question.

THE NOTION OF HIERARCHY: THE ‘PARCHIN KARI’ PROGRAMME AT THE TAJ MAHAL

This paper explores the notion of hierarchy in architectural design and decoration with specific reference to the Taj Mahal complex in Agra, dating to 1632 onwards. As one of the acknowledged architectural masterpieces of the world, addressing the concepts that lie behind the design of the Taj Mahal allows an understanding of that achievement beyond its immediate visual impact. Much research has been carried out on various aspects of this Mughal tomb complex and it is not the intention of this paper to reproduce material that is expertly covered elsewhere. The paper instead focuses on the notion of hierarchy that informs the design of the inlaid decorative programme in the zone immediately surrounding the tombs of the deceased. This zone of decoration was particularly highlighted by Mughal commentators for its opulence and accomplished craftsmanship and remains today a highlight for visitors to the mausoleum. The paper addresses three main issues: the decorative technique and its context and symbolism; a description of the gemstone and ornamental stone programme with a focus on motif, material and location; and the relationship between that programme and the concept of hierarchical organisation in its enhancement of the visual and spatial effects.

Core competency beyond identification: presentation of a model

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to outline a model that is conceptually and empirically applicable by practitioners in contexts extending beyond mere core competence identification.Design/methodology/approachThis paper presents a conceptual review of a model.FindingsThis paper demonstrates that the associated concepts (competence, capability, and resources) have characteristics that differ both conceptually and empirically. The findings also indicate that competencies are central to core competence matters; it is possible to distinguish them analytically by three criteria. Furthermore, the notions of hierarchy suggested in previous research could not be verified which implies that the associated concepts all reside at the same hierarchy level.Research limitations/implicationsThe findings advance core competence theories that better serve the needs of practicing managers and consultants, by initiating a specific research agenda in conceptual and empirical reviews and discussions. By proposing a model, the study provides a point of departure for core competency research that goes beyond matters of identification.Practical implicationsThe dissimilar characteristics of the associated concepts offer great opportunities to core competency management, by means of the different influences they have on core competencies. Their influence makes organizational change and rejuvenation not only comprehensible, but also manageable. This is of particular importance to organizations that need ongoing renewal of core competencies, for example, when facing dynamic business environments. Competence improvements manage and change core competencies; capability supports reinforce and create structure before, during, and after a change process; resource utilizations are operative, and need daily attention.Originality/valueThe paper initiates a new research agenda for core competency matters by acknowledging specific features of the concepts associated with core competence. This makes a significant contribution to the existing literature in terms of practical and scholarly applicability.

Priorities and Hierarchical Accounts of Translation

This paper is a study of the concept of priority and its use together with the notion of hierarchy in academic writing and theoretical models of translation. Hierarchies and priorities can be implicit or explicit, prescribed, suggested or described. The paper starts, chronologically, with Nida and Levyv’s hierarchical accounts of translation and follows their legacy in scholars as different as Newmark and Gutt. The concept of priorities is hinted at also in didactic models (Nord) as well as in norm-theoretical and accounts of translation (Toury and Chesterman) within Descriptive Translation Studies. All of these authors are analyzed and commented. The paper calls for a more systematic and straightforward account of translational priorities, and proposes a few conceptual tools that stem from this research model, including the concepts of ambition and richness of a translation. Finally, the paper concludes with an adaptation of Lakoff and Johnson’s view of prototypicality and its potential usefulness in research into and the understanding of translation.

Focus on inpatient units

Inpatient units, once the mainstay of mental health care and treatment, now tend to be viewed as a last resort, even as evidence of system failure. Irrespective of one’s views about the need for, or importance of, acute inpatient mental health services, it is evident that attitudes to this area of practice have changed. A hierarchy has emerged that places community care at the top and inpatient units towards the bottom of the pecking order. This presents an interesting divergence from the dynamics of the general health-care system, where Intensive Care, Critical Care and Coronary Care units are considered to represent the need for a higher level of nursing knowledge and skill. Why is this? In simple terms, these nurses provide care and treatment to people who are most ill and most in need. Is this not the same in acute inpatient units? Given the emphasis on the least restrictive environment and community care the answer is clearly yes. So why then do we place less value on the nursing work of inpatient units? I make this point not to suggest that inpatient nurses should be considered more skilled than their community colleagues, but rather to suggest that they should not be considered less skilled. Personally I oppose the notion of hierarchy within nursing practice. The value placed on nursing should reflect its contribution to positive outcomes for people who use the services, rather than less relevant factors such as the practice setting, nature of clientele or degree of autonomy. Suffice it to say that nursing in an inpatient unit requires skill, knowledge and expertise, which may be different to but is not lesser than the skills, knowledge and expertise required in other practice settings. We need to value and support our inpatient nurses for the important contribution they make within mental health services. With this in mind, I proudly introduce the December Edition of the International Journal of Mental Health Nursing with a focus on acute inpatient nursing. A guest editorial by Dr Margaret Grigg sets the scene for an exciting edition by calling for the elimination of restraint and seclusion, an issue that will hopefully be the springboard for passionate discussion and debate within the profession. The feature articles highlight the complexity inherent within the acute inpatient setting. We are alerted by Johansson and colleagues from Sweden to the environment of control that can so easily dominate nursing practice at the expense of therapeutic intervention. This issue of therapy versus control is further considered through the work of Whitehead and Mason who suggest that risk assessment and special observations may indeed lessen the need for more controlling interventions such as restraint and seclusion. Bowers and colleagues describe the negative impact of untoward events (such as suicide, homicide and assault) on both consumers and inpatient nurses and herald the need for an organizational response to limit the occurrence and minimize their impact. The work of Steinert and colleagues challenges the traditional medical model of leadership by describing a successful model of shared leadership between medicine and nursing in psychiatric hospitals in Germany. As mental health policy increasing acknowledges the importance of consumer participation in mental health services, McCann and colleagues explore the attitudes of nurses in inpatient settings to the role and functions of consumer consultants. Thomas and colleagues provide research evidence to support the value of nursing initiatives in reducing the use of PRN medication. For something completely different, but nevertheless important, Reilly and colleagues describe a quit smoking programme for inpatient staff. Given the disproportional number of people with mental illness who smoke, this initiative has significant implications for health promotion in mental health services. I hope you will agree that this Edition provides an important contribution to mental health nursing knowledge in relation to inpatient units. The articles provide interest, diversity and relevance for all nurses, regardless of practice setting. To the authors, reviewers and readers who again have contributed so much to the continued success of this journal, I sincerely thank you. I wish you all the best for Christmas and the New Year festivities and look forwards to working with you once again in 2007.

Commentary and Issues : Who knows best? Evidence-based practice and the service user contribution

This paper reviews the assumptions underlying traditional medical research and critiques the concept of ‘evidence-based practice’. In particular, it identifies and counters three basic tenets of this approach: the alleged need for objectivity in research, the notion of hierarchies of evidence and the primacy of systematic reviews. Instead, the paper argues for a new emphasis on ‘knowledge-based practice’, recognizing that the practice wisdom of health and social care practitioners and the lived experience of service users can be just as valid a way of knowing the world as formal research.

Delineating Culture

How are notions of hierarchy and equality structured cognitively, how do they link to the self‐concept, and how do they develop? Building on the base of work on horizontal/vertical cultural distinctions (Shavitt, Lalwani, Zhang, & Torelli, 2006), this commentary discusses possible answers to these questions, focusing specifically on beliefs (e.g., egalitarianism versus group‐based dominance) and self views (e.g., active versus passive), which may allow for a deeper examination of the horizontal/vertical dimensions. Integrating insights with those from anthropology and sociology, this commentary calls for more work on silence and time, as well as research that examines the antecedents of status and the dynamics underlying “boundary‐shifting”.

From Cardinal to Ordinal Utility Theory

Abstract. This paper examines the transition from cardinal to ordinal utility. We begin with the egalitarian utilitarianism of J. S. Mill and Herbert Spencer, in which everyone was supposed to count as one. That is their phrase to explain how the happiness of existing people was to be maximized. We compare Spencer's goal with Darwin's goal of the “general good,” in which the number of perfect people was to be maximized. Spencer's goal was egalitarian, while Darwin's entailed biological perfection or hierarchy. We consider Edgeworth's hedonic calculus, in which the notion of hierarchy enters economics. For Edgeworth, agents have differential capacities for happiness. Throughout, we consider normative aspects of Darwin's work, in particular Darwin's challenge to the early utilitarianism of Mill and Spencer. We suggest that the Paretian principle returns utilitarianism to its egalitarian roots.

Introducing probabilities in Statecharts to specify reactive systems for performance analysis

Statecharts are expressed in a graphical language to specify complex reactive systems. They are extension of state-transition diagrams to which notions of hierarchy and orthogonality have been added. Recently, they have been suggested to represent performance models and in this regard a software package has been developed. In these performance models, the behavior of a system under study is considered to be probabilistic. Therefore, the inclusion of probabilities in Statecharts formalism will be studied. The proposed extension considers that a modeled system reacts probabilistically to events. In order to deal with these models, an analytical computational method based on constructing a Continuous-Time Markov Chain that is equivalent to the Statecharts model is proposed. The aspect of generating a Continuous-Time Markov Chain from Statecharts representation along with the solution to include probabilities among the transitions will be covered in this paper. Scope and purpose Nowadays performance of a system can be analyzed before it is implemented based on the evaluation information. There are two approaches one can take into consideration in order to achieve performance evaluation of a given system. The first approach is simulation and the second one, which is the scope of this paper, is analytical solution. Analytical solutions are usually based on Markov chains from which steady-state probabilities, basis for performance measurements, can be determined. The main concern in obtaining these measurements is how to specify modern complex systems that react to events. A number of research efforts are being carried out in order to minimize the specification problem. The approach used in this paper proposes Statecharts, a specification method based on graphical representation, to specify a complex reactive system in a high-level fashion and then convert it into a Markov chain from which performance measurements can be obtained. This paper discusses the necessity of embedding probabilistic transitions among states in the sense that an event may probabilistically move to more than one different destinations. Examples included here explore Manufacturing systems but systems for other applications can also make use of this approach. It is expected that with this work it is possible to specify complex systems in a high-level of abstraction and an automated framework will do the job to obtain the performance information of a given system.